# EMERALDSITE

DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Lelchitskoye-Svidovets Local Hydrological Reserve (Decision of Lelcitsy District Executive Committee No 1069 dated 04.11.2008).For part of the territory, which is not included to the PNA, environmental measures and restrictions of economic activities are regulated according to the Water Code of Belarus (No 149-3 of April 30, 2014)

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by a high degree of conservation. The floodplain is used for grazing and haying. The territory is completely covered with water in spring and early summer.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is situated in the valley of the Ubort valley. It includes the riverbed, floodplain and terraces. The prevalent ecosystems are lowland floodplain meadows and bogs, floodplain oak forests. The floodplain includes bayou lakes, creeks, alluvial ridges covered with xero-mesophytic wild grasses.  Part of the territory is the hydrological reserve.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan. Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Lesnoye Local Hydrological Reserve (Decision of Sharkovshchina District Executive Committee No 834 dated 06.12.2011).

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by a high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the environmental conditions (hydrotechnical amelioration, extraction of minerals, clear felling, erection of business facilities) are prohibited within the reserve.The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of large bog forest area undisturbed by reclamation and forest use with the prevalence of raised bogs with the complex of plant communities of boreal bogs.

OTHERCHARACT:
The prevalent ecosystems of the reserve are open bogs and transition mires, waterlogged pine forests.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Manchitsy Local Hydrological Reserve (Decision of Lelcitsy District Executive Committee No 1069 dated 04.11.2008).

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by a high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the hydrological regime are prohibited within the reserve, forestry and agricultural activities are restricted. The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of natural landscape complexes of the Ubort River and floodplain forests. The floodplain is used for grazing and haying. There are no overgrazing signs (excessive pasturing, poor flora, soils erosion).

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is situated in the valley of the Ubort valley. It includes a part of the riverbed, floodplain and terrace. The prevalent ecosystems are lowland floodplain meadows and bogs, floodplain oak forests. The floodplain includes bayou lakes, creeks, alluvial ridges covered with xero-mesophytic wild grasses.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental measures and restrictions of economic activities for watercourses and their water protection zones are regulated according to the Water Code of Belarus (No 149-3 of April 30, 2014)The establishment of the Wetland reserves of local importance “Kolodki” (of the area of 1925 ha) and “Borki” (of the area of 552 ha) is scheduled for 2016.Regulation on the establishment of the “Sterezh Spring” natural monument of local importance (Decision of Vileyka District Executive Committee No 1664 of 02.12.2008)

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by high degree of preservation. Restrictions of economic activities for watercourses and their water protection zones are regulated according to the Water Code of Belarus (No 149-3 of April 30, 2014). The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of transition bogs rich in flora species as well as calciphilous flora.

DESIGNATION:
The territory is included to the lands reserved for PNAs of local importance establishment according to the Regional Scheme of rational allocation of specially protected natural areas of local importance in Minsk region for 10 years (since 2014). The establishment of the Kolodki Wetland Reserve of Local Importance (of the area of 1925 ha) and the Borki Wetland Reserve of Local Importance (of the area of 552 ha) is scheduled for 2016.The Sterezh Spring Natural Monument of Local Importance (of the area of 11 ha). The territory is scheduled to be taken under protection by a passport and security obligations of the habitats of wild plant species included to the National Red List of the Republic of Belarus. Those are the documents with the requirements for the special protection regime for wild plant species included to the National Red List of Belarus. They are delivered by the territorial body of the Ministry of Natural Resource to the users of land plots and (or) water bodies, who will protect identified habitats of these plants (Regulation on the transmission of habitats of wild plant and (or) animal species included to the National Red List of the Republic of Belarus under the protection of the users of land plots and (or) water facilities approved by Resolution of Council of Ministers No 638 of May 18, 2009 as amended by Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No 622 of July 12, 2013). The territory is scheduled to be taken under protection by a passport and security obligations of the habitat of Natura 2000 (Regulation on the transmission of typical and (or) rare natural landscapes and habitats under the protection of the users of land and (or) water bodies) (approved by Resolution of the Council of Ministers No 611 of July12, 2013).

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory includes the valleys of the rivers Naroch and Uzlyanka (the riverbeds, floodplains, areas of valley sides), as well as two wetland reserves on transition and raised bogs, spring complex natural monument. The rivers are twisting, fast flowing, with numerous boulder-pebble deposits. There are many spring water discharges on the bank slopes. The bogs are mainly covered with pine and birch, there are dystrophic lakes.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Dolgoye Republican Hydrological Reserve (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No 1833 dated 27.12.2007).

QUALITY:
The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of the Dolgpye Lake. There are no industrial facilities within the water collection area, the territory is well developed for agricultural use (there are crop lands and pastures). Environmental protection and restrictions of economic activities are specified in the Regulation of the reserve establishment. 517 species of vascular plants, 71 species of mosses and 115 species of lichen grow in the territory of the reserve. 113 species of animals (15 species of fish, 8 species of amphibians, 3 species of reptiles, 77 species of birds, 25 species of mammals) inhabit the reserve.

OTHERCHARACT:
The Dolgoye Lake is the deepest lake in Belarus. Its maximum depth is 53.6 m. The average depth is over 16 m. Due to its significant depth the volume of water in the lake is 43,2 million m3 its the relatively small area of 2.6 km2. The hollow is of ravine origin, it stretches from the northwest to the southeast for 6 km and its average width is 0.4 km, maximum width is 0.7 km. Isoetes lacustris, Hydrilla verticillata grow in the lake. High (up to 35 m) and very abrupt (400) slopes end up directly to the water, they are composed of moraine, covered with broad0leaved and small-leaved forests, meadows. The slopes are indented by the network of not deep ravines with mall spring and spring brook discharges. The shores are low, sandy and sandy-loam, theay are waterlogged in some places in the northwest and southeast.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.The territory includes bog forest areas, which have been registered as the Skachiki (cadastral number 795-6) and Latyshi (795-5) peat deposits and included to the list of bogs subject to particular and (or) special protection, registered in the Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No 1111 dated 30.12.2015 “On some questions in the field of conservation and rational (sustainable) use of pear lands” for the period till 2030 (http:/www.government.by/ru/solutions/2349).Environmental measures and restrictions of economic activities for the lake Sho and the river Shosha are regulated according to the Water Code of Belarus (No 149-3 of April 30, 2014).

QUALITY:
The territory is hardly available. The lake is used only for fishing. The use of woodland I restricted because of its being difficult to access. All ecosystems are characterized by high degree of preservation. They are important as habitats of waterfowl and semi-aquatic birds.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory includes the bog forest area, the eutrophic lake Sho and the Shosha River in its upper reach. The lake is completely overgrown by immersed vegetation. The shores are mainly floating. Waterlogged downy birch and pine forests prevail in the woodland. There are lowland sedge bogs along the river and in the lake floodplain, there are fragments of transition mires.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan. Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Orekhovka Local Hydrological Reserve (Decision of Klichev District Executive Committee No 9-20 dated 30.03.2011).

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the environmental conditions (hydrotechnical amelioration, extraction of minerals, clear felling, erection of business facilities) within the reserve area are prohibited. The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of the undisturbed bog forest complex in its natural state.

OTHERCHARACT:
The ecosystems of waterlogged old-growth pineforests and open raised bogs prevail in the reserve. The territory is a part of the Ostrova Duleby bog complex.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.The territory is situated in the area affected by radioactive contamination and the use of such lands is regulated by the Law of the Republic of Belarus dated 26 May 2012 “On legal regime of territories affected by radioactive contamination as the result of Chernobyl catastrophe”.Environmental measures and restrictions of economic activities for watercourses and their water protection zones are regulated according to the Water Code of Belarus (No 149-3 of April 30, 2014)

QUALITY:
The wetland supports populations of plant and animal species which are important for the conservation of biological diversity of the large floodplain systems of the Continental region. The site is a "hotspot" of biodiversity and is rich in species: more than 200 bird species were registered on the site, about 139 of them breed here. 12 plant and 78 animal species are listed in the National Red Data Book (19 species of invertebrates, 4 fish species, 3 species of herpetofauna, 51 bird species, 1 mammal species).

OTHERCHARACT:
The wetland "Dnieper River Floodplain" is a large natural complex, which stretches from north to south and is characterized by relatively low disturbance of the natural vegetation. Natural and slightly disturbed ecosystems occupy 97.4% of the site's area. Grassland plant communities dominate (73.4% of the area). Aquatic ecosystems are represented by the Dnieper river, drainage canals, oxbow lakes and temporary ponds.The wetland is exceptionally important part of the natural hydrographic network of the Belorussian Polesie. It is one of the most important breeding habitats of waterfowl in Belarus. The site's floodplain meadows serve as stopovers for many waterfowl during spring migration. The site is also important fish spawning, feeding and wintering ground.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Prilepskiy Republican Landscape Reserve (Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Belarus No 1451 dated 20.11.2000).

QUALITY:
The territory is characterized by landscape diversity, convenient transport availability, which determines its high recreational potential. The local population actively visits the territory for mushrooms and berries collecting. All habitats are characterized by high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the landscape and hydrological conditions within the reserve area are prohibited, forestry and agricultural activities and recreational use are restricted.The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of the natural landscapes of Belorussian ridge central highland, boreal forest plant communities, wild plant and animal species included into the Red List of the Republic of Belarus as well as their habitats in their natural state.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is characterized by the hilly relief with distinct altitude drops. It is located within the highland of the central part of the Belorussian ridge. The territory is completely forest-covered, taiga (western taiga, European) pine forests (pinewoods and subors) prevail. Groundwater oozes out in some places on the hill slopes, which forms small scattered spring bogs with seasonal brooks.There have been specified 428 species of wild plants, 17 of them are protected. Habitation of 85 species of birds, 21species of mammals has been registered here.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.The establishment of the Ross-Nioman Wetland Reserve is scheduled for 2016.

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the environmental conditions (hydrotechnical amelioration, extraction of minerals, clear felling, erection of business facilities) within the reserve area are prohibited. The goal of establishment of the reserve is conservation of the natural floodplain landscape in the interfluve area of the rivers Nioman and Ross.

DESIGNATION:
The territory is a part of the lands reserved for PNAs of local importance establishment according to the Regional Scheme of rational allocation of specially protected natural areas of local importance of Grodno Region for a period of 10 years (since 2014). The establishment of the Ross-Nioman Wetland Reserve is scheduled for 2016.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory includes the interfluve area of the rivers Nioman and Ross. Floodplain meadows and deciduous forests prevail. Meadow communities with xerophytic and mesophytic wild grasses have been formed in the raised parts of the relief. Small areas are occupied by floodplain deciduous forests.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is no management plan.Environmental protection measures and restrictions on economic activities are regulated according to the Regulation on the establishment of the Setishche Local Hydrological Reserve (Decision of Osipovichi District Executive Committee No 6-35 dated 16.03.2011).

QUALITY:
All habitats are characterized by high degree of preservation, as activities involving changes in the environmental conditions (hydrotechnical amelioration, extraction of minerals, clear felling, erection of business facilities) within the reserve area are prohibited. The goal of establishment of the hydrological reserve is conservation of the undisturbed bog forest complex in its natural state, that is of great importance for the hydrological regime formation in the adjacent territory and  for biological and landscape diversity of Osipovichi district, which is the habitat of rare and protected species of plants and animals.

OTHERCHARACT:
The ecosystems of waterlogged old-growth black alder and pine forests prevail in the reserve.


DOCUMENTATION:
Наземные раковинные моллюски (Mollusca:  Prosobranchia, Pulmonata) Белорусского Поозерья (И.А. Солодовников) // Биологическое  разнообразие  Белорусского  Поозерья  :  монография  /  Л.М.  Мер-жвинский [и др.]; под ред. Л.М. Мержвинского.  –  Витебск : УО «ВГУ им. П.М. Машеро-ва», 2011. – 413 с.Красная книга Республики Беларусь. Животные.

QUALITY:
The territory is of great importance for such fish species as Rhodeus amarus, Lampetra planeri,  Cobitis taenia, Misgurnus fossilis, etc. The common species for the territory are Castor fiber, Lutra lutra. This territory is also the most important place of conservation of molluscs: Vertigo angustior and Vertigo moulinsiana. The trritory is one of the last known habitats of Mustela lutreola in Belarus

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is a part of the Luchosa River valley with the total length of over 90 km and the width from 500 to 1000 m. The average width of the riverbed is about 20-30 m. The riverbed completely remains in its natural condition. The river forms numerous meanders, bayous; the territory is indented by creases. There are a lot of floodplain bayou-lakes within the territory. In spring the territory is flooded by floodwaters. Meadows, forests and scrub forests prevail within the territory.


SITENAME:
Krivaya River with the complex of Skarputevo springs

QUALITY:
In the territory of the site there are very rare types of habitats for Belarus: С2.111 - Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens, С2.1В - Eutrophic vegetation of spring brooks, С2.28 - Eutrophic vegetation of fast-flowing streams, С2.33 Mesotrophic vegetation of slow-flowing rivers, which remain in very good condition. Moreover, such habitats as G1.21, G1B3, G3.A, G1.A1 are also represented here. There are such species as Dryocopus martius, Dendrocopos leucotos, Picoides tridactylus, Aegolius funereus.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is a part of the Krivaya River Valley and its unnamed tributaries with numerous (more than 20) springs and spring fields, as well as areas of coniferous boreal and broad-leaved forests.


QUALITY:
In the territory of the site there are very rare types of habitats for Belarus: С2.111 - Fennoscandian mineral-rich springs and springfens, С2.1А - Mesotrophic vegetation of spring brooks, which remain in very good condition. Moreover, such habitats as G1.21, G1B3 are also represented here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is a part of the Plisa River floodplain with numerous (more than 20) springs and spring fields.


QUALITY:
There are two main habitat types in this territory: G1.A4 - Ravine and slope woodland, which remains in a good condition, and G1.A1 Quercus - Fraxinus - Carpinus betulus woodland on eutrophic and mesotrophic soils. Moreover Dendrocopos medius also nests here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is an island site of broad-leaved upland forests with the ravine system formed on the slopes of the valleys of the Petukhovka River (affluent of the Servech River) and the Servech River.


DOCUMENTATION:
Заповедные территории Беларуси. Справочник / Сост. П.И. Лобанок. – Минск: Беларус. Энцыкл. ім П. Броўкі, 2008.  –  416 с. Комплексный мониторинг экосистем на особо охраняемых природных территориях/

QUALITY:
Over 760 species of vascular plants grow within the territory, about 200 species of vertebrate animals inhabit the territory. At least 25 species of plants and animals has national or international nature protection status. The following species nest here: Aquila pomarina, Crex crex, Grus grus, Bubo bubo, Glaucidium passerinum, Aegolius funereus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, Ficedula parva and a number of other species. The common species for the territory are Castor fiber, Lutra lutra. Here Cypripedium calceol, Pulsatilla patens grow. In the territory of the reserve there is one of the biggest populations of Bison bonasus in Belarus. The territory is important for conservation of such habitats as: C1.4 G3.B, G3.А, G3.D, G1.A1, etc.

DESIGNATION:
Landscape Reserve of National Importance “Ozyory”

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a large forest-lake-bog complex on the boundary with Lithuania in the River Kotra basin. Forest vegetation prevail within the territory (about 80%), most of which is presented by pine and spruce subtaiga forests. There are bog massifs of all three types: lowland – mainly in the river valleys, transition and raised, occupy about 15% of the territory. There are about 10 lakes in the territory with the largest Beloye Lake of the area of 5.3 km. There are also numerous dune complexes within the territory. Natural or slightly transformed territories occupy over 70% of the total area.


DOCUMENTATION:
REPORT ON RESERCH WORK DEVELOPMENT AND MONITORING OF VEGITATION OF DISTURBED BOGS “KHOREVSKOYE” AND “ZHADA” AFTER PERFOMING THE ACTIVIY ON REHABILITATION OF HYDROLOGICAL REGIME (final). Minsk 2013

QUALITY:
The territory is of the greatest importance for conservation of the habitats Raised bog complexes (X04), transition mires and quaking bogs (D2.3) and boreal bog conifer woodland (G3.D), boreal and boreonemoral Alnus woods (G1.B3) and boreal Populus tremula woods (G1.925). The following species nest here: Grus grus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Dryocopus martius, Dendrocopos leucotos, Glaucidium passerinum, Aegolius funereus, etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is a large bog forest massif in the upper reach of the river Plavno. Part of the bog massif had been drained earlier and bogged up for the second time. There are open transition and raised bogs as well as forest bogs. The significant area is occupied by deciduous forests. In the central part there are two dystrophic lakes : Ilovo and Strechno.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author’s data, field studies results.Personal message of P.Pavlikovskiy, N.Vakhniy, L.Kraevskiy, K.Topolskaya, I.Dembich, D.KitelRizevskij, V.K., Plyuta, M.V., Leshchenko, A.V., Ermolaeva, I.A., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). The Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources. Новый вид рыб в ихтиофауны Беларусь - белоперые пескарь Romanogobio albipinnatus [2009]Бурко Л.Д., Гричик В.В. Позвоночные животные Беларуси: Учеб. пособие. – Мн.: БГУ, 2003Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, animals 2014Data of the project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support from Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt.

QUALITY:
The territory is a unique river valley with exceptional richness of meadow, forest and wetland habitats. About 30 habitats, included into Resolution No 4 have been identified here, fore more than half of which this territory is specially important for their conservation in Belarus.The territory is of great importance for a number of species. The flora and fauna of the territory include about 90 protected species of plants and animals. Over 60 species are included into Resolution No 6. The following species nest here: Ixobrychus minutus, Aquila pomarina, Pernis apivorus, Ciconia nigra, Grus grus, Gallinago media, Dendrocopos leucotos, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, and a number of other species. The number of some species is 1% or more of the national population. These are the following species: Botaurus stellaris, Circus aeruginosus, Crex crex, Chlidonias niger, Alcedo atthis, etc. The number of such species as: Dendrocopos medius, Sterna albifrons, Lanius collurio, Luscinia svecica is over 2%; Sylvia nisoria and Xenus cinereus, Ficedula albicollis is over 5 % of the national population. The territory is the most important habitat of a number of fish species: Gobio albipinnatus, Aspius aspius, Eudontomyzon mariae, Pelecus cultratus, Proterorhinus marmoratus, Gymnocephalus baloni, butterflies: Maculinea teleius, Maculinea nausithous, plants: Jurinea cyanoides.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory is a fragment of the Ptipyat river valley in its lower reach, with the total length of over 50 km and the width from 2 up to 8.5 km between the towns of Petrikov and Mozyr. Within the territory there is a fragment of the riverbed, which is more than 80 km long. The average width of the river bed is from 200 up to 300 m; the riverbed completely remains in its natural condition. The river forms large meanders, numerous large and small bayous, the territory is indented a lot by creases. Within the territory there are more than 100 floodplain bayou-lakes. The territory is hardly available because of numerous creases and bayous. In spring the significant area is flooded by floodwaters. Open meadow, scrub communities and bogs prevail within the territory (about 70%). Forests and thin forests occupy about 25% of the territory. The forests are presented by several massifs on both banks of the river. Waterbodies and watercourses occupy about 10% of the territory. Natural or slightly transformed territories occupy over 80% of the total area.


DOCUMENTATION:
Personal message of Keitel D., Shkabaro R.Belarusian Arnitalagic Bulletin "Subbuteo" 2008, vol. 9. REPORT OF THE ORNITHOLOGICAL AND FAUNISTIC COMMISSION  (Findings and encounters of birds, approved by the Belarusian Ornithological and Faunistic Commission 23.10.2006)

QUALITY:
The area of the site is important for nesting of waterfowl and birds of prey. More than 400 pairs of Chlidonias hybridus, and more than 100 pairs of Chlidonias niger and Chlidonias leucopterus nest here. Chiguirinskoye water reservoir is one of the two known in the continental region nesting places of the Pandion haliaetus. It is also one of the last previously known nesting places of Larus minutus.The site includes a number of habitats: C1.223, G1.A1, G3.D and others.

OTHERCHARACT:
The area of the site consists of a large reservoir on the Drut River with an area of about 21.1 km2, as well as sections of the Drut River upstream and downstream of the reservoir, forests along the banks of the reservoir and a section of marshland to the east of the reservoir. Water bodies and watercourses occupy about 30% of the site area, forests - about 55%, coniferous forests predominate. Swamps and meadows occupy about 15%. On the reservoir there is an island of about 30 hectares. The reservoir's upper reaches are heavily overgrown with above-water macrophytes, floating vegetation is formed.


DOCUMENTATION:
Personal message from the director of the Belarusian Ringing Center Pinchuk P.V.

QUALITY:
The site is an important concentration site for waterfowl during the fall migration. During the fall migration this site supports up to 100,000 thousand waterfowl. Large accumulations of fall migrants stay here for several days to several weeks or more. At any one time 50,000 to 90,000 waterfowl (IBA criterion A4iii) may congregate at this site.  In addition, such species as Botaurus stellaris, Sterna hirundo, Circus aeruginosus and others nest here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a large fill-type reservoir. A large part of the water surface is open, in the southern part there are shallow waters and thickets of emergent macrophytes. There are several islands within the reservoir.


DOCUMENTATION:
Personal message of I.A. Bogdanovich, an employee of the Ornithology Laboratory of the State Research and Practical Center for "Bioresources".

QUALITY:
The site is an important concentration place for waterfowl during spring and fall migration. During the spring migration, up to 20 thousand waterfowl accumulate here. During the fall migration, more than 50,000 thousand waterfowl congregate here. Large gatherings of spring migrants stay here for several days to several weeks or more. Up to 30,000 to 50,000 waterfowl may congregate at a time during fall migration (IBA criterion A4iii).  In addition, significant populations of such species as Mergus albellus, Casmerodius albus, Botaurus stellaris, Sterna hirundo and others nest here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a large complex of fish farm ponds (more than 20) and the reservoir, as well as fragments of the forest area on the periphery of the ponds. The ponds have varying degrees of overgrowth with emergent macrophytes. The eastern part of the reservoir is shallow, also largely overgrown with emergent macrophytes. There are several islands within the reservoir


DOCUMENTATION:
Author's data, results of field research. Personal message of P. Pavlikovski, N. Vakhniy, L. Krayevski, K. Topolskaya, I. Dembich, R. Shkabar. Rare and endangered animal species of Bobruisk district. Rare and endangered plant species of Bobruisk district. Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, animals 2014. Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, plants 2015. Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt. Burko L.D., Grichik V.V. Vertebrates of Belarus: Minsk, BSU, 2003.

QUALITY:
Common species on the territory of the site are Castor fiber, and Lutra lutra. In the fauna of the site, more than 30 species have international and/or national conservation status. Here nest such species as: Aquila pomarina, Circus aeruginosus, Botaurus stellaris, Ciconia nigra, Crex crex, Grus grus, Philomachus pugnax, Gallinago media, Larus minutus, Sterna albifrons, Bubo bubo, and some other species. The number of some species is equal or exceeds 1% of the national population. These are such species as: Milvus migrans, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, etc. The number of such species as the Dendrocopos medius, Luscinia svecica, Ficedula albicollis exceeds 3% of the national population. The area is an important habitat for Aspius aspius, Eudontomyzon mariae, Cobitis taenia, Pelecus cultratus and others.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a fragment of the Berezina river valley in the lower reaches, a total length of more than 55 km and a width of 2 to 6.5 km, located between the town of Bobruisk and the town of Parichi. Within the site there is more than 60 kilometers of the river channel. The average width of the river channel is from 100 to 150 meters, it's completely preserved in its natural state. The river forms large meanders, numerous large and small oxbows, the territory is very indented with old rivulets. Within the site there are more than 20 floodplain oxbow lakes and about 10 large islands. The territory is hardly accessible because of numerous oxbow lakes. In the spring period, a large area is flooded by flood waters. Within the site, forests and shrub woodlands dominate (about 70%), meadows occupy about 25% of the area. Swamps, reservoirs and watercourses occupy about 5% of the area. Upland broad-leaved and floodplain forests occupy significant areas of the site. Natural or weakly transformed areas account for more than 80% of the site.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author's data, results of field research. Personal message of P. Pavlikovski, N. Vakhniy, L. Krayevski, K. Topolskaya, I. Dembich. Subbuteo Belarusian Ornithological Bulletin. 2014. vol. 11. Materials of the seminar "Experience of integrating biodiversity conservation issues into district land management schemes". Rechitsa, March 13, 2013.Burko L.D., Grichik V.V. Vertebrates of Belarus: Minsk, BSU, 2003. Rizevskij, V.K., Plyuta, M.V., Leshchenko, A.V., Ermolaeva, I.A., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). The Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources. A new fish species in the ichthyofauna of Belarus - Romanogobio albipinnatus [2009] Rizevskiy V. K., Plyuta M. V., Leschenko A. V., Yermolayeva I. A., Novik I. V. New fish species in the ichthyofauna of Belarus Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 2009, vol. 53, No.3 Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt.

QUALITY:
The area of the site is essential for the conservation of floodplain open meadow ecosystems and shrubs, as well as a number of wetland bird species. There are more than 50 protected species in the fauna of the territory. Nesting species here include: Botaurus stellaris and Ixobrychus minutus, Aquila pomarina, Pernis apivorus, Ciconia nigra, Grus grus, Gallinago media, Dendrocopos syriacus, Dendrocopos medius and Dendrocopos leucotos, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, a number of other species. The number of some species is equal to or exceeds 1% of the national population. These are such species as Nycticorax nycticorax, Milvus migrans, Sterna albifrons, etc. Lanius collurio and Asio flammeus - more than 2%; Falco vespertinus, Crex crex, Sylvia nisoria - 3%, Xenus cinereus, Luscinia svecica - more than 5% of national population. The area is the most important habitat for fish species such as: Gobio albipinnatus, Aspius aspius, Eudontomyzon mariae, Pelecus cultratus, Proterorhinus marmoratus, butterflies: Colias myrmidone, plants: Jurinea cyanoides, Adenophora lilifolia. It is characterized by great diversity and richness of biotopes, first of all, of meadow and wetland habitats. It is very important for preservation of such biotopes as: E3.4, F 9.1, E5.4, D 5.2, etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a fragment of the Dnepr River valley in the middle course, a total length of about 50 km and a width of 1.5 to 6 km. It is located between the mouth of the Berezina river and the v. Kholmech. Within the limits of the site there is more than 80 km fragment of the river channel. The average width of the river channel is from 200 to 300 m, it is completely preserved in its natural state. The river forms large meanders, numerous large and small oxbows, the area is very indented with old rivulets. Within the site there are more than 100 floodplain oxbow lakes. The territory is hardly accessible because of numerous oxbow lakes. In the spring period, a considerable area is flooded by flood waters. Open meadow communities and bogs dominate within the territory (about 70%). Forests and shrub woodlands, occupy about 20% of the area. Water bodies and streams occupy about 10% of the area. Natural or slightly transformed territories make up more than 80% of the area.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author's data, results of field research. Personal message of P. Pavlikovski, N. Vakhniy, L. Krayevski, K. Topolskaya, I. Dembich.  Burko L.D., Grichik V.V. Vertebrates of Belarus: Minsk, BSU, 2003. Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt.

QUALITY:
The territory is important for preservation of floodplain oak forests (G1.221) nemoral broad-leaved forests with hornbeam (G1.A1), as well as deciduous forests in river valleys (G1.21, G1.22); biotopes of meadows: E3.4, X35, etc. Common species on the territory of the site are Castor fiber, Lutra lutra. In the avifauna of the territory no less than 20 species have an international conservation status. Here nest such species as Haliaeetus albicilla, Aquila pomarina, Pernis apivorus, Crex crex, Grus grus, Bubo bubo, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, Ficedula parva and several other species. The number of species is equal or exceeds 1% of the national population. These are such species as Milvus migrans, Nycticorax nycticorax, Aythya nyroca, Luscinia svecica, etc. The number of Dendrocopos medius is about 3% of the national population, Ficedula albicollis - about 5%. The area is an important habitat for Aspius aspius, Eudontomyzon mariae, Cobitis taenia, Pelecus cultratus, etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a fragment of the Berezina river valley in the lower reaches, a total length of more than 30 km and a width of 2 to 6.5 km between Svetlogorsk and the Smyczek preserve (the mouth of the Berezina river to the Dnepr river). Within the site there is more than 40 km long fragment of the riverbed. The average width of the river bed is about 100 m, it is completely preserved in its natural state. The river forms large meanders, numerous large and small oxbows, the area is very indented with old rivulets. Within the site there are about 30 floodplain oxbow lakes and about 10 large islands. The territory is difficult to access because of numerous oxbow lakes. In the spring period, a large area is flooded by flood waters. Within the territory, forests and shrub woodlands dominate (about 65%), meadows occupy about 25% of the area. Swamps, reservoirs and watercourses occupy about 10% of the area. Upland broad-leaved and floodplain forests occupy significant areas of the site. Natural or weakly transformed areas account for more than 80% of the area.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author's data, results of accounting. Personal message of P. Pavlikovski, N. Vakhniy, L. Krayevski, K. Topolskaya, I. Dembich. Decision of Rogachyov District Council of Deputies of 26.12.2012 No. 42 "On transfer under protection of wild plants and animals habitats that are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, animals 2014. Red Book of the Republic of Belarus, plants 2015. http://www.biodiversity.by/files/images/doc/Fauna_Rahachou.jpg Burko L.D., Grichik V.V. Vertebrates of Belarus: Minsk, BSU, 2003. Rizevskij, V.K., Plyuta, M.V., Leshchenko, A.V., Ermolaeva, I.A., National Academy of Sciences (Belarus). The Scientific and Practical Center for Bioresources. A new fish species in the ichthyofauna of Belarus - Romanogobio albipinnatus [2009] Rizevskiy V. K., Plyuta M. V., Leschenko A. V., Yermolayeva I. A., Novik I. V. New fish species in the ichthyofauna of Belarus Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, 2009, vol. 53, No.3 Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt

QUALITY:
In the fauna of the site, there are at least 40 species with national or international conservation status. Here nest such species as Aquila pomarina, Pernis apivorus, Philomachus pugnax, Gallinago media, Dryocopus martius, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, a number of other species. The number of some species is equal or exceeds 1% of the national population. These are such species as Crex crex, Luscinia svecica, Ciconia nigra, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lanius collurio, etc. The number of Milvus migrans is more than 5% of the national population. The area is the most important habitat for such fish species as Gobio albipinnatus, Aspius aspius, Eudontomyzon mariae, Pelecus cultratus, Proterorhinus marmoratus and others. It is characterized by great diversity and richness of biotopes, first of all, of meadow and wetland habitats. It is of crucial importance for preservation of such biotopes as: C1.33, E3.4, F 9.1, E5.4, D 5.2, etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a fragment of the Depr river valley in the middle course, a total length of more than 100 km and a width of 1.5 to 6 km between Bykhov and Zhlobin. Within the site there is more than 150 km fragment of the river channel. The river channel has an average width of 100 to 150 m, it is completely preserved in its natural state. The river forms large meanders, numerous large and small oxbows, the area is very indented with old rivulets. Within the site there are about 100 floodplain oxbow lakes. The territory is hardly accessible because of numerous oxbow lakes. In the spring period, a considerable area is flooded by flood waters. Open meadow communities dominate within the territory (about 60%). Forests and shrub woodlands, occupy about 25% of the area. Swamps, reservoirs and watercourses occupy about 15% of the area. Natural or weakly transformed areas account for more than 80% of the area.


DOCUMENTATION:
Results of accounting, author's data. Aspects of Environmental Management in Brest Region [Text] / N. V. Mikhalchuk [etc.] ; rev.: A. A. Volchek, A. C. Meyerovskiy, G. A. Sokolov ; National Academy of Sciences of Belarus, Belarusian Republican Foundation for Fundamental Research, Polesye Agrarian and Ecological Institute. - Minsk: Belarusian Science, 2013. - 259 p. : graph., table. Personal message of P. Pavlikovski, N. Vakhniy, R. Shkabaro, S. Levy, I. Bogdanovich, M.Tarantovich Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt.

QUALITY:
The area of the site is important for the conservation of meadow and shrub habitats (E1.71, F9.1) as well as aquatic plant communities (C1.222, C1.223, C1.224) and forests. Such mammal species as Castor fiber and Lutra lutra are common here. In the ornithofauna of the territory no less than 20 species have a national and international conservation status. The number of some species is estimated at 1% or more of the national population. These are such species as: Grus grus, Glaucidium passerinum, Ciconia nigra, Strix nebulosa, Bubo bubo, Dendrocopos medius, Ixobrychus minutus, Chlidonias niger, Asio flammeus, Luscinia svecica, Sylvia nisoria and others. In addition, the following species also nest here: Botaurus stellaris, Circus aeruginosus, Crex crex, Sterna hirundo, Alcedo atthis, Aquila pomarina, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, Picus canus and several other species. Cypripedium calceolus and several other orchid species grow here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a fragment of the floodplain of the Yaselda River in its lower reaches, a total length of about 50 km and a width of 700 m to 3.5 km, as well as a section of the forested area in the basin of the river. Within the site there is more than 50 km fragment of the river channel. The river channel is on average 20 to 30 m wide, completely preserved in its natural state. The river meanders heavily, forming numerous large and small oxbows, and the area is very indented with old rivulets. There are more than 50 small floodplain oxbow lakes, as well as a flooded peat patch and Lake Motolskoe within the site. In spring, a large area is flooded by flood waters. Within the site there are open meadow and shrub communities, as well as bogs (about 50%), and forests occupy about 50% of the area. Water bodies and watercourses occupy about 5% of the area.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author's data, expert assessment  Results of Inventory of Biological and Landscape Diversity of Ivatsevichi District (Fauna) Scientific and Practical Center of the National Academy of Sciences of Belarus on Bioresources M.V.Maksimenkov, M.N.Dmitrenok, V.V.Shakun, S.M.Drobenkov, A.V.Kulak Personal message: R. Shkabaro, S. Levuy, M. Tarantovich, I. Bogdanovich. Materials of the Project «Potential Emerald Network Sites of Polesia», implemented with financial support of Zoologische Gesellschaft Frankfurt.

QUALITY:
Such rare in Belarus mammal species as Felis lynx and Meles meles are common here. Common species are Castor fiber and Canis lupus. In the ornithofauna of the site, at least 20 species have an international conservation status. Here nest such species as Aquila pomarina, Pernis apivorus, Caprimulgus europaeus, Lullula arborea, Picus viridis, Ficedula parva, a number of other species. Number of species is equal or exceeds 1% of national population. These are such species as: Glaucidium passerinum, Aegolius funereus, Ciconia nigra, etc. The number of such species as: Picus canus, Dendrocopos leucotos, Grus grus, Bubo bubo exceeds 3% of the national population, Strix nebulosa - more than 10%. The area is a potential IBA

OTHERCHARACT:
The area of the site is a forest-marsh complex located between the settlements: Vygonoshchi - Krayi - Rudnya - Razdialovichi. More than 70% of the site is covered by forest vegetation, including bog forests. There are shallow contour massifs of open lowland and transitional bogs throughout the territory, of which there are more than 100. The area of such contours averages from 1 to several hectares. Hydrological network is represented by old meliorative canals and a section of active meliorative system in the southern part. Also on the territory of the site there is 1 lake - Lunevok lake. Forest ecosystems are represented both by coniferous formations (predominantly pine), and deciduous - mainly indigenous deciduous forests (alder and birch along the bogs). The latter are predominant.


DOCUMENTATION:
Author’s data.Personal message of D.Kitel, R. Shkabar, A.Shevchik

QUALITY:
The site is an important nesting place for a number of wetland species such as: Aythya nyroca, Botaurus stellaris, Chlidonias leucopterus - about 1% of the national population; Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias hybridus, Xenus cinereus - more than 2% of the national population. Such species ass: Circus aeruginosus, Bubo bubo, Sterna hirundo, etc. nest here. During the spring and fall migration, up to 800 Casmerodius albus accumulate here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The area of the site is a large complex of fish farm ponds (more than 20 ponds) with an area of about 1500 ha, as well as a forest area on the periphery of the ponds. The ponds have varying degrees of overgrowth with emergent macrophytes. There are areas of open lowlands and transitional bogs among the forest massif. Forest ecosystems dominate, most of which are represented by coniferous forests.


DOCUMENTATION:
Expert assessments: D.V. Zhuravlev, M.N. Koloskov, I.A. Bogdanovich

QUALITY:
The site is an important concentration place for waterfowl during spring and fall migration. During the autumn migration, up to 100,000 thousand waterfowl accumulate in the area. Large gatherings of spring migrants stay here for several days to several weeks or more. Up to 50,000 to 80,000 waterfowl may congregate at a time during fall migration (IBA criterion A4iii).  In addition, significant populations of species such as: Casmerodius albus, Botaurus stellaris, Cygnus cygnus, Sterna hirundo, Chlidonias niger, Chlidonias leucopterus and others nest here.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a large complex of fish farm ponds (more than 20 ponds) and the reservoir. Among the complex of ponds there is a small forest area. The ponds have varying degrees of overgrowth with emergent macrophytes. A significant part of the reservoir (coastal zone) is shallow, overgrown with emergent macrophytes. There are several islands within the reservoir. At the periphery, the ponds are surrounded by forested areas


DOCUMENTATION:
DECISION of the Nesvizh District Executive Committee on January 27, 2020 No. 133 On transfer under protection of the habitat of  wild animal belonging to the species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus

QUALITY:
This site is home to a population of flying squirrels - so far the only one known in Belarus

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is mostly transitional and upland marsh, with forest islands and small woodlands. In addition, it includes 2 small lakes and the central part of the Ovsyanka River.


DOCUMENTATION:
DECISION of the Nesvizh District Executive Committee on January 27, 2020 No. 133 On transfer under the protection of the habitat of the wild animal belonging to the species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Belarus

QUALITY:
This site has the largest known single colony of gophers in Belarus.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is agricultural land with intensive grazing of ungulates.


OTHERCHARACT:
The site is a raised bog, with forested areas on the edges. On the western side it is adjoined by developed peat mines


QUALITY:
The area is relatively isolated from external anthropogenic impacts and is located away from cities, highways and industrial facilities. All habitats are characterized by a high degree of conservation. The purpose of creating the Emerald Network site is to preserve wetlands of Pripyat Polesie with a complex of rare and unique habitats.

DESIGNATION:
Establishment of the Reserve of Local Importance "Borovskoy" within these boundaries, inclusion in its composition of 4 reserves (11%) of local importance ("Velika Bel" "Plotnitsa", "Rechitsa", "Urochische Zaruchevye")

OTHERCHARACT:
The area is a complex of bogs (lowland, upland and transitional) and forests with all natural biotopes typical for Pripyat Polesie.


DOCUMENTATION:
Laboratoire d'écologie et de biologie aquatique 1999: Diversité biologique et typologie des étangs et petits lacs de Suisse. Neuf Etang. OFEFP.
Bassin, P. et Gaillard, M. 1989: Etude de la réserve naturelle de Bonfol. Rapport à l'attention de l'OEPN.
Bouvier, JC 1998: L'hydrographie historique de la Vendline. L'HÔTÂ 22:27-38. Association pour la sauvegarde du patrimoine rural jurassien.
Meury, F. et Flury, F.1989: Etangs de Bonfol. Etape IX: surélévation des digues du Pont-Neuf. Travaux d'exécution. Rapport à l'attention de l'OEPN.
Verneaux, J et al. 1971: Etudes biologiques et écologiques des étangs et du ruisseau de la réserve naturelle de Bonfol (Suisse). Script 38p. CTGREF, Paris.
Monnerat, C. 1993: Etude faunistique des Odonates du Canton du Jura et des zones limitrophes. Actes soc. jur. Emul. 1993: 1-99.
Berger, E 1955: La flore des Etangs de Bonfol et de ceux de la région française avoisinante. Recueil d'études et de travaux scientifiques pp. 171-188. 135ème session de la SHSN, Porentruy 24-26.9.1955. Soc. Jur. d'Emulation.

QUALITY:
Un des derniers refuges en Suisse pour les espèces éphémères des étangs à niveau variable (Bidention, Nanocyperion, Littorellion). Plusieurs de ces habitats sont visés par la Résolution no 4/1996. Il en va de même pour la majorité des forêts environnantes, qui abritent toutefois une flore moins exceptionnelle que celle des étangs. Le site abrite également de nombreux batraciens et invertébrés (libellules) menacés.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre du site correspond aux deux objets contigus de l'inventaire fédéral des sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale Ju 7500 "Etangs Rougeats" et JU 7501 "Etangs de Bonfol". Il est en grande partie couvert par le paysage d'importance nationale IFP 1101 "Etangs de Bonfol", et comprend également un bas-marais d'importance nationale (BM 494 "Neuf Etang").

OTHERCHARACT:
Etangs creusés autrefois par l'Evêché de Bâle pour l'élevage des carpes. "Assainis" et réaménagés dans les années 1970, ainsi que partiellement en 1986-1989, après leur mise sous protection.


DOCUMENTATION:
Richard, J-L.1975, Carte de la végétation du Clos du Doubs.Mat.levé géobot de la Suisse 47
Krähenbühl, Ch. 1962: La Vallée du Doubs. Historique, géologie et flore (suivi du catalogue des animaux et des plantes). Actes de la Soc jurassienne d'émulation 66: 53ss

QUALITY:
Le site comprend une zone alluviale d'un système fluvial jurassien, dernier refuge de l'apron (Zingel asper), un poisson gravement menacé.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond à la partie située dans le canton du Jura du paysage d'importance nationale IFP 1006. Il englobe les zones alluviales d'importance nationale no 144 et 145 et plusieurs sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale. La zone contient quelques prairies et pâturages secs d'importance régionale ou locale (JU).


DOCUMENTATION:
Bureau Natura, 1996: Tourbière de la Gruère (no 2). Evaluation succinte du site. Lignes directrices de gestion. Mandat de l'inspection de la protection de la nature du canton de Berne.
Joray, M., 1942: L'étang de la Gruère. Jura Bernois. Etude pollenanalytique et stratigraphique de la tourbière. Mat. lev. géobot. Suisse 25, Huber, Bern.
Nombreux travaux de licence.

QUALITY:
Hauts-marais magnifiquement formés autour du pittoresque Etang de la Gruère. Richesse maximale pour plusieurs groupes parmi les hauts-marais juarssiens.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC correspond au site marécageux d'importance nationale "Etang de la Gruère "SM no 7. Il englobe deux bas-marais, un haut-marais et un site de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale et un bas marais d'importance régionale (JU).


DOCUMENTATION:
-Chastain A. 1952. Recherches écologiques et floristiques sur le "Pinetum" de la haute tourbière de la Vraconnaz. Thèse. Universitéà de Lausanne.
-Ecoconseil SA (la Chaux-de-Fonds). 1997. Colonisation de la tourbière de la Vraconnaz par les coléoptères aquatiques suite au glissement de 1987. Rapport final. Mandat de la Conservation de la nature, chemin du Marquisat 1, CH-1025 St-Sulpice.
-Feldmeyer-Christe E. 1995. La Vraconnaz, une tourbière en mouvement. Dynamique de la végétation dans une tourbière soumise à un glissement de terrain. Botanica Helvetica 105: 55-73.
-Mulhauser & al. 1987. Les arthropodes de la Mouille de la Vraconnaz. Bull. romand Entomol. 5:61-91.
- Speight, M.C. & Castella, E. 2001: Melanogaster parumplicate (Loew) (Diptera: Syrphidae) nouvelle espèce pour la Suisse, et autres espèces de Syrphidae de la tourbière de la Vraconnaz (Vaud). Bull. Romand Entom. 19:1-4.

QUALITY:
Il s'agit d'une des plus importantes tourbières bombées du Jura suisse. Le site, qui comprend un bas-marais et un haut-marais d'importance nationale, est inscrit à l'inventaire fédéral des sites marécageux. La partie la plus humide occupe une combe anticlinale bordée de deux rangées de dolines. Les flancs de la cuvette sont occupées par divers types de forêts montagnardes, en partie sur des dalles calcaires (lapiez). L'ensemble présente un grand intérêt géomorphologique. Les habitats visés par la Résolution N0 4 (1996) couvrent la majeure partie du site.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre correspond à celui du site marécageux d'importance nationale SM 9 "La Vraconne". Ce périmètre contient un bas-marais d'importance nationale (FM 3690) et un haut-marais d'importance nationale (HM 22).


DOCUMENTATION:
Naceur N. et Büttiker B, 1999: La palée du lac de Joux: statistiques de pêche des reproducteurs; âge, croissance et fécondité, Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 86.4:273-296.
Lang B, 1993. Abondance et croissance de la palée et de la perche du lac de Joux: évaluation de méthodes empiriques. Conservation de la faune du Canton de Vaud. Rapport interne non publié. 11p.
Lang B, 1995. Evolution du stock de palées dans le lac de Joux suivie à partir de la pêche de reproducteurs de 1972 à 1994.  Conservation de la faune du Canton de Vaud. Rapport interne non publié. 10p.
Lang B, Reymond O., Strawczynski A. et Vioget P., 1998. Evolution chimique et biologique du lac de Joux entre 1985 et 1997. Note commune du laboratoire d'hydrbiologie du Service des forêts, de la faune et de la nature et du laboratoire du Service des eaux  et de la protection de l'environnement. Rapport interne non publié. 2p.
Aubert D., 1941. Atlas géologique de la Suisse 1:25'000, feuille 1221 Le Sentier, Berne.
Aubert D., 1943. Monographie géologique de la vallée de Joux. Mat. pour la carte géol. de la Suisse, nouvelle série, 78e livraison, Berne.
Gallandat JD., 1982. Prairies marécageuses du Haut-Jura (Molinietalia, Scheuchzerio-Caricetea fuscae et Phragmitetea). Mat. Levé Géobaot. Suisse 58, 327 p et 3 cartes h.t.
Galandat JD. et Felber-Girard M. 1987. Cartographie de la végétation du cours supérieur de l'Orbe et propositions de mesures de gestion. Laboratoire d'écologie végétale, Université de Neuchâtel, 14+8 p et 10 pl. h.t.
Gallandat JD, Gobat JM et Roulier C. 1990. Cartographie des zones alluviales d'importance nationale. Rapport général (116 p. +annexes 1-11) et carte de l'objet 50 (Sagnes de la Burtignière).
Glayre D. et Magnenat D. 1984. Oiseaux nicheurs de la Haute Vallée de l'Orbe. Nos oiseaux 398, 144 p.
Moret JL., Mèller G et Hainard P, 1988. A propos d'une nouvelle station de bouleau nain (Betula nana L.) dans le canton de Vaud. Bull. Soc. Vaud. Sc. Nat. 79: 123-133.

QUALITY:
Le site marécageux, composé de trois parties, est situé dans synclinal à la limite de la frontière française. Il constitue une unité paysagère remarquable longeant l'Orbe et présente une densité de marais très élevée (environ 30% de la surface) avec une diversité unique.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au site marécageux no 21 "Vallée de Joux". Il englobe également trois bas-marais et six haut-marais d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
- Christe, P et al. 1990: La végétation du marais des Amburnex (Jura vaudois, Susse). Bull. soc. vaud. sc. nat. 80 (2): 127-139.
- Moret, J-L. 1988: A propos d'une nouvelle station de bouleau nain (Betula nana L.) dans le canton de Vaud. Bull. soc. vaud. sc. nat. 79 (2): 123-133.
- Geissler, P et Zoller, H. 1978: Paludella squarrosa (Hedw.) Brid. an der Südwestgrenze ihrer Verbreitung. Candollea 33 (2): 299-319.
- Vittoz, P. : thèse de doctorat

QUALITY:
Complexe de bas-marais et de haut-marais occupant une combe synclinale à climat hivernal extrêmement rude. Dernière station suisse du saxifrage oeil-de-bouc (Saxifraga hirculus).

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre du site correspond au bas-marais d'importance nationale no 1486. Il englobe également deux hauts-marais d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
www.pfyn-finges.ch
- Werner, P. 1985: La végétaton de Finges et de son Rhône sauvage. Bull. Murithienne 103: 39-84.
- Burri, M. 1997: Géologie récente de Finges et de ses environs. Bull. Murithienne 115: 5-27.
- Carron, G. 1999: Les orthoptères menacés de la zone de Finges. Bull. Murithienne 117: 23-30.

QUALITY:
La plus grande pinède de Suisse, en bordure d'une vaste zone alluviale extrêmement riche en espèces thermophiles rares.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC correspond au périmètre protégé par arrêté de protection cantonal du 17.12.1997. Elle comprend une zone alluviale d'importance nationale, ainsi que deux sites de reproduction des batraciens d'importance nationale.

OTHERCHARACT:
Alluvions nues de la zone alluviale notées sous "rochers intérieurs".


DOCUMENTATION:
WSL en préparation:
Erfolgskontrolle Moorschutz Schweiz
Choma Snot - Palüd Chapé
Lej da Staz

QUALITY:
Grand massif de forêt subalpine comprenant de belle surfaces de cembraie et de pessière, ainsi que de remarquables hauts-marais primaires. Principal refuge des espèces de tourbières dans le canton des Grisons.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au Landschaftsschutzgebiet cantonal et comprend le site marécageux d'importance nationale no 45 "God da Staz/Stazerwald", six hauts-marais d'importance nationale et trois bas-marais d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
- Bischof, A. 1999-2000: Verzeichnis der Schmetterlingsfauna des Naturschutzgebietes "Veier" bei Bonaduz, Kanton Graubünden, Schweiz
- Gsell, R 1919: Über die Orchideen Graubündens insbesondere des Rheintals. Jber. Natf. Ges. GR 59: 183-199.
- SBN-Inventar Gebiet Lengwald-Bannwald.
- Lutz, M., Schlaepfer, A. und Muehlethaler, E. 1989: Auen- Ried- und Heckenlandschaft Castrisch. Die Avifauna zur Brutzeit 1988. Unveröff. Kurzbericht (mit Artkarten) z.H. ALN, Chur und OAG.
- Lutz, M., Schlaepfer, A. und Muehlethaler, E. 1992: Kulturlandschaft Isla Sut. Die Avifauna zur Brutzeit 1988. Ergänzende Zusammenstellung der ornithologischen Daten zu Isla Sut. Kurzbericht z.H. ALN Chur.

QUALITY:
Gorges du Rhin à travers la roche calcaire de l'éboulement de Flims: "Swiss Grand Canyon". Le site présente de plus une grande richesse floristique et faunistique; 360 espèces de lépidoptères nocturnes ont été recensées.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC comprend une zone alluviale d'importance nationale, 3 bas-marais d'importance nationale et chevauche en grande partie un paysage d'importance nationale (IFP).

OTHERCHARACT:
alluvions nues sous "rochers intérieurs etc."


DOCUMENTATION:
- EAWAG News 54: Uehlinger, U.: Le Val Roseg: Une plaine alluviale glaciare des Alpes suisses
- Erstaufnahme alpine Auen; Kantonsbericht: Ergebnisse Kanton Graubünden, Januar 2006. Im Auftrag des Bundesamtes für Umwelt BAFU

QUALITY:
Une marge glaciaire et une zone alluviale alpine des mieux conservées.Grande richesse en espèces et surface importante de marais de type arctico-alpin. Le site est intact et abrite d'autres raretés comme Myricaria germanica et Montia fontana.
Une route en terre battue permet l'accès par char à cheval jusqu'à l'Hotel Rose et aux alpages extensifs.

DESIGNATION:
Le site englobe une zone alluviale d'importance nationale et s'intègre dans l'bjet IFP no 1908.

OTHERCHARACT:
alluvions nues classées sous "rochers intérieurs etc.


DOCUMENTATION:
-Rampazzi & al. 1993. Studio naturalistico del fondovalle della Maggia. Mem. Soc. Ticinese Sc. Nat. (Lugano) 3
-Fossati A. 1993. Documenti et publicazione contenenti dati faunistici sulle zone alluvionali ticinesi di importanza nazionale. Lugano. Museo cantonale di storia naturale.
-Carraro, G et al. 1994: Compte-rendu
-Ceschi, I. (1974, 1975): La vegetazione e flore della Vallemaggia
- Dionea SA, 1999, Rivitalizzazione di zone golenali ed estrazione di inerti pregiati
fra Ponte Brolla e Cavergno, Dipartimento del territorio

QUALITY:
Zone alluviale d'importance nationale, la plus importante au sud des Alpes. Milieu dynamique, régulièrement régénéré par des crues touchant tout le fond de la vallée. Présence d'importantes populations de batraciens.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre correspond à la zone alluviale d'importance nationale AU 171 "Maggia". Il englobe le site de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale IBN TI 323 "Lanca Saligin"

OTHERCHARACT:
Complexe alluvial; alluvions nues encodées sous "rochers intérieurs, ..."


DOCUMENTATION:
Patocchi, N. 1994-1995: Piano di Magadino. Analisi della situazione attuale. Dipartimento del territorio- Ufficio Protzione della Natura. 2 vol + 6 cartes.
Patocchi N., Petrini N., 2001: Piano di gestione forestale - Ciossa Antognini - 2001-2015
Université de Genève, Laboratoire d'écologie et de biologie aquatique, 1996-1999: Diversità biologica e tipologia ecologica degli stagni e dei laghetti della Svizzera - Lanca di Sant' Antonio.
VAW-ETH Zürich, 2004: Machbarkeitsstudie zur Renaturierung des Ticino und seiner Mündung.

QUALITY:
Important site d'escale et d'hivernage pour les oiseaux d'eau au Sud des Alpes partiellement inscrit à l'inventaire de la Convention de Ramsar. Fond de vallée agricole avec delta lacustre abritant encore d'importantes surfaces de ripisylves et de marais.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au site marécageux d'importance nationale no. 260 "Piano di Magdino", sauf dans le secteur lacustre, où il a été étendu pour répondre aux objectifs de protection de l'avifaune hivernante. Il englobe 6 bas-marais, 3 sites de reproduction des batraciens et 2 zones alluviales d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
Keel, A et Fossati, A. 1981: Zur Vegetation des Naturschutzgebietes beim Weiher nahe Stabio im Gebiet Campaccio. Musée d'histoire naturelle Lugano.
Studi associati SA 1999: Bacino di laminazione sul Laveggio. Rapporto di impatto ambientale. Dipartimento del territorio-Divisione delle costruzioni-Ufficio arginature.
Etude sur l'état des biotopes et des populations de tritons (en cours).

QUALITY:
Refuge important pour les batraciens, notamment pour Rana latastei, une espèce menacée au niveau européen. Emys orbicularis a probablement déjà disparu. Habitat de la petite lamproie (Lampetra planeri). Dernière rivière de plaine à écoulement naturel au sud du Tessin.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC englobe deux sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale, ainsi que deux bas-marais d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
Rampazzi, F. 1989: Umweltverträglichkeitsprüfung eines Strassenprojekts aus der Sicht der Fauna. Mandat du canton du Tessin.
Studi Associati SA 1998, 1999, 2002: Fiume Tresa. Risanamento Pro Mancin. Analisi naturalistica. Rapporto (V. Bozza). Comune di Croglio.

QUALITY:
Zone alluviale de surface modeste, mais possédant une faune particulièrement intéressante, avec notamment 3 espèces de poissons visés par la Résolution no 6 (1998), ainsi que plusieurs libellules très menacées au niveau national.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond à la zone alluviale d'importance nationale no 22. La partie italienne du site n'est pas décrite ici.


DOCUMENTATION:
-Moret J.L. 1985. Flore aquatique et paludéenne de la région des Grangettes. Corections et additions. Bull. Soc. vaud. sc. nat. 77:213-222
-Gilliéron G. 1991. Etude de l'avifaune nicheuse des Grangettes. Nos Oiseaux 41: 165-182
-Keller V. 1996. Ramsargebiete der Schweiz. BUWAL. Bern. 21 S.
-Delarze R. 1997. Suivi scientifique de la végétation des Grangettes. Bilan 1992-1996. Etude et gestion du site marécageux de Noville (Fondartion des Grangettes). Rapport no 20.

QUALITY:
Dernier refuge de nombreuses espèces aquatiques et paludéennes  dans le bassin lémanique et dernier grand marais de la région. Site d'escale très important pour les oiseaux d'eau.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre correspond au site marécageux d'importance nationale SM 8 "Grangettes". Il comprend également plusieurs biotopes d'importance nationale: zone alluviale AU 123 "Grangettes", les bas-marais BM 1378 "La Muraz", 1379 "Les Saviez", 1380 "L'Aulagniez", 1381 "Clos Montet", 1382 "Gros Brasset", ainsi que le site de reproduction de batraciens IBN VD 21. Le périmètre recoupe le site d'escale d'oiseaux d'eaux et de migrateurs no 8 "Les Grangettes" et englobe le site Ramsar du même nom.

OTHERCHARACT:
Ancien delta lacustre privé de sa dynamique naturelle depuis l'endiguement du Rhône (vers 1910).


DOCUMENTATION:
- Gruenig, A. et al. 1986: Les hauts-marais et marais de transition de Suisse. Rapport IFRF 281.
- Hainard, P et al. 1992: Carte de la végétation du Pays d'Enhaut et de la place de tir du Petit-Hongrin. Division Protection de la nature. Lausanne.
- Michel C et Hainard, P. 1980: Etude phyto-écologique de la tourbière de Pra-Cornet (Vaud, Suisse). Saussurea 11: 87-106.
- Yerli, M. 1970: Ecologie comparée des prairies marécageuses dans les Préalpes de la Suisse occidentale. Veröff. Geobot. Institut ETH, Stiftung Rübel 44.

QUALITY:
Paysage traditionnel des Préalpes, avec une grande diversité de marais couvrant près de 200 ha dans un environnement géomorphologique typique de la région des cols.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au site marécageux d'importance nationale no 99 "Col des Mosses". Il englobe 9 bas-marais et 6 hauts-marais d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
- Puls 1992: Vegetationskarte Hohgant-Seefeld 1:5000. Naturschutzgebiet 4.1.1.13. Auftrag Naturschutzinspektorat Bern.
- Hegg, O. 1965: Untersuchung zur Pflanzensoziologie und Oekologie im Naturschutzgebiet Hohgant. Hrsg. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bern.
- Leibundgut, M. 1992: Moorschutz und Alpwirtschaft in Habkern. Hrsg. Geographisches Institut der Universität Bern.
- Lüdi, W. 1933: Pflanzengeographische Streifzüge im Hohgantgebiet. Hrsg. Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bern.
- Marti, C.; Mollet, P. 1994: Auerhuhn-Schutzprojekt Honegg-Hohgant. Hrsg. Schweizerische Vogelwarte Sempach.
- Ottiger, A. 2001: Die Chancen der Alpwirtschaft in der Zukunft am Beispiel der Traubachalp. Hrsg. Philosophisch-naturwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Universität Bern.
- Rouiller, P.; Widmer, U. 1978: Eine Einführung in den Karst vom Hohgant. Hrsg. Schweiz. Gesellschaft für Höhlenforschung.
- Von Arx, B et al. 1950: Die Seefeldhöhle. Hrsg. Selbstverlag.

QUALITY:
Vaste région montagneuse très riche en bas-marais et en hauts-marais. Important réseau de cavités souterraines et nombreux autres éléments géomorphologiques remarquables (karst, dolines, moraines). Refuge d'espèces à grand espace vital (lynx, grand tétras, aigle royal etc). Inclusion de pelouses maigres.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond approximativement au site marécageux no 13 "Habkern-Sörenberg". Il englobe de nombreux bas-marais et hauts-marais d'importance nationale. Il touche aussi deux objets IFP et une Réserve de biosphère.

OTHERCHARACT:
Zones étendues de lapiaz (Schrattenfluh)


QUALITY:
Ce complexe marécageux composé en majeure partie de bas-marais avec quelques surfaces de hauts-marais est riche en habitats visés par la résolution no 4.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC correspond à un site protégé par décrêt cantonal. Elle comprend 3 bas-marais et 2 hauts-marais d'importance nationale.


QUALITY:
Complexe de marais et de forêts humides; site proposé comme réserve forestière, riche en structures paysagères. Grande richesse en amphibiens et en invertébrés. Zone de gîte hivernal pour le cerf.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au Landschaftschutzgebiet (selon mise en concept de mise en réseau "Maad") du plan directeur cantonal. La ZISC comprend 2 bas-marais et 2 sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale


DOCUMENTATION:
Inventaire des bas-marais.
Kantonaler Richtplan 1987.
Rezbanyai-Reser L. 2001: Zur Insektenfauna vom Hanenriet bei Giswil, 470 m, Kt Obwalden. I Allgemeines. Entomologische Berichte Luzern 45: S. 1-18.
Rezbanyai-Reser L. 2001:Zur Insektenfauna vom Hanenriet bei Giswil, 470 m, Kt Obwalden. II Lepidoptera 1: Macroheterocera. Entomologische Berichte Luzern 45: S 45-108.
Hoess R, 2001: Die Libellen (Odonata) des Giswilerriedes, Kanton Obwalden. Entomologische Berichte Luzern 46: S 129-146.
Herger P, 2004: Zur Insektenfauna vom Hahnenried bei Giswil, 470 m, Kanton Obwalden. III Coleoptera 1. Entomologische Berichte Luzern 51: S 1-18.

QUALITY:
Site lacustre comportant de belles ceintures riveraines marécageuses, particulièrement importantes comme refuge pour la faune et la flore des lieux humides.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au site de reproduction des batraciens d'importance nationale no 123 et englobe un bas marais d'importance nationale.
Le périmètre complet est protégé par un décret cantonal.


DOCUMENTATION:
- NOK 1997: Bericht zur Umweltverträglichkeit, Kraftwerk Eglisau.
- Widmer, M. 1988: Der alte Rhein bei Rüdlingen.
- Widmer, M. 1990: Alter Rhein Rüdlingen, Jahresbericht.
- Rhein-Längsdamm, Rüdlingen 2002. Baudepartement des Kantons Schaffhausen.

QUALITY:
Zone alluviale avec forêt riveraine composée d'habitats visés par la Résolution no. 4 (1996). Site abritant d'importantes populations de batraciens, notamment Bombina variegata et une avifaune riche. La partie de forêt alluviale située sur le territoire du canton de Schaffhausen est un ancien bras du Rhein, séparé par une digue construite il y a 100 ans.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au périmètre IFP, couvert presque entièrement par la zone alluviale d'importance nationale no 5. Il comprend également quatre sites de reproduction des batraciens d'importance nationale.
SH: la partie située dans ce canton fait également partie de réserves naturelles communales.


DOCUMENTATION:
Bossert, A. 1988: Die Reservate de Ala. Der ornithologische Beobachter, Beiheft 7, Ala Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Vogelkunde und Vogelschutz. (avec carte de végétation)
Leupi E. 1989: Pflanzensoziologische Kartierung des Boniswiler- und Seengenriedes am Hallwilersee. Mitt. Aarg. Naturf. Ges. Bd XXXII. S 129-140.
www.ag.ch/natur2001/

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au site protégé par décret kantonal du 13 mai 1986. Il englobe 1 bas-marais d'importance nationale et 1 site de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
- Buttler, A. 1987: Ecologie des marais non boisés de la Rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel. Thèse Université de Neuchâtel
- Cornali, Ph. 1992: Ecologie des pinèdes de la Rive sud du lac de Nauchâtel. Thèse Université de Neuchâtel.
- Clerc, C. 2004: Typologie et cartographie de la végétation de la Rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel d'Yverdon à Cudrefin. Edition: Grande Cariçaie, Yverdon.
- Mulhauser, B. 1997: Inventaire de la faune de la Grande Cariçaie. Edition: Grande Cariçaie, Yverdon.
- Keller, V. et Antoniazza, M. 2003: Espèces d'oiseaux pour lesquelles la Rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel revêt une importance particulière. Station ornithologique suisse.
- Faune batrachologique de la Grande Cariçaie (à paraître en 2004). Edition: Grande Cariçaie, Yverdon.
- Invertébrés de la Grande Cariçaie (à paraître en 2004). Edition Grande Cariçaie, Yverdon.

QUALITY:
La Grande Cariçaie est la plus grande surface de marais de Suisse. Elle forme aussi la plus longue portion de zone littorale naturelle lacustre.
De nombreuses espèces végétales et animales trouvent dans ce site leur dernier refuge en Suisse. Il s'agit aussi d'un lieu d'hivernage très important pour les oiseaux d'eau.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre de la ZISC correspond au périmètre des réserves naturelles instaurées par les cantons de Vaud et de Fribourg sur la rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel et inspirées essentiellement des périmètres du site Ramsar "Rive sud du lac de Neuchâtel" et du site marécageux d'importance nationale "Grande Cariçaie" et complété par l'OROEM no 7 "Grandson jusqu'à Champ-Pittet" et par l'OROEM no 4 "Fanel jusqu'à Chablais de Cudrefin, Pointe de Marin".
rem: les parties terrestres et de rivage des différents objets protégés par des inventaires fédéraux sont entièrement couverts par la ZISC
100% de la partie bernoise du périmètre font partie de la réserve cantonale "Fanel".


DOCUMENTATION:
- Auderset, D. et al 1994: Etude des étang du canton de Genève: étang des Douves, Etang Hainard, marais du Château. SFPNP, Laboratoire d'Ecologie aquatique de l'université de Genève.
- Auderset, D. et al 1993: Les plans d'eau du canton de Genève. Partie II. SFPNP, Laboratoire d'Ecologie aquatique de l'université de Genève.
- Bodmer, O. et Germoud, V. 1999: Recensement des secteurs et suivi des populations de castors du canton de Genève. Contact-Castor Genève. Manuscrit 12p.
- Ecotec 1991: Demande de modification de la concession de Verbois. Rapport d'impact. Services industriels de Genève.
- Theurillat, J-P. et Roch P. 1989: Allondon-Moulin-de Vert-Verbois. Situation, évolution, protection, gestion. WWF, section Genève.
- Vairon, C. 1997: Prairies maigres du canton de Genève. Inventaire, description, proposition de gestion, éléments de réflexion. SFPNP. Genève.
- Werdenberg, K et Hainard, P. 1999: Les paysages végétaux du canton de Genève avec carte de la végétation 1/25000. Série documentaire no 34, conservatoire et jardin botanique de la ville de Genève.
- Inventaire piscicole des cours d'eau du Canton de Genève, Etudes "Nature" Service des forêts, de la protection de la nature et du paysage, 2003

QUALITY:
Vaste complexe alluvial abritant une grande diversité d'habitats thermophiles de plaine, notamment riverains et alluviaux. Site d'escale protégé de longue date sur un corridor de migration d'importance européennne pour les oiseaux d'eau; liaison entre Natura 2000 et LEtournel (France). Plus de 1% des populations européennes de Fuligule morillon (Aythya fuligulosa) hibernent sur le site; 1% des milans noirs (Milvus migrans) y nichent.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre correspond à l'OROEM 9 avec quelques sites de reproduction de batraciens à proximité. Il est couvert en grande partie par des inventaires fédéraux et cantonaux désignant des biotopes et des paysages protégés.On y trouve l'unique station de Arabis scabra et la dernière population de Pyrgus cirsii.


QUALITY:
La ZISC est une région marécageuse des plus importantes du Mittelland entourée d'une zone agricole à proximité immédiate de l'agglomération de Zurich. Elle englobe les lacs "Chatzensee" supérieur et inférieur, reliés par un canal, et des étangs et offre donc une grande variété d'habitats palustres plus ou moins artificiels ou renaturés. Plusieurs plantes très rares de marais oligotrophes, ainsi que 8 espèces d'amphibiens, dont Bombina variegata y trouvent refuge.

OTHERCHARACT:
REMARQUE: estimations d'après GEOSTAT et sans orthophoto.


DOCUMENTATION:
Carte de la végétation et inventaire floristique de Märchligen-Au, Büro Bug 2002.
Hauri, R.: Die Vogelwelt des Reservates Selhofenzopfen im Belpmoos, Hrsg. von Bernische Gesellschaft für Vogelkunde und Vogelschutz, 1951.
Hauri, R.: Die Aarelandschaft zwischen Thun und Bern - ihre naturschützerische Bedeutung. Hrsg. von Naturforschende Gesellschaft Bern, 1979.
Jäggi, M.:Geschiebehaushalt der Aare zwischen Thun und Bern. Hrsg. von Tiefbauamt des Kantons Bern, 2001.
Von Känel, A. et al.: Die Gürbe, Istzustand aus gewässerökologischer Sicht dargstellt. Hrsg. von Bau-, Verkehrs- und Energiedirektion des Kantons Bern, 1993.
Hauri, R.: Die Vogelwelt der Elfenau bei Ber. Hrsg. von Der Ornithologische Beobachter, 1973.
Hausherr, E.: Die Berner Elfenau. Hrsg. von Naturforschende Gesellschaft Ber, 1954.
Naturaqua: Sanierung NSG Elfenau. Technischer Bericht Hydrologie und Geologie Hrsg. Baudirektion Stadt Bern, 1989.
Stadtgärtnerei Bern: Naturreservat Elfenau. Hrsg. Stadtgärtnerei Bern, Elfenau-Reservatskommission, 2001.

QUALITY:
Zone alluviale d'importance nationale et régionale (Mittelland). Le lit principal de l'Aare est endigué, mais nombreux bras morts et résurgences. Présence d'une grande diversité floristique et d'importantes populations de batraciens.

DESIGNATION:
Le site correspond à la zone alluviale d'importance nationale Belper Giessen et à une hêtraie attenante au NE, il représente environ 2/5 de la surface de la zone sous protection cantonale "Naturschutzgebiet Aarelandschaft Thun-Bern".


QUALITY:
Un des plus importants sites marécageux de Suisse orientale, très bien conservé et abritant pratiquement toutes les associations de bas-marais, hauts-marais et marais de transition. Présence de plantes et d'invertébrés très rares. Avifaune très riche également.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre du ZISC correspond au site marécageux d'importance nationale no 5 "Pfäffikersee". Il englobe 2 grands bas-marais d'importance nationale, 2 hauts-marais et 1 site de reproduction de batraciens.


DOCUMENTATION:
- Übersicht Moorlandschaft Maschwander Allmend, Gemeinden Hünenberg, Cham, Schutzplan 1997, Baudirektion des Kantons Zug.
- Fiche Naturschutzgebiete Nr. 6.02 Wannhüseren.
- Naturschutzgebiet Wannhüseren (6.002), FORNAT 1980
- Fiche Naturschutzgebiet Nr. 7.01 Rüss-Spitz.
- Naturschutzgebiet Rüss-Spitz (7.001), FORNAT 1980
- Rezbanyai-Reser L. 1992: Zur Insektenfauna vom Rüss-Spitz, Kt. Zug, bei Maschwanden ZH. Entomol. Ber. Luzern, Nr. 27: 1-24.

QUALITY:
Zone alluviale de type marécageux servant de refuge important pour l'avifaune. Numenius arquata, Gallinago gallinago et Lanius excubitor ont ici leur plus grande zone de reproduction au niveau de la Suisse.

DESIGNATION:
La ZISC correspond environ au site marécageux d'importance nationale no 251 "Maschwander Allmend". Elle englobe de nombreux bas-marais et sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale, également 3 zones alluviales d'importance nationale.
La vallée zougoise de la Reuss est au bénéfice d'une coneption du paysage avec mise en réseau selon OQE.


DOCUMENTATION:
-Amt für raumentwicklung : www.ow.ch.de.vereine.raumplanung
-Baggenstos : Erhebung zur Verbreitung und Biologie der Nidwaldner Haarschnecke (Trochulus biconicus) als rundlage für die Formulierung von Schutzmassnahmen
-Niederberger B. : Habitatmodellisierung des endemischen Landschneckenart Trochulus biconicus, Der Nidwaldner Haarschnecke auf der Spur, Master Thesis, Erdwissenschaften Lodron-Universität Salzburg

QUALITY:
La ZISC est principalement couverte de pelouses alpines, de végétation des dalles rocheuses et d'éboulis d'altitude, il se situe en dessus de la limite des forêts de 1600m à 2800m. Le périmètre est défini en fonction de l'écologie et de la localisation des principales populations de l'espèce endémique cible Trochulus biconicus.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre est défini en fonction de l'écologie et de la localisation des principales populations de l'espèce endémique cible Trochulus biconicus sur la base du rapport intermédiaire de l'étude de Baggenstos 2007-2008.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site de haute altitude composé de 2 parties. Sommets rocheux, éboulis et pelouses alpines.


DOCUMENTATION:
- museo cantonale di storia naturale: www.ti.ch/mcsn
- Die Alpenflora des Val Piora, Birkhäuser Basel, 2006
- Science et montagne CAS/SAC
- Bergseen der italienischen Schweiz, zwischen Piora und Cadlimo, Banca del Gottardo : www.leventinaturismo.ch

QUALITY:
La ZISC a été selectionnée sur la base de sa richesse en espèces de bryophytes, presque un tiers de la flore bryophytique y est recensé et la Suisse a une responsabilité forte pour leur conservation. La flore vasculaire est représentée par quelques espèces rares notamment l'espèce endémique des Alpes occidentales Euphrasia christii. Quelques milieux cibles surtout liés aux haut-marais. La végétation acide dominante sur gneiss laisse apparaître quelques taches de végétation calciphile sur dolomie.

DESIGNATION:
Les limites du site suivent les crêtes environnant le lac de barrage de Piora. Au sud le périmètre se calque sur la limite de l'IFP 1801 Piora-Lucomagno-Dötra qui englobe entièrement la ZISC. Sont compris dans le site quelques hauts-marais d'importance nationale.

OTHERCHARACT:
Ensemble de petit lacs alpins d'origine glaciaire, de pelouses alpines et de marais formant un paysage magnifique très bien préservé, mis à part le barrage de Ritom.


DOCUMENTATION:
- museo cantonale di storia naturale: www.ti.ch/mcsn

QUALITY:
La présence du mollusque endémique sur la crête et sur le versant nord des monts de Brissago et de la plante endémique ouest-sudalpine justifie le choix de ce site. La hêtraie étendue du versant nord fait partie des milieux visés par la Résolution.

DESIGNATION:
Le site s'étend du Gridone sur de la frontière italienne à l'alpage de Brissago et couvre le haut des versants nord et sud de la chaine. Le mollusque endémique est strictement liée au Luzulo-Fagenion bien représenté sur le versant nord.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site principalement couvert de forêt, au nord particulièrement le fagenion, habitat du mollusque endémique. Les pelouses alpines et subalpines couvrent les hauteurs.


DOCUMENTATION:
-museo cantonale di storia naturale : www.ti.ch/mcsn
-Fiches pratiques pour la conservation - Plantes à fleurs et fougères,crsf: Androsace brevis.

QUALITY:
Le choix de ce site est fondé sur la présence de l'espèce subendémique des Alpes insubriennes et orobiques Androsace brevis (Primulacées). La Suisse porte une grande responsabilité pour la conservation de cette espèce.

DESIGNATION:
L'espèce-cible colonise les pelouses alpines, les éboulis fixés et les fentes de rochers siliceux exposés au vent et au fort rayonnement solaire. Le site suit la frontière italienne sur les crêtes abritant la subendémique Androsace brevis.


DOCUMENTATION:
- museo cantonale di storia naturale: www.ti.ch/mcsn
- Marggi projet BDM: www.biodiversitymonitoring.ch
- projet de parc naturel (geoparc): www.parcobreggia.ch
- inventaire PPS/TWW
- publications Monte Generoso www.montegeneroso.ch
- Blant, M.; Moretti, M.; Della Toffola, R.; Pierallini, R., (accepted): Fauna olocenica del Sud delle Alpi. Chirotteri e Mammiferi terrestri tra passato e presente (Grotta del Canalone, Monte Generoso, Ticino). - Boll. Soc. tic. Sci. nat. 92
- Della Toffola, R.; Blant, M.; Magnin, B.; Moretti, M., (accepted): Inventaire de la faune holocène de la Grotta del Canalone (Monte Generoso TI) et interprétation paléoclimatique. - Stalactite 1
- Della Toffola, R.; Moretti, M.; Blant, M.; Morel, P., 2002: Ritrovamento di centinaia di ossa di pipistrello nella Grotta del Canalone (Monte Generoso, TI: risultati preliminari. - Boll. Soc. tic. Sci. nat. 90; 1-2)
- Boschi, C; Maddalena, T.; Moretti, M., 1998: Cacciare o osservare i camosci sul Monte Generoso? Valutazione della situazione del camoscio (Rupicapra rup. Rupricapra) nella regione del Monte Generoso e probabili conseguenze di un’apertura della caccia. – Il Nostro Paese: 39-51
- Moretti, M.; Patocchi N.; Zimbelli, N., 2000: Verifica degli interventi di gestione dei prati magri del Monte Generoso (Ticino, Svizzera) in base all’analisi di ropaloceri, ortotteri e ragni: risultati del primo controllo dopo cinque anni di gestione. - In: Villa, M. (ed.) Atti del seminario permanente per la gestione delle praterie di interesse naturalistico. Monte Barro, 20 Sept. 2000. 103-113
- Jäggli M. 1954. Specie termofili al Monte Generoso. Boll. Soc. Ticinese Sci. Nat. 49: 53-58
- Moretti, M.; Barbalat, S., 2004: The effects of wildfires on wood-eating beetles in deciduous forests on the southern slope of the Swiss Alps. - Forest Ecology Management 187: 85-103.

QUALITY:
Le Monte Generoso est un des plus beaux exemples au sud des Alpes en Suisse de nunatak ayant servi de refuge à des espèces peu mobile durant la dernière glaciation. Il abrite quelques subendémiques et surtout des animaux endémiques stricts. 
Il comporte également de nombreuses espèces et milieux dignes de protection au niveau national, ainsi que divers habitats visés par la Résolution 4 (prairies sèches recensées dans le cadre de l'inventaire fédéral TWW/PPS). Il est également riche en éléments culturels (IFP).

DESIGNATION:
Le site correspond précisément au site paysager d'importance nationale. Il comprend en outre 2 sites de reproduction de batraciens d'importance nationale et de nombreuses surfaces à l'inventaire des prairies sèches.

OTHERCHARACT:
Sommet calcaire isolé faisant frontière avec l'Italie. Le versant Suisse est escarpé, avec des parois rocheuses entrecoupées de pelouses dans la partie supérieure et des forêts caducifoliées continues jusqu'au pied du mont.


DOCUMENTATION:
- inventaire des zones alluviales d'importance nationale objet 176 et 177
- plan directeur cantonal des Grisons: www.richtplan.gr.ch

QUALITY:
La Basse Engadine est un centre de diversité floristique de la Suisse orientale.De plus l'espèce -cible de ce site alpin, le mollusque endémique Chilostoma adelezona rhaeticum, y trouve ses principaux habitats. Le périmètre présente aussi deux zones alluviales de qualité et quelques objets à l'inventaire des prairies sèches.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre du site est choisi en fonction de la localisation des populations de Chilostoma adelezona rhaeticum (endémique) et englobe 2 zones alluviales  et 2 site de reproduction des amphibiens d'importance nationale.


DOCUMENTATION:
- fiches pratiques pour la conservation- plantes à fleurs et fougères, Centre du Réseau Suisse de Floristique (CRSF): Dracocephalum austiacum, Dracocephalum ruyschiana, Cypripedium calceolus
- plan directeur cantonal des Grisons: www.richtplan.gr.ch
- Kleiner Alpenpflanzenführer:www.ardez.ch/pflanzen/ind_pflanzen.htm

QUALITY:
La Basse Engadine est un centre de diversité floristique de la Suisse orientale. La présence de 2 espèces Emeraude justifie le choix de ce site. Dracocephalum austriacum est une espèce orophile sarmatique-pontique pour laquelle la responsabilité Suisse à l'échelle alpine est forte. Une vingtaine de petites stations autour d'Ardez. Plusieurs prairies sèches figurant à l'inventaire fédéral sont une preuve de la présence de milieux riches et diversifiés.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre du site est défini d'après la présence de populations importantes de l'espèce-cible Dracocephalum austriacum colonisant les prairies sèches et les pelouses steppiques, il comprend deux périmètres prioritaires de l'inventaire fédéral des prairies sèches.

OTHERCHARACT:
Versant ensoleillé de la basse Engadine. Paysage  de talus arides et têtes rocheuses façonné par les glaciers.


DOCUMENTATION:
- plan directeur cantonal des Grisons: www.richtplan.gr.ch
- fiches pratiques pour la conservation- plantes à fleurs et fougères, Centre du Réseau Suisse de Floristique (CRSF): Draba ladina.

QUALITY:
Site de très haute altitude (en dessus de la limite forestière) avec pour cible la plante strictement endémique Draba ladina. Le site comprend des éboulis rocheux calcaires et dolomitiques ainsi que des pentes rocheusescalcaires avec végétation chasmophytique qui feront partie de la liste des habitats visés par la Résolution 4 de la Convention de Berne lorsque celle-ci sera harmonisée avec l'annexe 1 de la Directive Habitats (codes 8120 et 8210). Certains oiseaux rares tels que le Gypaète barbu et le Grand Tetras y trouve également refuge.

DESIGNATION:
Le périmètre fait le tour des crêtes et sommets abritant Draba ladina. Le site se situe en dessus de la limite forestière (au dessus de 2600m d'altitude sur la partie nord en dehors du Parc National) et se compose principalement de rochers, éboulis et pelouses de haute altitude.


QUALITY:
Le périmètre du site a été fixé en collaboration avec les acteurs locaux sur la base d'une procédure participative. Le site représente un paysage agricole tradidionnel typique du Mittelland. La principale espèce-cible est l'Agrion de Mercure (Coenagrion mercuriale) menacée sur la plan internationall. Des cours d'eau à l'état naturel (Langete, !Onz, Murg et Rot) avec leurs méandres, un réseau de milieux humides (ruisseaux et rivières), des cordons boisés offrent des habitats à de nombreuses espèces de la Résolution 6 .La richesse est étroitement liée à l'équilibre entre prairies irriguées et canaux de drainage.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site typique du Mittelland comprenant des zones urbanisées. Diversité des paysages et des milieux a beaucoup diminué lors de l'intensification agricole de la deuxième moitié du 20ème siècle.


OTHERCHARACT:
Lagodekhi site is a pair of protected areas in the Kakheti district of Georgia: Lagodekhi Strict Nature Reserve and Lagodekhi Managed Nature Reserve. Lagodekhi preserves a variety of rare local flora and fauna and was originally protected in 1912, under the Russian Empire, the first nature preserve in Georgia.Lagodekhi site is in north-eastern Georgia, on the southern slopes of the Caucasus, bordering Azerbaijan and the Dagestan republic of Russia. They comprise 19,749 hectares (76.25 sq mi) (strict nature reserve) and 4,702 hectares (18.15 sq mi) (managed nature reserve), extending from 590 to 3,500 metres (1,940 to 11,480 ft) above sea level, including several gorges. The major rivers flowing through the reserve are the Ninoskhevi, Shromiskhevi, Lagodekhistskali and Matsimistskali; at   the higher elevations there are glacial lakes, of which the largest is Black Cliff Lake, on the Russian border, with a depth of 14 metres (46 ft). There are also sulphur springs. The site extend from beech forests (broadleaf woodland dominated by fagus orientalis) to the Alpine zone. Approximately 70% of the area is forested; the second and third most prominent species are hornbeam (Carpinus caucasica) and various species of maple. The forest includes a wide variety of plant species; reputedly almost two thirds of those found in the entire country; and the lowland parts have been compared to the subtropical vegetation in the Black Sea region. Lagodekhi is also known for its animal life. It is one of the major reserves for the East Caucasian tur. Altogether 150 species of birds, 53 mammals, 5 amphibians, 12 reptiles, and 4 fish are found in the reserves; 26 of the plants and more than 40 of the animals are in the Red list of Georgia.


OTHERCHARACT:
The Region in north-eastern part of Georgia. Comprising the small river valleys of the Migmakhevi, Shatili, Arkhoti and the Aragvi, the province borders with Russian federation and is included in the present-day Dusheti Municipality, Mtskheta-Mtianeti region. Khevsureti, with the area of approximately 405.3 square miles (1050 km²), is traversed by the main crest of the Greater Caucasus Range, dividing the province in two unequal parts. Pirikita Khevsureti ("thither") is a larger one, with the area of c. 565 km², while Piraketa Khevsureti ("hither") occupies 428 km². The largest villages are Barisakho and Shatili.Its particular uniqueness is diversity of geographical and ecological zones, landscapes, historical monuments and rich flora and fauna. The site is became the protected area at 2014.


OTHERCHARACT:
There are three main bird migratory routes crossing the Caucasus, one of which goes through Javakheti Plateau. Lakes Khanchali, Madatapa and Bugdasheniare the most important of Javakheti wetlands. They receive thousands of migratory birds every year in addition to numerous nesting water birds. Site is part of Javakheti Protected Areas which was established in 2011. It includes Javakheti National Park, Kartsakhi Managed Reserve, Sulda Managed Reserve, Khanchali Managed Reserve, Bugdasheni Managed Reserve and Madatapa Managed Reserve.Javakheti Protected Areas include Municipalities of Akhalqalaqi and Ninotsminda. There are lots of lakes on Javakheti Plateau, including the biggest one – Lake Paravani. The highest point of Javakheti is Mount Great Abuli, with a height of 3,300 meters above sea level. Javakheti upland is the coldest places among settlements. It is characterized by dry continental climate, while the average annual temperature is quite low. In winter Javakheti lakes freeze for a long time.Javakheti’s mountain grasslands are nestled on Georgia’s borders with Armenia and Turkey. The area harbors five out of the eight largest lakes in Georgia. Listed as one of Birdlife International’s Important Bird Areas, the Javakheti Plateau is rich with important bird species: Velvet Scoter, Ruddy Shelduck, Ferruginous Duck, Corncrake, Dalmatian and White Pelicans , Marsh and Terek Sandpipers, Great Black-headed Gulls, Gull-billed Terns, White-winged Terns, White Storks, Wryneck, Goshawk and White-throated Dipper.


DESIGNATION:
The other International designation mentioned unde IN06, refers to ACCOBAMS agreement

OTHERCHARACT:
Kolkheti site covers Kolkheti National Park (KNP) and is situated at the Black Sea coast and covers an area of 28,940 hectares. KNP was established in 1998 and incorporated the much smaller (500 ha) Kolkheti State Nature Reserve, which was founded in 1947. KNP also includes lake Paliastomi. In 1997, Kolkheti wetlands were designated as a wetland of international importance  -  a Ramsar site under the Ramsar Convention on Wetlands.The territory of KNP is networked by numerous bog-type small stagnant rivers (Pichori, Kukani, Dedabera, Tkhorina, Tsia, Tsiva, Churia, Munchia, Mukhurjina, etc.). Peat bogs are an important feature of the national park.  The Anaklia, Churia, Nabada, Imnati, Maltakva, Grigoleti and Pichori peat bogs contain contemporary and fossil unbroken peat layers are located in the coastal plain and the depth of the peat layers in certain places exceeds 12 meters. KNP is on a major migration route for water birds and it is also an important wintering site and ecieves millions of migrating or wintering birds.Ecological aspects: ?BiodiversityMore than half the total area of the park - 15,742 ha is wetlands. There are numerous stagnant rivers and streams flowing in the coastal plain at an elevation of 0 –10 meters. A narrow strap of dunes, about 100-200-meters in width is developed along the Black Sea shore that rises 2-3 m above the coastal plain.The warm, humid climate and the abundant hydrographical network have created perfect conditions for rich flora and diverse vegetation. The coastal peat bogs are home to the Boreal flora species - sphagnum mosses (Sphagnum spp.), Drozera roxundiflora, Drosera rotundifolia, Rhinchospora afla, Carex lasiocarpa, Menianthes trifoliata, etc. Rhododendron flavum and Rhododendron ponticum are an important feature of the landscape. The swamped and wetland forests feature   Alnus barbata, Pterocarya pterocarpa, Quercus imeretina, Quercus  hartwissiana, etc. These so called Colchic forests are distinguished by the evergreen undergrowth and lianas including Hedera colchica. Aquatic plants, such as Nymphaea alba, Trapa colchica, etc., are common in the peat bogs, lakes, swamp rivers and along them. There is distinct vegetation on the narrow strap of sand dunes with typical salt tolerant xerophytes and ephemers such as Hippophae rhamnoides, Paliurus spina-christi, Imperata cylindrical, Cynodon dactylon, Pancratium maritimum, Glaucum corniculatum, etc. The flora of KNP is remarkably rich in relic and endemic species (Alnus barbata, Pterocarya  pterocarpa, Quercus imeretina, Quercus hartwissiana, Trapa colchica, etc.).Up to 200 bird species are found in the national park including several species listed on the IUCN and Georgian Red Lists. There are more than 40 fish species.There are the following main wetland habitats:  (a) Littoral sand and muddy sand, (b) Raised bogs, (c) Rich fens, (d) Moist or wet oligotrophic grassland and (e) Estuarine coarse sediment shores.


OTHERCHARACT:
Vashlovani site is situated in the extreme eastern part of Georgia, in the Dedoplistskaro district and mainly covers Vashlovani Protected Areas . The last reorganization took place in 2003 that resulted in the Vashlovani Protected Areas (VPA) consisting of Vashlovani Strict Nature Reserve, Vashlovani National Park and four Natural Monuments: “Eagle Gorge”, “Takhti-Tepa mud volcanoes”, “Juma Bay” and “Alazani Floodplains”. The total area of VPA is 33 594 ha. The area features a mosaic of rugged and relatively flat terrain with planes, hills, clayey steeps and dry gullies. Light forests are mainly found on slopes of 11-20o. In the northern and southern parts there are so-called ‘alesilebi’ – precipices that can be as high as 70 m. The Vashlovani area represents typical badlands. The altitude ranges between 90 to 845 m.a.s.l.Local climate is characterized by dry, hot summers with a maximum temperature of 39 oC. The mean annual temperature is 11.6 oC (August 23.8 oC, January 0.5 oC). The mean annual precipitation is 470 mm. The vegetative period begins in mid-April and lasts through October. There are two major rivers Alazani and Mlashetskali in the national park. There are also numerous streams and small rivers that completely dry up in summer. During the summer, water remains only in small ponds in shaded gullies.  More than 400 vascular plants (from 81 families and 294 genera) have been recorded in Vashlovani. Two of them are Georgian and 34 are Caucasian endemics.The vegetation of Vashlovani protected areas (Vashlovani National park and Vashlovani Nature Reserve) is characterized by remarkable diversity of plant communities some of which are represented in a number of variants and formations. The most common plant communities include:  •Lowland and foothills deserts•Phrygana-like vegetation •Steppe•Shibliak-like hemixeropilous scrub•Arid light woodlands •Foothills deciduous forestThere are also patches of flood plain forest, hygrophilous vegetation, humid scrub (conditional term), meadow-steppe, tragancanth and tomillar vegetation. Of the above vegetation classes, lowland deserts, arid light woodlands, steppe and foothills forest are the zonal vegetation of the region (Kiziki district of Kakheti, East Georgia). The others are largely intrazonal and their occurrence is accounted for by local terrain and soil conditions. The great variation in terrain and soil features results in a mosaic within the zonal vegetation. This is best expressed in the Kumuro and Bugha-Moedani areas as well as in the  Lekistskali gorge in which areas desert, steppe and arid woodland communities are found in a complicated mosaic. The natural pattern of vegetation distribution has been greatly affected by human influence as a result of which secondary vegetation is also common throughout the study area. Formerly cultivated lands feature vegetation that is drastically different from the surrounding undisturbed areas. A very distinct vegetation is also found at or near the livestock farms. ?FaunaA total of 16 species of fish inhabit the river Alazani, including sheat-fish, carp, pike, tusk, barbell etc. Most of the semiarid zone lies within the Iori Region IBA (Important Bird Area GE011; BirdLife International 2012). The IBA is important for breeding and wintering birds of prey (25 species recorded) and the steppe bird assemblage.The vertebrate fauna of Vashlovani is remarkably rich in reptiles and raptors.  There are 25 reptiles including Mediterranean tortoise, Caucasian agama and Caucasian sand boa and deadly poisonous Levantine’s viper.The diversity of small and large mammals is also noteworthy. A total of 46 species of mammals are found and the assemblage of large mammals is especially noteworthy : jackal, fox, lynx, brown bear, wolf, jungle cat, etc. Various birds of prey are found in large numbers including imperial eagle, griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, black vulture, buzzards, short-toad snake eagle, etc.


OTHERCHARACT:
Site is, situated in the Lesser Caucasus in central Georgia, southwest to the nation's capital of Tbilisi and mainly is covered by Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park, which is one of the largest national parks in Europe.  The total area of the park is 5,300 square kilometres. Its particular uniqueness is diversity of geographical and ecological zones, landscapes, historical monuments and rich flora and fauna.The site extend from forests to the Alpine zone. The forest includes a wide variety of plant species; reputedly almost two thirds of those found in the entire country. Borjomi site is also known for its animal life.


EXPLANATIONS:
Decision of the 39th Standing committee meeting (document number T-PVS(2019)


EXPLANATIONS:
Decision of the 39th Standing committee meeting (document number T-PVS(2019


OTHERCHARACT:
Site is situated in the westernmost part of the Achara-Imereti range, on the Kobuleti-Chakvi ridge and covers 15,698 ha and covers territory of Mtirala National park.The park was established in 2006 with the primary purpose to protect an outstanding example of the Colchic forest, a distinct type of forest habitat found in western Georgia. This forest is distinguished by dense evergreen understory and lianas and is remarkably rich in endemic as well as relic species. The main feature of the park’s landscape is mount Mtirala (1,381 m) whose name translates as “crying mountain”. Situated between the Black Sea and Achara mountains, this mountain and surrounding areas intercept the humid air coming from the Black Sea and thus become the wettest point in all Achara which is anyway very humid. The annual precipitation at m. Mtirala is over 4,000 mm. It is almost always raining at mount Mtirala, hence its name. Much of the site is Colchic forest composed of deciduous species such as black alder (Alnus glutinosa), hornbeam (Carpinus betulus and C. orientalis), oriental beech (Fagus orientalis), and sweet chestnut (Castanea sativa). At higher elevations it is also mixed with Nordmann fir (Abies nordmanniana), Caucasian Spruce (Picea orientalis) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris). Colchic forest is characterised by a well-developed evergreen undergrowth composed of rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticum) Cherry laurel (Laurocerasus officinalis), Black Sea holly (Ilex colchica),  Colchic box tree (Buxus colchica) and is distinguished by the abundance of lianas. Among the rare endemics, there are Georgia’s Red List species such as Mayflower (Epigaea gaultheroides),  Primula (Primula megasaefolia) and Transcaucasian birch (Betula medwedewii).


DESIGNATION:
the site is now recognised as a planned protected area

OTHERCHARACT:
Site is part of Javakheti Protected Areas which was established in 2011. It includes Javakheti National Park, Kartsakhi Managed Reserve, Sulda Managed Reserve, Khanchali Managed Reserve, Bugdasheni Managed Reserve and Madatapa Managed Reserve.Javakheti Protected Areas include Municipalities of Akhalqalaqi and Ninotsminda. There are lots of lakes on Javakheti Plateau, including the biggest one – Lake Paravani. The highest point of Javakheti is Mount Great Abuli, with a height of 3,300 meters above sea level. Javakheti upland is the coldest places among settlements. It is characterized by dry continental climate, while the average annual temperature is quite low. In winter Javakheti lakes freeze for a long time.Javakheti’s mountain grasslands are nestled on Georgia’s borders with Armenia and Turkey. The area harbors five out of the eight largest lakes in Georgia. Listed as one of Birdlife International’s Important Bird Areas, the Javakheti Plateau is rich with important bird species: Velvet Scoter, Ruddy Shelduck, Ferruginous Duck, Corncrake, Dalmatian and White Pelicans , Marsh and Terek Sandpipers, Great Black-headed Gulls, Gull-billed Terns, White-winged Terns, White Storks, Wryneck, Goshawk and White-throated Dipper. Southern and Nourthern-east banks of the lake are mostly boggy. In deep waters are spread analogous aquatic vegetation as those in Madatapa, and in shellows narrow zones of  Sagittaria sagitifolia L. are distributed.  It is mainly adjacent to community of horsetail among which dominates Equisetum heleocharis Ehrch. Some of aquatic plants are also mixed with components of mire vegetation, and on some sites abundant of Ranunculus lingua L. are observed.Usually, there is typoecological connection between Scolochloetum festucaceae and horse- tail. Transitive associations are often formed in the contact zone. Sometimes, zone grown with Equisetum is ommited and community of  Scolochloetum festucaceae purum is adjacent to aquatic vegetation directly. In that case, aquatic plants are often mixed to it and quite often community of Sclochloetum aquiherbozum is formed. Complex of sedge, which major components are Cariceta vesicariae and Cariceta dichroandrae, is adjacent to the communities mentioned above. The topoecological order also makes clear successial development of the bog. On rude peat and silt substrates Caricetum diandrae purum and Caricetum inflatae calliergonellosum are in complex with the sedge.   Sinusia of moss in the latter one, is formed by Calliergonella cuspidata, Hypnum lindbergii Mitt., Aulacomnium palustre and etc. It seems, the communities are formed at the last stage of bogging and at the next stage, communities of Deschampsia caespitosa, Festuca and polidominant cereal meadows will substitute them


OTHERCHARACT:
Site is situated in the extreme eastern part of Georgia, in the Dedoplistskaro district and mainly covers Vashlovani Protected Areas . The last reorganization took place in 2003 that resulted in the Vashlovani Protected Areas (VPA) consisting of Vashlovani Strict Nature Reserve, Vashlovani National Park and four Natural Monuments: “Eagle Gorge”, “Takhti-Tepa mud volcanoes”, “Juma Bay” and “Alazani Floodplains”. The total area of VPA is 33 594 ha. The area features a mosaic of rugged and relatively flat terrain with planes, hills, clayey steeps and dry gullies. Light forests are mainly found on slopes of 11-20o. In the northern and southern parts there are so-called ‘alesilebi’ – precipices that can be as high as 70 m. The Vashlovani area represents typical badlands. The altitude ranges between 90 to 845 m.a.s.l.Local climate is characterized by dry, hot summers with a maximum temperature of 39 oC. The mean annual temperature is 11.6 oC (August 23.8 oC, January 0.5 oC). The mean annual precipitation is 470 mm. The vegetative period begins in mid-April and lasts through October. There are two major rivers Alazani and Mlashetskali in the national park. There are also numerous streams and small rivers that completely dry up in summer. During the summer, water remains only in small ponds in shaded gullies.  More than 400 vascular plants (from 81 families and 294 genera) have been recorded in Vashlovani. Two of them are Georgian and 34 are Caucasian endemics.The vegetation of Vashlovani protected areas (Vashlovani National park and Vashlovani Nature Reserve) is characterized by remarkable diversity of plant communities some of which are represented in a number of variants and formations. The most common plant communities include:  •Lowland and foothills deserts•Phrygana-like vegetation •Steppe•Shibliak-like hemixeropilous scrub•Arid light woodlands •Foothills deciduous forestThere are also patches of flood plain forest, hygrophilous vegetation, humid scrub (conditional term), meadow-steppe, tragancanth and tomillar vegetation. Of the above vegetation classes, lowland deserts, arid light woodlands, steppe and foothills forest are the zonal vegetation of the region (Kiziki district of Kakheti, East Georgia). The others are largely intrazonal and their occurrence is accounted for by local terrain and soil conditions. The great variation in terrain and soil features results in a mosaic within the zonal vegetation. This is best expressed in the Kumuro and Bugha-Moedani areas as well as in the  Lekistskali gorge in which areas desert, steppe and arid woodland communities are found in a complicated mosaic. The natural pattern of vegetation distribution has been greatly affected by human influence as a result of which secondary vegetation is also common throughout the study area. Formerly cultivated lands feature vegetation that is drastically different from the surrounding undisturbed areas. A very distinct vegetation is also found at or near the livestock farms. ?FaunaA total of 16 species of fish inhabit the river Alazani, including sheat-fish, carp, pike, tusk, barbell etc. Most of the semiarid zone lies within the Iori Region IBA (Important Bird Area GE011; BirdLife International 2012). The IBA is important for breeding and wintering birds of prey (25 species recorded) and the steppe bird assemblage.The vertebrate fauna of Vashlovani is remarkably rich in reptiles and raptors.  There are 25 reptiles including Mediterranean tortoise, Caucasian agama and Caucasian sand boa and deadly poisonous Levantine’s viper.The diversity of small and large mammals is also noteworthy. A total of 46 species of mammals are found and the assemblage of large mammals is especially noteworthy : jackal, fox, lynx, brown bear, wolf, jungle cat, etc. Various birds of prey are found in large numbers including imperial eagle, griffon vulture, Egyptian vulture, black vulture, buzzards, short-toad snake eagle, etc.


OTHERCHARACT:
The Chorokhi delta south of Batumi has proven to be an excellent spot for birdwatching due to its high variety in biotopes: bushes, dry & wet grassy plains, marshes, a boulder plain, the seashore... During migration season waders, terns and passerine birds proved to be the most interesting groups represented in the delta. In winter very high numbers of waterfowl can be excepted in the area. The delta has received the status of an IBA (important bird area).


OTHERCHARACT:
Site is situated in the extreme eastern part of Georgia, in the Dedoplistskaro district and mainly covers spacebetween Vashlovani Protected Areas and river Iori. Vashlovani Protected Areas (VPA) consisting of VashlovaniStrict Nature Reserve, Vashlovani National Park and four Natural Monuments: “Eagle Gorge”, “Takhti-Tepa mudvolcanoes”, “Juma Bay” and “Alazani Floodplains”. The area features a mosaic of rugged and flat terrain withplanes, hills, clayey steeps, dry gullies and typical badlands. Local climate is characterized by dry, hot summerswith a maximum temperature of 39 oC. The vegetative period begins in mid-April and lasts through October. Thevegetation is characterized by remarkable diversity of plant communities some of which are represented in anumber of variants and formations. The most common plant communities include: Lowland and foothills deserts,Phrygana-like vegetation, Steppe. The natural pattern of vegetation distribution has been greatly affected byhuman influence as a result of which secondary vegetation is also common throughout the study area. A verydistinct vegetation is also found at or near the livestock farms. Most of the semiarid zone lies within the IoriRegion IBA (Important Bird Area GE011; BirdLife International 2012). The IBA is important for breeding andwintering birds of prey (25 species recorded) and the steppe bird assemblage.


QUALITY:
Among largest and most diverse palsa mires in Iceland.Globally important breeding and feeding site for Anser brachyrhynchus. Estimated to be the largest breeding colony in the world for the species. Over 23.000 breeding pairs estimated in 2010, which is 19% of Icelandic population. Iceland most important breeding area for the species.


QUALITY:
A highly diverse freshwater and wetland habitat system in a volcanically active zone. Site of global importance for waterbirds. Most important site in Iceland for Bucephala islandica (90% of breeding population and 70% of wintering population). Iceland is only breeding site for the species in Europe. Most important site in Iceland for Podiceps auritus (53% of breeding population) which is classified VU on the global IUCN Red List, but population increasing in Iceland so classified LC on national Red List.Very important site for Aythya marila (30% of breeding population). Populations is declining in Iceland and it is classified VU on national Red List but LC on global Red List.Important site for Histrionicus histrionicus (3% of breeding population) and Gavia immer (2,6% of breeding population).


QUALITY:
The largest protected area in Iceland, covering over 14700 km2. Includes Vatnajökull, the largest ice cap in Europe. The national park characterised by high landscape and habitat diversity including unique glacial and volcanic features. Very important site for geothermal alpine habitat types.Largest breeding colony of Branta leucopsis in Iceland is inside the National Park (over 50% of breeding population). Important breeding and moulting site for Anser brachyrhynchus (3% of breeding population, 2-3% of moulting population). Over 2% of known territories of Falco rusticolus in Iceland are within park borders, probably an underestimate. Important breeding site for Phoca vitulina within park borders (9% of Icelandic population). Historically large breeding site of Stercorarius skua within the park borders (c. 16% of Icelandic population in 1985-1985).


QUALITY:
Large highland wetland area in 600 meters above sea level with high plant diversity. Among the largest palsa mires in Iceland.Used to be the most important breeding site for Anser brachyrhynchus, but in 2010 only 1% of Icelandic population nested there (1539 breeding pairs). Still a site of importance as Iceland is the most important breeding area for the species.


DOCUMENTATION:
Naturmonographie Ruggeller Riet, Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Band 12, Vaduz 1990 Inventar der Naturvorrangflächen im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Mario F. Broggi, Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Band 15, Vaduz 1996 Die Magerstandorte des Fürstentums Liechtenstein, Georg Amann; Andreas Beiser; Michael Dipner; Mary Leibundgut; Cornelia Mayer; Rudolf  Staub, Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Band 29, Vaduz 2013 Brutvogelatlas, Georg Willi, Naturkundliche Forschung im Fürstentum Liechtenstein, Band 31, Vaduz 2019 Grundlagenstudie zur Hydrologie, Bodenbeschaffenheit und Agrarnutzung im Naturvorranggebiet des Ruggeller Rietes, BZG 2001 Vegetationskartierung Ruggeller Riet 2018, Renat AG  2018

QUALITY:
With its 90 ha, the Ruggeller Riet is the most important and largest fen complex in Liechtenstein. As the largest remaining remnant of the once widespread mires of the Alpine Rhine Valley, the Ruggeller Riet has been under nature conservation by ordinance since 1978 and has been a Ramsar Convention site since 1991. Together with the mire areas in Sennwald (Switzerland) and the bordering Natura 2000 site Bangs Matschels (AT3408000), the area represents a transboundary hotspot of wetlands in the Alpine Rhine Valley. Within the perimeter of the nature reserve, all areas formerly used for intensive agriculture have been extensified over the last decades. Today, most of the area is used as straw meadow. It is not allowed to cut the straw meadow before 15th September. The diversity of plant communities provides a habitat for a large number of rare animal and plant species. With around 450 plant species, the Ruggeller Riet has the highest plant diversity in Liechtenstein. Plant species such as the rare Allium suaveolens or the Siberian Iris have their distribution focus here. It is a breeding and migration area of supra-regional importance for birdlife and is home to the most important and in some cases the only populations of many species that are rare in Liechtenstein, such as the Corncrake, Whinchat and Grasshopper Warbler. It is also particularly important as a habitat for rare butterflies such as the False Ringlet and rare snail species. The Ruggeller Riet is also the central mire area in the awareness of the local people, with high numbers of visitors as part of local recreation area. It is therefore an ideal place for making people understand the importance of nature conservation issues. In order to protect the rare meadow breeders and the vegetation, it is forbidden to leave paths. Compliance is ensured by nature guards.

DESIGNATION:
The entire area is designated as a nature conservation area (Law of 23 May 1996 on the Protection of Nature and Landscape (Nature Conservation Act).

OTHERCHARACT:
The nature protection area „Ruggeller Riet“ has been forming postglacially after the melting of the Rhine glacier. The ridges of the mountains „Eschnerberg“ an „Schellenberg“ (Helvetikum)  were preventing the area at issue from even levelling by the debris of the river „Rhine“. Thereby, a large backwater was emerging. The marshlands of today have been formed through the silting up of this backwater. The peat thickness is up to 9m in the centre an decreases towards the river „Rhine“ and the mountain „Schellenberg“. Within the nature protection area, some clay-sand layers from earlier floods of the nearby rivers „Ill“ and „Rhine“ can be found. Nowadays, a network of open artificial ditches drains the area towards the west. The Ruggeller Riet is now higher than the surrounding area due to intensive agriculture in the latter. The intensive agriculture lead to  the subsidence of the peaty soils as a result of the mineralisation after the drainage. Due to these circumstances, the „ Ruggeller Riet“ is increasinlgy influenced by rainwater and increasingly less influenced by groundwater. Accrodingly, tendencies of superficial acidification can be observed. Moreover, shifts in the vegetation indicate tendencies of desiccation and eutrophication.


DOCUMENTATION:
Grossmann, F. (1977): Bericht zur Vegetationskarte des Naturschutzgebietes Schwabbrünnen-Äscher. BZG Bericht 77, S. 38-43.Amann, G. & RENAT (2010): Aktualisierung der Vegetationskarte des NSG Schwabbrünnen-Äscher. Bericht zur Kartierung. 37 S.

QUALITY:
The Schwabbrünnen-Äscher is the second largest fen complex in Liechtenstein with its 54 ha, of which around 34 ha are bog areas. As the remnant of the once widespread mires of the Alpine Rhine Valley, the Schwabbrünnen-Äscher has been the first Liechtenstein nature reserve to be protected by ordinance since 1961. In 1975, it was extended to include the Nendler Rüfe with the flood protection basins and forest areas. Today, the marshland areas are used as straw meadows with late cutting after 15th of September. The diversity of plant communities provides a habitat for a high number of rare animal and plant species. The Schwabbrünnen-Äscher has a high plant diversity with over 500 plant species. A special feature is the Orchis palustris, which only occurs here. The area is of special importance as a habitat for rare butterflies (e.g. False Ringlet) as well as rare snail species. Numerous dragonfly species also benefit from the high humidity; the only known Liechtenstein site of the Mercury Bluet is in the limestone sinter sites. Together with the forest areas, the Schwabbrünnen-Äscher also forms an important wildlife conservation area in winter. Accordingly, it is designated as a winter resting zone with a ban on entering from January to March.

OTHERCHARACT:
The nature protection area Schwabbrünnen-Äscher was formed postglacially after the melting of the Rhine glacier. The location at the foot of the slope between the scree cones of Schaan (Forstrüfe) and Nendeln (Nendler Rüfe) and the distance to the Rhine prevented an even levelling by the debris of the Rhine. A larger backwater was formed here and through successive silting up the present marsh areas were created. A network of open artificial ditches drains the area to the west. Impermeable layers partly force the slope water to the surface. The limestone sintering sites are a special feature of the Schwabbrünnen-Äscher. Towards the west the nature reserve is bordered by the railroad and towards the east by a road. To the north and south, the protected area also includes flood protection basins.


DOCUMENTATION:
In order to create favourable conditions for the reproduction of rare and endangered  species of animals and plants, the Government of the Republic of Moldova, by the decision No. 209 from April 23, 1991 on creation of the natural reserve "Beleu Lake", declared  that 1,5 km around Beleu Lake had to be considered natural reserve "Prutul de Jos" with a whole surface of 1 691 ha, of which:meadows  - 124 haforests - 306 hawaters - 628 haswamps and reed thicket - 610 haother areas - 23 haThe natural reserve "Prutul de Jos" is considered Scientific Reserve, according to IUCN classification, by the Law No. 1538-XVIII from February 25, 1998 on the fund of natural areas protected by state.

QUALITY:
The Institute of Botany of the Academy of Sciences of Moldova has elaborated the herbarium of the reserve, which includes 190 species of vascular plants. Salix alba, Salix triandra and Salix viminalis occur among  timber species and regenerate very well in swampy conditions and water meadows. According to scientific investigations, 155 species of birds, 24 species of mammals and 15 species of amphibians and reptiles live in reserve and occur there during spring and autumn migrations.At present 15 species of fish (Cyprinus carpio, Scardinius erythrophthalmus, Carassius auratus gibelio, Abramis brama) were inventoried in Beleu Lake.

DESIGNATION:
The natural  reserve "Prutul de Jos" has local, national and international significance. It plays host to many species of animals and plants and serves as a halt place for migratory species of animals.- it plays host to animal and plant species from swamps and water  meadows, - the reserve is a halt place for migratory species of animals, including 155 species of birds, 24 species of mammals and 13 species of amphibians and reptiles,- it is the spreading area of 190 species of plants,- 15 species of fish were identified as a result of investigations.

OTHERCHARACT:
The reserve includes Beleu Lake, a network of swamps and a sector of meadow. The soils represent clayey-sandy formations, which appeared as a result of high and low tides from the lake. There are about 190 species of vascular plants on the territory of the reserve, the majority being aquatic and paludous  ones. The fauna of the reserve constitutes 198 species of animals.


DOCUMENTATION:
The Scientific Reserve "Padurea Domneasca" was founded (in 1993) by the Government decision No. 403 from June 2, 1993, initially, on a surface of 6 032 ha. The Scientific Reserve "Padurea Domneasca" is managed by the State Forestry Service.

QUALITY:
The whole surface of the Scientific Reserve "Padurea Domneasca" is 6032 ha, of which 3054 ha are covered by forests.  Quercus robur is the mostly spread among tree species. The following species have a big weight:  Populus alba, Populus nigra, Populus canadensis.Then the following species come: Salex, Robinia, Acer, Fraxinus, Ulmus and various rasinous.

DESIGNATION:
The creation of the Scientific Reserve "Padurea Domneasca" contributed:- to protect  a wide spectrum of fauna and flora species, including "the country of herons" - the largest  colony  of waterfowls in the Republic of Moldova, which nest on oaks,- to protect the oldest forests from  the Prut River meadow,- to protect rare species of fauna and flora,- to protect migratory species of animals.

OTHERCHARACT:
The territory of the reserve represents a plain, which is inclined a little bit from North to South. The soils are represented by alluvial formations and meadow chernozems; saline soils occur at the boundaries, where the forests border on grassy cover. The natural forest covers 3054 ha (52.1% of the reserve); the forest stands constitute 1755 ha (30% of the reserve) and brushes cover 119 ha (2% of the reserve).The main forest types are the  following: oak groves, covering 1018 ha (18% of the reserve), poplar groves, representing 1082 ha (18.5% of the reserve) and willow groves, covering 372 ha (6% of the reserve). There are about 700 species of vascular plants on the territory of the reserve, of which about 79 are considered rare plants. The fauna includes 210 species, of which: mammals - 45 species, birds - 150 species, reptiles - 7 species and amphibians - 8 species.  14 species constitue the total number of rare terrestrial  vertebrate animals.


DOCUMENTATION:
Scientific Reserve Plaiul Fagului is created under the Government Decision no. 167 of March 12, 1992. Reserve Plaiul Fagului is protected under the "Law on State Protected Natural Areas", adopted by the Parliament of Moldova (1998) is attributed to the world scientific Reservations category. In Appendix 1 is assigned the row number 4.

QUALITY:
Year of establishment - 12 March 1992. Description - 5387 ha is occupied by trees, including beech formations (272 ha), Ash (1163 ha), two species of oak (1039 ha), lime (169 ha), other species (169 ha). A totalof  183 ha of forest area include:  arable land (7 hectares), orchards (8 ha), plantations (13 ha), pastures (21 ha), wetlands (7 ha), ponds (24 ha), construction (15 ha) , unproductive lands (35 ha). Flora - Flora includes 909 species of plants (639 species of vascular plants, 151 species of fungi, 48 species of lichens, 65 species of moss). Of the 270 plant species considered as rare flora in Moldova, 82 were highlighted in the area, and Dryopteris Austrian rediviva Lunaria, Orthilia second, Pyrola rotundifolia, Padus avium and Telekia speciosa are known only within the reservation.Fauna include 42 species of mammals (Insectivora - 6 species, Chiroptera-4, Lagomorpha - 1, Rodentia - 128, Carnivora - 8, Artiodactila - 5), about 110 bird species in 13 orders group (8 rare), 7 species of reptiles, 8 species of amphibians.

DESIGNATION:
The creation of the Scientific Reserve "Plaiul Fagului" contributed:- to protect  a wide spectrum of fauna and flora species,- to protect habitat of Beech forests,- to protect rare species of fauna and flora,- to protect migratory species of animals.

OTHERCHARACT:
Description - 5387 ha is occupied by trees, including beech formations (272 ha), Ash (1163 ha), two species of oak (1039 ha), lime (169 ha), other species (169 ha).


QUALITY:
Surface of protected area is 5642 ha, according to the Law, and  5558.7 ha in accordance with the forest management. The area of 720 ha is under the strict protection, and 4 455 ha represent a buffer zone.


DOCUMENTATION:
According to the Law on Environmental Protection (No. 1515 from 16.06.93), natural resources -  soil, subsoil, waters, flora and fauna are national treasures of the Republic of Moldova (Article 4, Chapter 1). The right to manage all natural resources on behalf of Moldova State Parliament (it is Chapter 2, Article 7, Chapter 3 of the Law on State Protected Natural Areas No. 1538 of  02/25/1998) provides that the fund may include protected areas and private lands, taken under the state protection.

QUALITY:
Framework Regulation on Wetlands of International Importance established administration tasks  for Ramsar areas (Article 13): 1) organizing and conducting of all forms of activity, ensuring the protection, preservation and restoration  of valuable sectors in terms of biodiversity; 2) preserve and improve conditions for aquatic and marsh birds, especially during periods of  migration,  and for natural ecosystems made of older trees, aquatic biotopes; 3) conservation of rare plants and animals, endangered and vulnerable bird colonies and concentrations of vulnerable animals such as bats, dragonflies, insects antofile and others by creating  optimal conditions of existence and reproduction; 4) create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation; 5) regulated management of natural resources; 6) promoting environmental education of the population.

DESIGNATION:
Protection of biodiversity and wetlands1) to ensure that Ramsar protection regime; 2) to implement measures for liquidation of pollution sources; 3) create and ensure the efficient operation of treatment plants; 4) to inform local and central authorities and operating environmental and central bodies of public administration, managing the water fund, about accidents that may have negative impact on the hydrological regime or cause damage to plants and animals


DOCUMENTATION:
All protected Areas in this zone are managed in conformity with the Law on natural areas protected by the state, adopted by the Parliament Decision no. 1538-XIII of 25.02.1998.

QUALITY:
Rayons of  Briceni, Edinet. Forestries of  Lipcani and Briceni. Forest  massifs of  Caracuaeni (1366 ha), Rososeni (1390 ha), Sireuti (1165 ha), Balasineati (664 ha).

DESIGNATION:
Area "Caracuseni" includes a number of State Protected Areas: Landscape Reserve "Tetcani" surface of 164 ha, Landscape reserve "Complex basin geology and paleontology of Lopatnic" 452 ha, Natural forest reserve "Rososeni" 149 ha, Botanical Nature Reserve "Rososeni" 368 ha. Botanical nature monument "Caracuseni" 4.2 ha. Geological and paleontological nature monument "Perera" 5 ha. Resources reserve  "Complex soils and gray-dark gray forest in northern Moldova" 52 ha


QUALITY:
Valuable ecosystems of Quercus petrae  and Quercus robur.The area was included into the project fo the first National Parc in Moldova with the total area of apprx. 20 000 ha.  Landscape reserve Tiganesti (680ha), Landscape reserve  Trebujeni (500 ha), secular trees.


DOCUMENTATION:
Law No. 1538-XVIII from February 25, 1998 on the fund of natural areas protected by state.

QUALITY:
Scientific reserve "Plaiul Fagului", Cornesti, Bahmut-LeurdoaiaLeurdoaia, Bogus, Scafareni Forest Nature Reserve,

DESIGNATION:
Codrii "Bahmut-Hirjauca" is a protected area with beech forests, oak habitats. There is a recreational zone with with cultural objects (monasteries).

OTHERCHARACT:
Valuable ecosystems of Fagus sylvatica, Quercus petraea and Quercus robur in the Western part of  Central Moldova Plateau.


DOCUMENTATION:
Law on State Protected Natural Areas. Adopted by the Parliament Decision no. 1538-XIII of 25.02.1998.

QUALITY:
Ecosystems of Quercus petraea, Quercus robur and Quercus pubescens in the South part of the Republic of Moldova on the chain of hills which slope down towards the central zone of the country.

DESIGNATION:
Landscape reserve "Codrii Tigheci"( 3554 ha)

OTHERCHARACT:
Natural oak forest type and watershed forests on steep slopes. The composition of the forest: Quercus pedunculiflora, Q. petraea, Carpinus betulus, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia cordata, Cerasus avium, Sorbus domestica. Among herbaceous plants, many Balkan-Mediterranean species: celnusa, pasqueflower negriscent and a.


QUALITY:
Ecosystems of  Quercus petraea,  Quercus pubescens and Fagus sylvatica and also the small areas of pastures and mezophyl meadow.  50 species of rare plants.Monasteries of  Capriana, Condrita, Suruceni, Hancu.

DESIGNATION:
Codrii Strasenilor are designated for forest and species protection, as well as used as recreational, tourist and cultural zone

OTHERCHARACT:
Natural forest on slopes with different exposition. The composition of the forest fall: oak, lime, hornbeam, different species of scrub. Some forest areas involve trees of more than 100 years age. Among the rare plants are vascular ones. It is a typical  central woods landscape area.


QUALITY:
Meadow ecosystems (forest, aquatic amd pastures) placed in the middle part of Prut river. Scientific reserve "Padurea Domneasca" and a number of different geoloic, landscape, aquatic and meadow  protected areas.Landscape reserve Suta de movile - 1072 ha, Izvoare-Risipeni - 1162 ha.

DESIGNATION:
- to protect  a wide spectrum of fauna and flora species, including "the country of herons" - the largest  colony  of waterfowls in the Republic of Moldova, which nest on oaks,- to protect the oldest forests from  the Prut River meadow,- to protect rare species of fauna and flora,- to protect migratory species of animals.


QUALITY:
Meadow ecosystems (forest, aquatic amd marshy areas) within the lower part of Prut river. There are rare plant species belonging to   these ecosystems, which have been included into the Red Book of Moldova: Nymphaea alba, Trapa natans, Salvinia natans.

DESIGNATION:
- it plays host to animal and plant species from swamps and water  meadows, - the reserve is a halt place for migratory species of animals, including 155 species of birds, 24 species of mammals and 13 species of amphibians and reptiles,- it is the spreading area of 190 species of plants,- 15 species of fish were identified as a result of investigations.


QUALITY:
Forest ecosystems of willow, white poplar and Quercus robur in the meadows of lower Nistru. Valuable surfaces with aquatic and marshy vegetation, marchy sectors, meanders of river in the proximity of villages of  Copanca, Talmaz, Olanesti and steppe zones near the villages of Ciobruciu, Rascaieti. Valuable surfaces with aquatic and marshy vegetation.

DESIGNATION:
Landscape reserve "Gradina Turceasca" (224 ha) Rayons of Causeni, Stefan - Voda. Forestry of  Copanca, Talmaz, Olanesti.The area is designated for the  protection of old Nistru river bed.


QUALITY:
Nature monuments (geologic and paleontologic) "Cosauti", hills "Casca", ravine "Bechirov iar", tectonic fault near  Naslavcea village, etc.  Forest and grassy ecosystems on stone substrates. Special landscale and ecological value.

DESIGNATION:
"Stincile Nistrene" is designated for protection of natural monuments, landscapes and areas.


QUALITY:
Quercus ecosystems. Monasteries of  Saharna and Tipova. Sectors of special landscape value.

DESIGNATION:
"Rezina-Tipova" is designed for protection of area, including caves, riverside zone, forests, etc. This are includes recreation zones and has a tourism significance.


QUALITY:
Composition and structure of steppes within this zone is very diverse. The  "Ciumai" area is considered as a nuclei-zone of international importance. It is formed of   Festucetum stipeto (S. ucrainica)-herbosum, Festucetum stipeto (S. lessingiana + S. ucrainica + S. capillata)-herbosum, Festucetum herbosum, Festucetum stipeto (S. capillata)-herbosum, Stipetum (S. capillata)-herbosum, Bothriochloetum stiposum (S. capillata), Bothriochloetum Within the Ciumai representative sector with steppe vegetation, 421 species of vascular plants were identified; within the Bugeac steppe near the village of Bugeac, 273 species of vascular plants were identified in the representative sector. Out of them,  13 species are rare, 9 are under the state protection, and 3 are included into the Red Book of Moldova.  The population is mainly dealing with agriculture (viticulture, horticulture and cattle-breeding).

DESIGNATION:
Bugeac steppe is designated for protection of steppe areas.


QUALITY:
There are 163 species of vascular plants on the 8 ha surface in the representation sector of steppe vegetation near the village of  Vranesti (Singerei rayon).

DESIGNATION:
Balti steppe area is a protected zone, being an unique natural stepper strip in the Northern part of Moldova.


DOCUMENTATION:
In conformity with the national classification, the Natural Protected Area "Padurea Harbovet" is attributed to the category of Landscape Reserves, in accordance with the Law on  the Fund of natural areas protected by the state, adopted by the Parliament of Moldova in 1998.

QUALITY:
Natural Protected Area "Padurea Harbovet" involve the genetic fund  of 543 species of vascular plants, inclusive 29 species of trees. The Natural Protected Area "Padurea Harbovet" is populated by 26 species of mammals, 69 species of birds, 9 species of amphibian and reptilian. The total number of rear and vulnerable species  is 18, inclusive Ameles decolor Charp., Carabus intricatus Germ., Hesperia coma L., Leptidea morsei Fenton, Aglais urticae L., Argynnis Pandora Den.et Schiff., Euphydryas maturna L., Melitaea athalia Rott., Catocala sponsa L., Xylocopa violacea L., Formica rufa L., Mantis religiosa L., Oryctes nasicornis L., Lucanus cervus L., Morimus funereus Mulsant, Callimorpha quadripunctaria Poda, Iphiclides podalirius L., Papilio machaon L.

DESIGNATION:
Padurea Harbovet" forest area was desemnated  as the natural protected area in 1975 by the Decision of the Council of Ministers of Moldovan SSR nr. 5 of 8.01.1075. The total area of the Natural Protected Area "Padurea Harbovet" is 2218 ha.

OTHERCHARACT:
559,4 ha of the introducent arboreta were implanted in the Natural Protected Area "Padurea Harbovet", 471,9 ha of them are the arboreta of Robinia pseudoacacia,  17,0 ha of Gleditschia triacanthos, 16,7 ha of  Juglands regia, 10,0 ha of Juglans nigra, 6,0 ha - arboreta of Quercus rubra, 30,3 ha of arboreta de Pinus and 7,5 ha - Picea abies.


DOCUMENTATION:
Pădurea din Hânceşti este atribuită la Categoria Rezervaţii peisagistice. Este protejată de  către stat conform „Legea privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat”, adoptată de Parlamentul Republicii Moldova(1998). Numărul de ordine din Anexa nr.5  este 23.

QUALITY:
The quality of the site is medium. the total number of species presented in the site: 292 vascular species of plants, 30 mammals sp., 108 birds sp., 13 sp. herpetofauna.  The list of rare and vulnerable species includes: 11 species of rare plants, 7 sp. of mammals, 7 birdsd sp., 6 insects sp. . Emerald species are: 1 sp. of mammals (Myotis dasycneme), 28 birds sp., 7 herpetofauna sp.

DESIGNATION:
Obiectiv specific al Ariei Protejate este protecţia arboretelor natural fundamentale,speciile de plante rare, peisajele. Arboretele natural fundamentale de  gorun şi de stejar pedunculat, peisagele.

OTHERCHARACT:
"Padurea Hincesti" site contains the vegetative associations of oak species. According to the law on Protected areas, the site is belonging to the landscape protected area cathegory (IUCN IV). It is considered relevant for this site to apply the natural regeneration methods by natural seeding and measures of maintaining and protection. "Padurea Hincesti" site is situated in close distance to Hincesti town, Sarata Mereseni and and Mereseni settlements in the Hincesti raion and is supposed to the medium antropic influience. The vegetative associations of introducent species as pinus, nut and acacia are present in the site. The site is administrated by the mereseni Foresry administration, Forestry enterprise "Hincesti".


QUALITY:
The quality of site is medium. There are 10 rare and vulnerable plant species, 6 bird species, 4 herpetofauna species are present in the site. Among the important species protected by the Bern Convention - 1 mammal sp. (Lutra lutra L.), 12 bird sp., 11 herpetofauna sp.

OTHERCHARACT:
The "Curatura" site is situated between Poiana and Curatura settlements in the Soldanesti raion at the Dnister river bank.  It includes parcelles 23-20 of the Soldanesti Forestry Administration (Ocolul silvic), Forestry enterprise Soldanesti. According to the law on Protected areas, the site "Curatura" is defined as the landscape protected area category (IUCN IV). It is represented by the vegetative associations: As Quercetum robori-petraeae Borza 1929 (1959) and phytocenosis Scirpus triqueter. There are two invasive species: Urtica dioica L. and Acer negundo L.


QUALITY:
The conservation quality of site is medium. The total number of species presented here: 188 vascular plant species, 28 mammals sp., 52 bird sp., Total number of rare and vulnerable species: 20 plant sp., 7 mammals sp., 1 bird sp., 1 sp. herpetofauna,5 insect sp.Emerald species: 11 bird species, 10 sp. herpetofauna, 2 sp. insects.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site "Climauti de Jos" is administrtated by the Soldanesti Forestry Administration, Soldanesti Forest enterprise. The site is situates close to "Climauti de Jos" settlement, near Soldanesti town. According to the IUCN classification, the site is the lansdcape natural reserve IUCN IV. vegetetative associations: Ass. Querco(roboris)-Carpinetum Borza 1937, Ass. Ceraso(avium)-Quercetum Gheideman and col., 1964


DOCUMENTATION:
Aria Naturală Protejată „Cărbuna” este atribuită la categoria Rezervaţii Peisagistice, conform „Legea privind fondul ariilor naturale protejate de stat”, adoptată de Parlamentul Republicii Moldova(1998). Numărul de ordine din Anexa nr.5  este 11.

QUALITY:
The site is a medium quality of conservation. The site has a social importance for the local people form the neighboring settlements. Local people use to collect wood from the sanitar cutting in the site. The site can play important role as an educative site for school children for biological normative course, for art, photo etc. The genetic diversity has also scientific importance. The total number of species presented in the site - 384 vascular sp., 24 mammals sp., 51 birds sp., 12 herpetofauna sp., The total number of rare and vulnerable species: 9 plant sp.,  5 mammals sp., 1 bird sp., 2 herpetofauna sp., 13 insect sp.Emerald species: 1 mammals sp., (Myotis dasycneme), 6 bird sp., 7 herpetofauna sp., 1 insect sp.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site "Carbuna" is representing with the oak and hornbean associations of the medium productivity. In accordance with the Law on protected areas, the "Carbuna" protected area is defined as the lanscapes protected area (IUCN IV). In accordance with the Law on protected areas, the "Carbuna" protected area is defined as the lanscapes protected area (IUCN IV). The age of trees is 60-80 years, average high is 22 m. It is in a close distance to the settlements - Carbuna, Zliti and others, constructions and the railway Chisinau-Iargara.  The site is administrrated by the Carbuna Forestry Administration, Silvo-cinegetic enterprise "Sil-Razeni". No any touristic or recreation objects placed in the territory of the site. There is acacia plantation in the site. There is a Management plan for the "Carbuna" site in place and an inventary of forestry resources is developed. The presented vegetative associations are represented by Q. pubescens, Q.petrae and Q. robur. The regenerarion of the vegetative association is recomended by natural regenirarion metghods using seeding plantations. There is important site for recreation for local public.


OTHERCHARACT:
Protected area "Lunca Baraboi' bolongs to the category of protected area with the multifunctional management, according to the law on protected areas - IUCN - IV cathegory, Meadow (de lunca) natural reserve. the 'Baraboi" site is situated close to the Briceva and Antoneuca settlements, and is administrated by the Baraboi mayory , Donduseni raion. It is part of the Balti steppe field (chimpia) and Prutului de Mijloc (middle prut river) with the steppic meadow landscape. Vegetative associations: Ass. Agrostetum stoloniferae Ujvarosi 1941, Ass. Agrostetum tenuis Sapegiu 1986, Ass. Agrostetum giganteae M. Kosmodamianskaia 1967.


QUALITY:
The "Luncile Bursuceni" site is of a medium conservation quality.The total list of species of flora comprise 114 of vascular species. Important meadow plant species are: Alopecurus arundinaceus, Alopecurus pratensis, Asparagus officinale, Bolboschoenus maritimus, Carex vulpina, Festuca pratensis, Iris halophila, Juncus gerardii, Limonium gmelinii, Poa pratensis, Puccinellia distans, Puccinellia gigantea.

DESIGNATION:
Comunităţi vegetale de luncă şi specii de plante reprezentative şi caracteristice pentru vegetaţia de luncă (Juncus gerardii).

OTHERCHARACT:
The Emerald site "Luncile Bursuceni" is the natural reserve protected under the law on Protected areas, it belongs to the IUCN IV cathegory and is the multifunctional area of the meadow vegetation. The site is administrated by the Local administration of Bursuceni village, Singerei raion.  The site is situated along the meadow bank of Ciulucul Mic river. Important vetetative associations: Phragmitetum vulgaris Soó 1927, Caricetum otrubae Dihoru (1969) 1970 , Alopecuretum ventricosi Turenschi 1966, Puccinellietum distantis Soó 1937; Knapp 1948, Juncetum gerardii (Warming 1906) Nordhagen 1923; Wenzl 1934.Invasive species presented in the site are Cardaria draba, Lepidium ruderale, lepidium campestre,  Senecio vernalis, Xanthium strumarium.


QUALITY:
Mentinerea nivelului apelor freatice, purificarea apelor de suprafată, retinerea materialului de calmatareGenofondul speciilor de plante poate fi utilizat în educarea tineretului studios si efectuarea cercetărilor stiintifice de monitoring

DESIGNATION:
Aria protejata reprezintă un sector de luncă cu vegetatie de pajiste primară (n-a fost arată) de luncă cu predominarea golomătului

OTHERCHARACT:
Aria Protejata reprezintă un sector de luncă cu vegetatie de pajiste primară de luncă cu predominarea golomătului


QUALITY:
Medium conservation quality. A number of Emerald species are represented in the area. Local community and local people use the wood collected from the sanitar cutting. This protected area can be used for educational scopes by local schoolchildren (for biology, art and design, photography etc).


DOCUMENTATION:
The Protected Natural Area La  Castel was set up in accordance with the Decision N 5 from January 8, 1975 of the Soviet of Ministers of the SSR Moldova. It is a natural reservation of the IV IUCN category.

QUALITY:
The Protected Natural Area La Castel is referred to as the Category of Landscape Reservations which are protected by the “Law regarding the fundamentals of natural areas protected by the state” adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova in 1998.The landscape reservation La Castel is situated not far from the villages Gordinesti, Burlănesti, Edinet district, in the lots 40-48 from the Forestry Edinet within the Facility for Forestry  Edinet.

DESIGNATION:
On the territory of the Protected Area La 33 de Vaduri, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 1 species of plants, 2 species of mammals, 1 species of birds and 5 species of invertebrates. As a result of the analysis of trees from the natural reservation La Castel we drew the conclusion that the main trees that cover large territories are common and peduncular oaks and other kinds of plants. The growth of common and peduncular oaks is performed only with the help of the method of sowing and development of sapling-covered areas. The regeneration of common and peduncular oaks takes place due to the process of natural regeneration.

OTHERCHARACT:
The main natural trees that grow in this area are peduncular oaks, common oaks, populations of rare animals and plants and landscapes.In the Protected Natural Area we can also fiind rocks, archaeological vestiges which are of special interest for the organization of tourism.


EXPLANATIONS:
The Landscape Reservation Nisporeni is situated to the south-east of the town Nisporeni. It includes the plots 7-38 of the Forestry Nisporeni in the Facility for Forestry “NISPORENI-SILVA” and plots 1-21 and 23 in the Forestry ONEȘTI within the Facility for Forestry “HÎNCEȘTI-SILVA”.Among other sights besides the forestry ones there is the monument “The Girl’s Cross” in the Protected Area. There also exists a legend about the origin of this monument.

QUALITY:
The forest resources of fluffy and common oaks cover the biggest part of the reservations. The basic associations are: As. Cotino-Quercetum pubescentis Soo 1932; As. Carpino-Quercetum petraeae Borza 1941; As. Tilio-tomentosae-Carpinetum Doniță, 1968.

DESIGNATION:
The Landscape Reservation Nisporeni is situated to the south-east of the town Nisporeni. It includes the plots 7-38 of the Forestry Nisporeni in the Facility for Forestry “NISPORENI-SILVA” and plots 1-21 and 23 in the Forestry ONEȘTI within the Facility for Forestry “HÎNCEȘTI-SILVA”.Among other sights besides the forestry ones there is the monument “The Girl’s Cross” in the Protected Area. There also exists a legend about the origin of this monument.The forest resources of fluffy and common oaks cover the biggest part of the reservations. The basic associations are: As. Cotino-Quercetum pubescentis Soo 1932; As. Carpino-Quercetum petraeae Borza 1941; As. Tilio-tomentosae-Carpinetum Doniță, 1968.

OTHERCHARACT:
The protected Natural Area Villa Nisporeni is protected by the “Law regarding the fundamentals of natural areas protected by the state” adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova in 1998. It is referred to as the Category of Landscape Reservations.It is a natural reservation (referring to category IV IUCN) It belongs and is administered by the Facility for Forestry “NISPORENI-SILVA” and by the Forestry ONESTI within the Facility for Forestry “HÎNCESTI-SILVA”.


QUALITY:
Important associations from the Protected Area are: as. Querco-robori-Carpinetum Soo et Pocs (1931) 1957.

DESIGNATION:
A specific objective of the Protected Area Zăbriceni is protection of populations of rare plants and animals, fundamental natural arboreta of peduncular oaks and landscapes. On the territory of the Protected Area Fetești, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 3 species of mammals, 1 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and amphibians and 4 species of invertebrates.Important associations from the Protected Area are: as. Querco-robori-Carpinetum Soo et Pocs (1931) 1957.

OTHERCHARACT:
The protected Natural Area 21 Zăbriceni is reffered to the Category of Landscape Reservations which are protected by the “Law regarding the fundamentals of natural areas protected by the state” adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova in 1998. A specific objective of the Protected Area Zăbriceni is protection of populations of rare plants and animals, fundamental natural arboreta of peduncular oaks and landscapes. On the territory of the Protected Area Fetești, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 3 species of mammals, 1 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and amphibians and 4 species of invertebrates.


QUALITY:
Important associations from the Protected Area: as. Cotino-Quercetum pubescentes Soo 1932.

DESIGNATION:
On the territory of the Protected Area Fetești, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 6 species of plants, 1 species of mammals, 2 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and amphibians and 5 species of invertebrates.

OTHERCHARACT:
A specific objective of the Protected Area Fetești is protection of populations of rare plants and animals, of fundamental natural arboreta of fluffy oaks, of peduncular oaks and landscapes. On the territory of the Protected Area Fetești, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 6 species of plants, 1 species of mammals, 2 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles and amphibians and 5 species of invertebrates.


QUALITY:
The objective of this area is to preserve the fundamental tree of peduncular tree, the aquatic resources (springs), rare species of plants and animals. The protected area La 33 Vaduri contains associations of peduncular oak and hornbean.

DESIGNATION:
The Protected Natural Area La 33 de Vaduri is situated in the vicinity of the village Naslavcea and is influenced by the activity of the population from these localities, that’s why it is necessary that we should organize an analysis and a strategy for tackling the phenomena of threats and pressures. In the protected area La 33 de Vaduri there exist territories with introducent plants which do not present any interest for the conservation of biodiversity. People from the neighbourhood localities use wood resources obtained from the sanitary cutting of trees.

OTHERCHARACT:
The Protected Natural Area 28 La 33 de Vaduri is referred to the Category of Landscape Reservations. It is protected by the “Law regarding the fundamentals of natural areas protected by the state” adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova in 1998. On the territory of the Protected Area La 33 de Vaduri, we can come across species of plants and animals which are included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, namely, 1 species of plants, 2 species of mammals, 1 species of birds and 5 species of invertebrates.


DOCUMENTATION:
The protected area is situated in the river meadow of the river Cubolta and administered by the mayoralty Maramonovca in Drochia district.The main sites are represented by the pasture in the river meadow with reed which contains a sector with primary vegetation of 38 species of vascular plants.

QUALITY:
Important associations are: Ass. Sparganio-Glicerietum Br.-Bl.. 1925, Ass. Caricetum ripariae Soo 1928, Ass. Caricetum vulpine Nowinski 1927, Soo 1969.

OTHERCHARACT:
It is a natural area protected by the state. The swampy river meadow with bulrush was created in accordance with Decision 1538-XIII from 25.02,98 which was published in the Official Monitor nr. 66-68/442 from 16.07.1998, article 105.It is referred to as Natural Reservation (category IV IUCN)


QUALITY:
In the vicinity of the protected area the localities of the commune Maramonovca and the village Ceapaevca are situated and this fact produces an impact upon the condition of the protected area. There are territories with pasture which are very intensely used. There are also agricultural fields in the vicinity of the protected area, however, there are no industrial enterprises or other kinds of enterprises which would pollute the protected area of the river meadow.The fact that the hay is collected twice a year: in May-June and in July-August represents a great opportunity for the development of the community. The area plays an important role in maintaining the level of the water table, in the process of purification of surface waters, in the process of preservation of the material calming.

DESIGNATION:
The protected area the swampy river meadow with reed is situated in the northern part of the village Ceapaievca, in the river meadow of the river Căinari.The protected area is situated in the river meadow of the river Cubolta and administered by the mayoralty Maramonovca in Drochia district.The main sites are represented by the pasture in the river meadow with reed which contains a sector with primary vegetation of 38 species of vascular plants.Important associations are: Ass. Sparganio-Glicerietum Br.-Bl.. 1925, Ass. Caricetum ripariae Soo 1928, Ass. Caricetum vulpine Nowinski 1927, Soo 1969.

OTHERCHARACT:
The protected area represents a zone of the river meadow with primary pasture with bulrush. The protected area is administered by the Mayoralty Maramonovca from the district of Drochia. The river meadow represents a zone with primary vegetation which includes 38 species of vascular plants. We can also find here species of plants which are rare in the pasture land of river meadows: Juncus filiformis, Butumus umbelatus, Gliceria maxima, Alopecurus arundinaceus, Poa pretense, Filipendula ulmaria, Oenanthe aquatica, Triglochin palustre.Important associations: Ass. Scripeto-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926; Glycerietum maximae, Heck 1931; Butumetum umbelati Konczak 1968, Philipii 1973.


QUALITY:
Forest ecosystems of the protected area benefit the communities around climate regulation, reducing soil erosion, maintain groundwater.

DESIGNATION:
Forest cherry, oak and birch that have great importance for the local population and protection of various animal species


DOCUMENTATION:
It is protected by the state in accordance with “The Law regarding the fundamentals of development of areas protected by the state” which was adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova in 1998.

QUALITY:
The motorway Ocnita-Briceni, and the electric network of high tension are situated close to the boundaries of the Protected Area. The village Ocnita is situated in the vicinity of the protected area and this fact produces an impact upon the flora and the fauna of the protected area. The local population uses wood to warm their houses and construction purposes, gather hay, medicinal plants and mushrooms. The forest ecosystems in the protected area benefit the neighbourhood by influencing the climate, by reducing the level of erosion of the soil, by diminishing the possibilities of landslides, and by properly maintaining the table of waters.

DESIGNATION:
The land owner is Forestry Ocnița, the Facility for Forestry Edineț. Important associations are: Ass. Querceto (roboris) – Cerosietum Gheideman et aut. 1964 subass. Dambucietosum prunitosum.

OTHERCHARACT:
The main objects or values of protection of the Protected Area are the trees of oaks, common oaks and species of rare plants and animals. A great number of plants are included in the Red Book of Moldova: Viburnum opulus, Dryopteris carthusiana, Lilium martagon, Padus avium, Athyrium filixfemina.


DOCUMENTATION:
Law on State Protected Natural Areas, adopted by the Parliament (1998)

QUALITY:
Protect different species, recreational value

DESIGNATION:
Important Associations: As.Cotino-Soo pubescentis Guercetum 1932 as Pruno spinosae-Soo Crataegetum 1931. Downy oak ecosystems. In the protected area Telita to be found about 13 rare plant species, 16 animal species and three invertebrates.

OTHERCHARACT:
Poplar, downy oak forest. Forest Hill and Forest meadow


QUALITY:
Territory is important for the local population as grassland and potential as a meadow. It is also an aesthetic element of the landscape and can be admired and studied by tourists and specialists. Place of the populations of bird species, reptiles and amphibians that destroy the pests of agriculture.

OTHERCHARACT:
The region of the steppe fragmented fields of the Bugeac. The Ceagăi and Cogîlnicu hills, made up of sandy deposits, with typical low humerus chernozems on loessoid tiles of small thickness with oak forests (garnettes) and pheasant-dwarf vegetation


DOCUMENTATION:
The Protected Natural Area Zoloceni  is attributed to the category of Landscape Reserves, in accordance with the Law on the Fund of natural areas protected by the state, adopted by the Parliament of Moldova in 1998.


DOCUMENTATION:
It is included in the national ecological network as the nucleus. There is Moldsilva's forest management plan

QUALITY:
Territory is an aesthetic element of the land and it is interesting for tourists and specialists.

DESIGNATION:
The core area of the National Ecological Network

OTHERCHARACT:
The main types of ecosystems:- forests: Salicetum (alba) elytrigiosum (repens), Salicetum (alba) rubosum, Saliceo (alba) Populi (alba);- meadows: Agrostidetum (stolonifera), Junceto (gerardii) -eletrigietum (repens), Agrostidetum(stolonifera), reptiliens, Agrostidetum (stolonifera) trifoliosum (repens),Elytrigietum (repens) agrostidosum (stolonifera);- Palaeose vegetation: Phragmitetum (australis), Typhaetum (angustifolia)Typhetum (latifolia), Trifolieto (repens) -lolietum (perenne), Rorippeto (sylvestris) agrostidum (stolonifera);- aquatic vegetation: Lemnetum (minor);


DOCUMENTATION:
Protected Natural Area Chioselia is attributed to the Landscape Reservation Category, protected by the State in accordance with the "Law on Natural State Protected Areas", adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova (1998).

QUALITY:
It is important for the collection of medicinal plants; use in eco-tourism for the purpose of making observations on the land and the rare species of plants (in the mass development period), the animal world; using grassland with regulated pressure. The territory has a stabilizing value for surrounding agrocenoses.

OTHERCHARACT:
On this territory is located the landscape reserve "Chioselia". Many rare Balkan-Mediterranean rare plants are present in the field: Adonis vernalis, Colchicum autumnale, Centaurea angelescui Grint. The provisions for the protection of the plant world stipulated in the management regulations in the landscape reserve "Chioselia" correspond to the needs for the maintenance of the state-protected species. The protection of species taken under state protection is related to the maintenance and limitation of management activities of the forest and arid areas containing steppe vegetation elements. No special protection measures apply to the animal world. It is necessary to prohibit grazing in the forest, to preserve the shrubland sectors, to provide animals with complementary food, to combat poaching. Zoning is required.


DOCUMENTATION:
The Protected Area "Afloriment de argile etuliene", according to the Law on Natural State Protected Areas, adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova, Decree No. 1538-XIII of February 25, 1998, is attributed in the category Monuments of Nature, A) .Geological and Paleontological Annex No. 3.

QUALITY:
Territory is important for the local population as grassland. Are possible: collecting medicinal plants; the use as a seed bank of scarce and endangered census plants; use in ecotourism for making observations on rare species and species (in the period of mass development) of plants, birds, etc. This territory is an important place for the nesting and concentration of many bird species during post-slaughter and migration. A special value of the territory is related to the important paleontological discoveries.

OTHERCHARACT:
The main types of ecosystems:  -steppe: herbosa capillata, Bothriochloeto (ischaemum) -stipeta (capillata) herbosa, Festucetum (valesiaca), Festuceta (herbal herb), Bothriochloeta (ischaemum) herbosa, Poaeta angustifolia festucetum ) caricosum (praecox); Cynobacterium (dactylon) -lolietum (perenne), Cynodonetum (dactylon), Poaeto (angustifolia) -artemisietum (austriaca), Cynodonetum (dactylon) -lolietum (perenne), Agrostidetum (stolonifera) ) juncosum (gerardii), Elytrigietum (repens) juncosum (gerardii); - aquatic and palatal vegetation: Phragmitetum (australis), Typhaetum (angustifolia), Typhaetum (latifolia), Schoenoplectetum (lacustris), Schoenoplectetum (tabernaemontani), Glycerietum (arundinacea), Glycerietum (fluitans), Bolboschoenetum (maritimus); - aquatic vegetation: Lemnetum (minor), Salvinieto (natans) -spirodeletum (polyrhyse), Potamogetonetum (lucens), Nymphoidetum (peltata), Potamogetoneto (perfoliatum) ceratophylletum (submersum), Ceratophylleto (submersum) -potamogetonetum (crispus).


DOCUMENTATION:
The plan of making forest management works

QUALITY:
Supply of wood for fire and carpentry, handicraft, collection of fruit and medicinal plants, recreational activities, etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
Important associations: Ass. Querco (petraea) -Tilio-Fraxinetum Gheideman et al. 1964Ass. Querco (roboris) -Carpinetum Soo et Pocs (31) 1957Ass. Querco (petraea) -Carpinetum Soo et Pocs 1957


QUALITY:
It is important for protecting the population of Spermophilus citelus

OTHERCHARACT:
Territory is not sufficiently studied. Ecosystems are partially depressed due to grazing. The living place of the stable population Spermophilus citellus L. (IUCN International Red List, VU). It is necessary to limit the grazing, to preserve the shrub sectors and the grassy layer, to maintain silence during mammalian reproduction period, to combat poaching.


DOCUMENTATION:
There is the Planning of the Balti Forest Amenagement Plan, which also includes the management plan of the Protected Area of Rădoaia.

QUALITY:
Aria Radoaia is important for the protection of the Quercus robur and Quercus petraea natural forests. In this area there are about 18 species included in the Red Book of the Republic of Moldova, 30 species included in the Berne Convention lists and 22 species protected by the Law of the Republic of Moldova.

DESIGNATION:
The specific objective of the Protected Area Radoaia is the protection of the natural hornbeam and pedunculate oak

OTHERCHARACT:
forests: Querceta (robur) herbosa, Quercetum (robur) veratrosum (nigrum), Fraxineto (excelsior) -Querceta (robur) herbosa.steppe: Festuceta herbosa, Festuceto (valesiaca) -poaeta (angustifolia) herbosa, Elytrigieto (repens) -poaeta (angustifolia) herbosa, Poaeto (angustifolia) -bothriochloeta (ischaemum) herbosa;


DOCUMENTATION:
Protected Natural Area Vranesti Meadow is protected by the State in accordance with the "Law on the Natural State Protected Areas" adopted by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova (1998). It is attributed to Multifunctional Areas category A) Representative sectors with steppe vegetation.

QUALITY:
Genetic reservation of rare and endangered plant species. It is possible to use rare, endangered cetacean plant species as a seed bank; for the collection of medicinal plants; for the development of eco-tourism with the purpose of making observations on steppe and rare plant species (during mass development), steppe birds and rare insect species. Refuge for pollinators and animals destroying agricultural pests.

OTHERCHARACT:
In the territory were identified: - steppes: Stipeto (pulcherrima, pennata) -festucetum (valesiaca) caraganosum (frutex), Festuceto (valesiaca) -stipeta (pulcherrima) herbosa Stipeto herbosa Stipeto ) herbosa herbosa, Bothriochloeto-festuceta (valesiaca) herbosa, Festuceta (valesiaca) herbosa, Festuceto (valesiaca) -bothriochloeta herbosa, Elytrigieto (repens) -bothriochloeta (ischaemum) herbosa; - meadows: Elytrigieto (repens) -lolietum (perenne), Lolieto (perenne) -artemisieto (santonica) - atriplexiosum (tartarica), Puccinellieto (distant) -artemisietum (santonica), Artemisietum (santonica) santonica), Puccinellietum (distances).


DOCUMENTATION:
There is the Planning of the Soldanesti Forest Amenagement Plan, which also includes the management plan of the Protected Area of Dobrusa.

QUALITY:
On the territory of the area is located the landscape reserve "Dobruşa". Local populations of herpetofauna have been preserved in their natural state. For the protection of animals, it is necessary to preserve the shrubland sectors and the grassy of the glade and meadows. Ensuring complementary food for paricophy in winter, combating poaching, keeping quiet during reproduction.

OTHERCHARACT:
forests: Tilieto (tomentosa) -fraxineto (excelsior) -Quercetum (petraea), Carpineto (betulus) querceta (petraea), Tilieto (tomentosa) -carpinetum (betulus), Querceto robot carpinetum, petraea); glade: Bothriochloeta herbosa, Poaeta (angustifolia) herbosum, Lolietum (perenne) herbosum; meadows: Agrostidetum (stolonifera), Lolieto (perenne) -Ethertrigieta herbosa, Loletio (perenne) Potentilum (anserina), Trifolio (repens) -lolietum (perenne).


DOCUMENTATION:
There is Susnelli Forest Firemanship Plan, which also includes the management plan of the Protected Area Vâşcăuţi.

QUALITY:
The area is important for habitats and rocky landscapes, pedunculate oak stands and rare populations of plants and animals.

OTHERCHARACT:
In the area of Viscauti we encounter habitats and rocky landscapes, pedunculate oak stands and rare plants and animals.It is also possible to encounter geological rocks that break into the ravine, the river flowing along the edge of the protected area and the so-called "Borta Boierului" wherethe river starts its course.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore4. Lakusic, R., Bjelcic, Z., Silic, C., Kutlesa, Lj.,Misic, Lj., Grgic, P. 1969: Planinska vegetacija Maglica, Volujaka i Zelengore.5. Izvodi iz novina Pobjeda,19.01.1999., Pobjeda03.09.2000, Pobjeda, 22.12.2002.,Pobjeda, 03.02.2003.,  Dan ,02.02.2003

QUALITY:
The beech forests around the Trnovacko lake is representative. The spruce and black pine forests are important for this massif. This  site is bordering with National park Sutjeska which is situated in Republika Srpska.

DESIGNATION:
The massif Maglic, Bioc and Volujak is proposed to be an protected area (Physical Plan of the Republic 1986, 1997) in the category of Regional Park. Site has values that could conect it with neighbouring site Sutjeska, National Park in BiH.


DOCUMENTATION:
Vukic PULEVIc: Gradja za vaskularnu floru Crne Gore - Dopuna "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae" J. Rohlenae, Republicki zavod za zastitu prirode Crne Gore, posebno izdanje, Podgorica, 2005ROHLENA J. 1942. Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. - Preslia (Praha) 20-21:1-506.

QUALITY:
Area of the Mala Rijeka Canyon is located in the rocky - carstic zone located North - North-East from Podgorica. Site is an atractive Canyon of river named Mala rijeka, which is tributary of Moraca river. At the site are presented relic and endemic species, mostly Balkan and Dalmatian endemic and relic species, such as: Quercus ilex (well preserved association), Ramondia serbica, Hiacintella dalmatica, Petteria rhamentacia.

DESIGNATION:
Area of Canyon of Mala Rijeka is not protected by national legislature, but it is recognized as an ecologically important area merit to be protected.


SITENAME:
Durmitor mountain with Tara River Canyon

DOCUMENTATION:
1. Law on National Parks (Official Gazette of R Montenegro no. 47/91).2. Physical Plan for Special Purposes of NP Durmitor (Official Gazette of the Republic of Montenegro No. 20/97) (in national language only)3. The Water Book of Montenegro (Base for Management of Waters in Montenegro) adopted by Montenegrin Government in June 2001 and published in May 2001, on 500 pages give crucial information about water potential and organization of water sector in Montenegro4. Symposiums about Durmitor 5. Bulletines of Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Art (CANU): Volumes 1- 106. Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 1- 287. Management Programme for National Park Durmitor (2005-2010) - PE National Parks of Montenegro, Podgorica June 20048. Annual (Operational) Management Plan for the years 2005 and 2006 - PE National Parks of Montenegro, Podgorica 2004 - 20059. Stevanovic, V., Lakusic, D. (1991): Floristicke i florogenetske karakteristike visokoplaninske endemicne flore Durmitora.- I Medjunarodni naucni skup o Prirodi Nacionalnog parka Durmitor, Nacionalni park "Durmitor", UNESCO, 24. 27. X . , Zabljak. 10. Stevanovic, V., Jovanovic, S., Niketic, M., Lakusic, D. (1991): Kartiranje flore kao osnova za pracenje ugrozenosti i zastitu retkih i endemicnih vrsta Durmitora. - I Medjunarodni naucni skup o Prirodi Nacionalnog parka Durmitor, Nacionalni park "Durmitor", UNESCO, 24. 27. X ., Zabljak.11. Bulic, Z. (1991): Istorijat istrazivanja botanickih istrazivanja Durmitora sa bibliografijom. I Medjunarodni naucni skup o Prirodi Nacionalnog parka Durmitor, Nacionalni park "Durmitor", UNESCO, 24. 27. X ., Zabljak.12. Bulic, Z. & Niketic, M.(1991): Komparativna analiza flore kanjona Tare i Pive. I Medjunarodni naucni skup o Prirodi Nacionalnog parka Durmitor, Nacionalni park "Durmitor", UNESCO, 24. 27. X 1991., Zabljak.13. Niketic, M. (1995): Hieracium blecicii, a new species from Montenegro.- VIII Optima Meeting, Sevilla, Abstracts, 122.14. Lakusic, D., Jovanovic, S. (1996): Fitocenoloska analiza higrofilne vegetacije durmitorskih jezera i potoka.- 5. Kongres ekologa Jugoslavije, Zbornik sazetaka, Drustvo ekologa Srbije, Beograd, 13.15. Lakusic, D. (1996): Geografska diferencijacija kalcifilnih vijuka (Festuca L.) iz grupe Halleri na planinama Balkanskog poluostrva.- 5. Kongres ekologa Jugoslavije, Zbornik sazetaka, Drustvo ekologa Srbije, Beograd, 42.16. Fauna Durmitora. Volumes 1 - 4. Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Art (CANU), Podgorica17. Vasic, V., S. Marinkovic & Vizi, O.: Ptice Durmitora i kanjona Tare. Titograd 1990: CANU: Fauna Durmitora 3, 3(14): 7 70.18. Vasic,  V.,  Marinkovic,  S., Vizi, O. (1990): Ptice Durmitora i kanjona Tare (Aves). CANU, Fauna Durmitora knjiga 3: 9-70, Titograd.19. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad20. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).21. Vuckovic D. 1972. Sumarstvo i lovstvo u Crnoj Gori u drugoj polovini XIX i pocetkom XX vijeka. Istorijski institut u Titogradu. Titograd22.Miric, Dj. 1987. Sisari. (Gradja za faunu sisara Durmitora). Fauna Durmitora. Sveska 2. CANU. Titograd. 225-291.

QUALITY:
The Durmitor massif with Tara river canyon represent the most majestic natural phenomena in Montenegro, the Balkans peninsula and even broader. They have become widely known for the grandiose can-yon of the Tara river which is near Obzir 1300 m deep, therefore the second deepest and longest in the world after the Colorado, as well as for one of the highest peaks in Montenegro - the Bobotov Kuk highest peak at 2,523 m. The natural treasury of this region, due to its authenticity and uniqueness, has been protected at the national (the National Park of Durmitor) and international level (the Tara river was registered as an ecological reserve for the World's biosphere - therefore protected by international convention M&B UNESCO and the National Park of Durmitor together with the canyon of the Tara river was declared one of the world's natural and cultural heritages by UNESCO). The Tara has been recognized as the queen of European rivers, rightfully named the "the jewel of Europe". Durmitor and its wider surrounding is endowed by rare and wild beauties, a very specific hydrography, unique relief features, vertical and horizontal distribution and jaggedness of a great many natural elements, as well as extremely beautiful flora and fauna. It is the only one of the national parks in Montenegro that has received double international recognition and protection. What adds a special value to the Park are the zones under a special regime of management (3), out of which 2 have been afforded a strict regime of protection (the Tara river canyon and the Crna Poda forest reserve). Magnificent canyons of the Tara and Piva rivers and their numerous tributaries, 18 glacial lakes - "mountain eyes", distinct hydrological, geomorphologic, geological and speleological phenomena, the richness of flora and fauna and biodiversity in whole, with an exceptional concentration of such a quantity and quality of numerous endemic, relic, rare, protected and other extremely important species, make the Durmitor massif an extraordinary natural wealth.

DESIGNATION:
NP Durmitor was first declared as National park in 1952. Today, its protection and management are under the law on National Parks (Official Gazette of R Montenegro no. 47/91).NP Durmitor is on UNESCO's World Heritage list, since 1980. Canyon of Tara river is part of the National park. Also, Tara River Basin is included in UNESCO Man and Biosphere Programme as an Biosphere reserve since 1977.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. The Water Book of Montenegro (Base for Management of Waters in Montenegro) adopted by Montenegrin Government in June 2001 and published in May 2001, on 500 pages give crucial information about water potential and organization of water sector in Montenegro2. The Biota and Limnology of Lake Skadar. Eds Karaman, G. & Beeton. A., Special publication of the Biological Institute Titograd (Podgorica) & Smithsonian Institute. Washington. (Published in Podgorica 1981)3. Symposium about Skadar Lake ("Simpozijum o Skadarskom jezeru", Titograd 1. XI 1983) Naucni skupovi, Knjiga IX, CANU, Titograd (Podgorica); 4. Symposium: Natural values and protection of Skadar Lake (Prirodne vrijednosti i zastita Skadarskog jezera. Podgorica 8-9 November 1995. Naucni skupovi, Knjiga 44. Podgorica, 1977.4. Bulletines of Montenegrin Academy of Sciences and Art (CANU): Volumes 1- 105. Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 1- 286. Physical Plan for Special Purposes of the National Park Skadar Lake - Official Gazette of the R Montenegro no. 46/20017. Management Programme for National Park Skadar Lake (2005-2010) - PE national Park Skadar Lake, Podgorica 20048. Annual (Operational) Management Plan for the years 2005 and 2006 - PE national Park Skadar Lake, Podgorica 2004 - 20059. Ivanovic, B., 1973: Ichthyofauna of Skadar lake. Special edition  Institute for biological and medical research, Titograd (Podgorica).10. Maric, D., 1995: Endemic fish species of Montenegro. Biological Conservation 72: 187 - 194.  Elsevir Science Limited, Great Britain.11. Cernjavski, P., Grebescikov, O. & Pavlovic, Z., 1949: O vegetaciji i flori Skadarskog podrucja. Glasnik prirodnjackog muzeja srpske zemqe. Naucna knjiga, Beograd.12. Dhora D., Saveljic, D. (2001): Bibliography of Skadar Lake. Section VII - Ornithology - Birds (52-65). Promotion of networking and exchange visits in the countries of Southeast Europe. Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Southeast Europe. Shkodra & Podgorica 2001.13. Saveljic, D. Rubinic. B, Schneider, J.M., Vizi,O (2004): Breeding of Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus on Skadar Lake. Acrocephalus 25 (122); 111-118.14. Saveljic, D. (2004): STONE-CURLEW Burchinus oedicnemus, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121) Slovenia)15. Saveljic, D. (2004): BLACK-HEADED GULL Larus ridibundus, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121) Slovenia)16. Saveljic, D. (2004): GREATER FLAMINGO Phoenicopterus rubber, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121): 101Slovenia)17. Saveljic, D. (2004): ALPINE CHOUGH Pyrrhocorax graculus, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121) Slovenia)18. Savelji?, D (2006): Breeding of Pygmy Cormorant Phalacrocorax pygmeus in Montenegro. Acrocephalus, Slovenia in press19. Saveljic, D (2005): DALMATIAN PELICAN Pelecanus crispus, short communications, Acrocephalus 26 (126):160, Slovenia20. Vizi, O. (1981a): Ornithofauna of Lake Skadar. - in Biota and Limnology of Lake Skadar, Karaman, G. and Beeton, A. eds: 391-413, Titograd.21. Vizi, O. (1997): Zastita Skadarskog jezera od zagadjenja. - Prirodne vrijednosti i zastita Skadarskog jezera, Zbornik radova, Naucni skupovi, knjiga 44: 31-38, Podgorica.22. Vizi, O. (1997): Crni zar, nova kolonija mocvarnih ptica na Skadarskom jezeru-Prirodne vrijednosti i zastita Skadarskog jezera, Zbornik radova, Naucni skupovi, knjiga 44: 309- 320, Podgorica.23. Vasic, V., Vizi, O. (2001): Sekularne promene u raznovrsnosti ptica Skadarskog jezera i njihove posledice na prirodne potencijale. - Naucni skup: Prirodni potencijali kontinentalnih voda i mora Crne Gore i njihova zastita, Knjiga rezimea: 122, Zabljak.24. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad25. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
I BiodiversityLake Skadar's biodiversity has developed in a unique physical environment where geology, geomorphology, hydrology and climate provide a wide variety of habitats. Total biodiversity is high (species-area relationship = 0.875) and the region is considered to be a biogenetic reserve of European importance.I. 1. From a zoogeographic perspective, the Skadar Lake region is located in a zone where two major zoogeographic areas meet: the Palaearctic region (Europe, Asia, the Mediterranean and North Africa) and the Palaetropic region (Africa). Their linkage and influences can be seen among bird fauna, with incidences of African species (e.g. African cuckoo, African black heron, flamingo) and winter migratory species of West Siberia (ducks, geese). Annex XVI shows main bird migration corridors involving Lake Skadar. During the last glacial period Lake Skadar represented a refuge for several species occurring at that time. As a result, today some relict and endemic animal and plant species are met in the area. After the ice age, species such as the turtledove, the Dauric swallow, Syrian woodpecker and Spanish sparrow have come to the region as they expanded their distribution area.I. 2. The majority of Skadar Lake invertebrate groups have not been well researched. As invertebrates play an important ecological role, among others as principal food source for many higher level species, the lack of knowledge of these groups prevents a thorough understanding of the lake's ecological functioning.AI. 3. Due to a favourable geographic location in the Mediterranean region and suitable hydrologic and climatic conditions, Skadar Lake is very rich in amphibians and reptiles. These include endemic and endangered species. Taxons belong to various bio-geographical entities. For some species, Skadar Lake is the border area of their distribution area, or a zone where different subspecies overlap.The lake, with its wide zone of water vegetation, floodplains, humid forests as well as many streams, is an ideal habitat for the majority of the amphibians: the Ranidae (frogs), in particular the Skadar green frog (Rana shqiperica). The population of green frogs is an important link in the lake's food chain; on the one hand insects are their main food, on the other hand they are the main food for some reptiles (e.g. water snakes) and birds (heron and some ducks). Some amphibians and reptiles are also of direct benefit for humans. The frog Rana ridibunda is used for consumption and is an export product. The poison of the vipers (Viperidae) is extracted for serums. The herpetofauna keeps numbers down of insects and rodents.The amphibian and reptile fauna of Skadar Lake comprises a large number of protected species, including many endemics: -Palaearctic, widely spread species such as the common viper (Vipera berus);-Central European varieties, including: slow-worm (Anguis fragilis), ordinary Aesculapius snake (Soluber longissimus), Coronella austriaca, grass snake (Natrix natrix), dice water snake (Natrix tesselata), grey lizard (Lacerta agilis), wall lizard (Podarcis muralis), and green lizard (Lacerta viridis);-Mediterranean endemic species: marsh turtle (Emys orbicularis), land turtle (Testudo hermani), Hemydactylus turcicus, karst lizard (Lacerta melisellensis), coastal lizard (Lacerta sicula), dark lizard (Algyroides nigropuncatus), lizard fish (Ophisaurus apodus), Zemenis dahlii, coastal Aesculapius' snake (Zamenis gemmonensis), coloured Aesculapius' snake (Elaphe situla), striped Aesculapius' snake (Coluber quatrolineatus), dark Aesculapius' snake (Coelopeltis monspessulanus), Tarbophis fallax, viper (Vipera ammodytes);-Yugoslav endemic species: sharp-headed lizard (Lacerta oxycephala).I. 4. Skadar Lake attracts birds, flying long migratory routes, but also provides good nesting and colonisation conditions. The avifauna shows a large number of species: some 271 belonging to 18 taxonomic orders. 90% of the bird species are regionally and intercontinentally mobile, linking the region to neighbouring countries, Asia and Africa. 73 species of migratory nesting birds inhabit the lake in spring and summer, leaving in autumn. About 18 species fly over the area of the lake during autumn and spring, and 45 species are regular winter guests. 12 species spend summers on the lake, while their populations nest in the north. In addition, there are some 90 species that visit the lake irregularly, including those that fly over or visit the lake during the winter or summer season. Among the nesting birds of Skadar Lake, there are species that have been forced out of almost all their original nesting sites in Europe, but are not endangered or rare in the lake area. An example is a small cormorant called 'fendak' in Montenegro (Phalacrocorax pygmeaus), which is regularly observed on the lake.The number of waterfowl on the Montenegrin side is determined by winter (January) counts since 1990 (International Waterfowl Census or IWC). Between 1990 and 1999 numbers varied between 150,000 and 250,000, but since 1999 numbers have dropped strongly to 35,000 this year (January 2005). There were no counts in 2001, 2002 and 2003 (source: Darko Saveljic). In 1999 more than 150,000 Fulica atra (see Figure ?3.23), 15,000 Anas platyrhynchos and 40,000 Aythya ferina were counted during the course of one year. About 250,000 birds stayed that winter at the lake. The Albanian part of the lake is also highly valued for the large numbers of birds, but exact counts are missing. Due to large numbers of birds and based on the Group Three criteria, Skadar Lake is listed as an internationally important wetland and waterfowl habitat (Ramsar site).Endangered bird species that can be found in Lake Skadar:-Pelecanus crispus, Ardeola ralloides, Aythya nyoca, Ardea purpurea, Crex crex, Chlidonios hibridus, Botaurus stellarisI. 5. The mammals related to Lake Skadar are not well researched. The total number of species found is 50 (belonging to 6 orders). Only a few mammals are strongly linked to the water habitat, like the otter (Lutra lutra). Bats are especially abundant around the lake if compared to the other mammals. The other mammals live mainly in the forested areas, predominantly located on the southwestern shore of the lake.I. 6. In shallow lakes growing conditions for littoral flora, composed of aquatic macrophytes and periphyton algae, are better than for phytoplankton. Measurements of primary production in Skadar Lake indicate that photosynthetic intensity is not determined by the quantity of phytoplankton: marked changes in the quantity and composition of the plankton community did not have significant effects on the intensity of photosynthesis.In Skadar Lake about 64 genera with 310 species and infraspecific taxa of phytoplankton are met. The phytoplankton population is mainly composed of Diatomeae. The majority of the species found are cosmopolitan and alkalophilic. Among the diatoms of the lake, the most common species are Cyclotella ocellata and Aulacoseira ambigua (Rakaj, 2005).The observed phytoplankton composition is a good indicator of the lake's oligotrophic conditions and is one of the parameters that must be examined through a monitoring programme. Oligotrophic conditions prevail in the lake due to the low level of nutrients caused by the limestone geological base. However, the low level of nutrients of the lake is to a large extent compensated by a morphometric factor: because of its shallow depth, the trophogenic layer reaches all the way to the bottom. Thus, the entire supply of nutrients is accessible and used. In addition, favourable temperature and light conditions during the year increase the level of production in the lake to a higher level than normally observed in other oligotrophic lakes in a moderate climate zone.Due to the abundance of macrophyte vegetation in the lake, especially in its northern and northwestern parts, a disproportion between the primary production by this vegetation and the primary production by planktonic algae occurs. This is due to the fact that shoreline plants use disproportionately high quantities of nutrient salts from the water, thus creating an oligotrophic environment for the plankton. This factor, among others, influences the community of planktonic algae and encourages the dominance of Diatomeae characterisitc of oligotrophic waters. Silicate algae, as a dominant algae group in Skadar Lake, are also important as bio-indicators. They are very sensitive to environmental changes and are capable of rapidly responding to these changes. Beta-mesosaprobic organisms and high level saprobic forms (beta-alfa, alfa-beta, alfa) prevail over the low level saprobic forms.I. 7. Lake Skadar is a typical shallow temperate lake with water originating from rivers and karstic springs. These favour the development of a rich aquatic flora with great variety in communities. The total number of aquatic macrophytes for the whole area of Lake Skadar is 164 species belonging to 66 genera and 43 families (Stesevic et al., 2004). The composition of the aquatic vegetation indicates that Lake Skadar could have developed from a bay of the Adriatic Sea into the freshwater lake ecosystem of today. A large share of flora exhibits phylogenetic and ecological links with seaside flora elements. At the same time endemic forms are rarely observed.The number of vascular plant families known in the region of Skadar Lake is 726. Macrophytic vegetation is well developed, covering some 34 km2 (Ristic J., and Vizi, O., 1981), mainly on the northern shore of the lake. These plant communities are expanding, in particular in and near both deltas of the Moraca River and the area of Podhumski Bay (Vizi, O., 1997). At the lake's northern shore, in the area from Thin Cape to Podhumski Bay, dominant plant communities include the Scirpus - Phragmites community (Phragmites communis, Scirpus lacuster, Typha angustipholica) and the Myriphillum verticillati - Nuphar community (W. Kosh), where especially Nuphar, Ceratophyllum, Trapa and Potamogeton species are represented. The Scirpus - Phragmites community stands out for its high biomass production.The high biomass production of the macrophytes on the northern shore of the lake has various functions. The seasonally flooded fields, which dry out during the summer, are used for cattle grazing. In particular the reeds can be used in construction, interior decoration and handycrafts. The marsh vegetation provides a shelter for many animal species, the most important ones being nesting birds (reed, water lilies). The bird colony in Crni Zar is an example, where a large surface area of water is covered with reeds and floating vegetation. The floodplains are used by various fish species as spawning and nursery grounds.The western lake shore consists of rocks and hills with only poor submersed vegetation. Along the eastern and southern lake shore extended reed beds (Phragmites) have developed. Macrophytes play an important role in the chemistry of the lake (Beeton & Sikes, 1978). From october to june the chemistry of the lake resembles that of the Moraca River. After the aquatic macrophytes have become well established in late spring, the chemical characteristics of the lake waters differ from those of the river water. Usually, values for specific conductance and alkalinity are lower in the lake than in the river. Reed beds and other macrophytes have purification capacities through nutrient retention, nutrient transformation (nitrogen, phosphor) and binding of pollutants. The water quality of the Moraca River improves by passing through the macrophyte vegetation of the wetland before it enters the lake. The lake's large flood zones ('helophyte filters') and the many springs emerging from the lake bed prevent any eutrophication tendency and preserve the high biodiversity of the lake.Thirteen aquatic plant communities of submerged and floating species and helophyte species are known on the Montenegrin side of the lake: More than 1,500 plant species are known for the whole watershed. Some of them are of economical interest.I. 9 Stands of willow (Salicetum albae) are the most abundant forests around the lake, growing either as rows of trees around the flooding fields tended by the local population, as small forests or as randomly scattered trees, mainly on the northern shore and in the flooding area. Skadar's oak (Quercus robur ssp. Scutariensis) forests, which were widespread in the past, have become substantially degraded. Today, these forests can only be found as small stands around the village of Gostilj in Zeta, in the fields of Crmnica and in communities with Fraxinus oxicarpa and Periploca greca. Among the forest communities that currently exist or were registered earlier, the most significant ones are stands of domestic chestnut and oak (Querceto castanetum montenegrinum), oak and European Turkey oak (Quercetum confertae ceris), as well as hornbeam (Carpinetum orientalis) with several sub-communities. Only degraded stands remained from the once well devloped forests of the region. They are usually described as "pseudo-macquis".The flooding willow forests that dominate the area today, most often as scattered formations, are used by the local population for the production of fuel wood, for construction and for woven handicraft products. For the local population in Krajina, chestnut forests around Ostros and the fruits collected from them are economically important, as there is a demand for chestnuts on the local markets such as in Bar and Podgorica. From an ecological perspective, the significance of these forests as habitats for other plant and animal species - most frequently birds - is unquestionable. For example, grey heron most often nest in the area of "Manastirska tapija," or monastery willow forests.II Water QualityThe environment in the Lake Shkoder basin is increasingly influenced by the various pollutant sources. The pollution of lake water and its surroundings is a combined result of a growing population, poorly managed wastes of the KAP and Niksic Steelworks in-dustries, municipal wastes from cities like Podgorica, Niksic, Cetinje and Shkodra, and various other human interventions in the basin.Factors that affect water quality of a lake and its basin can be classified as natural and human made. Human intervention is the most important factor influencing water quality, and it must be controlled.Various studies and reports on Skadar basin suggest that during the past decades the basin has experienced significant pollution of its water bodies and the surrounding area, causing losses in aquatic biodiversity; a threat to fisheries, public health and tourism. Most important are industrial pollution and untreated wastewater discharges from the cities and towns. The Moraca River, the main tributary of the lake, brings most pollutants into the lake.

DESIGNATION:
1. Skadar lake is establishe as an National Park since 1983 (Law on National Park Skadar Lake - Official Gazette of SR Montenegro no. 33/83)2. Area of the National parks has been included in the List of Wetlands of International Importance (Ramsar list), in the frame of the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especialy as Waterfowl Habitat *Ramsar Conventiona)  since 15 December 1995.3. Two officialy proclamed special (ornithological) reserves are located in the area of Skadar Lake, as follows: (i) Manastirska tapija (53,1ha) and (ii) Panceva oka (312,5ha)

OTHERCHARACT:
Skadar Lake is an open lake. Its water is exchanging 2 - 3 times per year.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Physical Plan for Coastal Zone (Prostorni Plan Podrucja Posebne Namjene za Morsko Dobro Crne Gore) at the stage of Proposal in the procedure of adoption in Republican Parliament. Text version is available only on local language and can be founded in the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning and Public Enterprise for coastal zone managament.  Also there are several basic studies that are the supporting materials for the Plan such as Natural characteristics and Environmental protection of the coastal zone.2. Master Plan (MP) for Tourism Development in Montenegro prepared by DEG and adopted by Montenegrin Government in 2000. According to the MP, Regional Concept for Ulcinj Velika plaza were developed in 2003. RC for Ulcinj Velika plaza included the protection of the mouth of river Bojana and area in the hinterland of Ulcinj's Beach Velika Plaza. Environmental Impact Assesment study was carried out for this area. 3. Puzovic, S., Vasic, V. & Ham, I.: Progradacioni procesi u ornitofauni Ulcinjskih solana, Naucni skup "Istrazivanje i zastita Jadranskog mora", CANU, Univerzitet Crne Gore i Institut za biologiju mora, Kotor: 19954. Saveljic, D. (2002): Changes in population size of some shorebirds breeding at Ulcinj salt-pans in Montenegro (Acrocephalus 23 (110-111):39-42, 2002)Saveljic, D.Rubinic, B (2005): The presence of the Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus Ulcinj salt-pans, Montenegro (Acrocephalus 26 (124): 291-294, 2005)5. Stumberger,B., Schneider-Jacoby,M., Schwarz,U., Sackl,P.,Dhora,D., Saveljic,D (2005): Ornithological value of the Bojana/Buna Delta. Universiteti i Shodres "Luigj Gurakuqi":Bul.Shk., Ser.Shk.Nat., 55:136-158 6. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Saveljic,D (2006): Late breeding of Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola in Solana Ulcinj (Montenegro). Ciconia, in press7. Saveljic, D. (2004): STONE-CURLEW Burchinus oedicnemus, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121) Slovenia)8. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad9. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).10. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Dhora, D., Sackl, P., Savelic, D., Schwarz, U. & Stumberger (in prepar.): Rapid assessment of the ecological value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania/Montenegro). Euronatur, Radolfzell11. Paunovic, M., Stamenkovic, S. 1998. A revision of the distribution and status of Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 (Rhinolophidae) in Yugoslavia, based on the discrimination properties of distinctive morphological characters. Myotis. Band. 36. S.7-23. Bonn.

QUALITY:
Beach Velika Ulcinjska is located between Port Milena at the west, and river Bojana at the east. While length of the beach is 12 kilometres, its width is varying from 200 m (near to Port Milena) up to 1 kilometre (eastern part called Špatula). The site is well known by high biodiversity, and presence of rare, endangered and protected species such as Sand Lily (Pancratium maritimum) protected  plant species. While key biodiversity located in eastern part of the beach, its western part is under increasing human impacts. Also, these impacts affected ecologically important sand dunes  with halophyte vegetation adapted to salted habitats. Beaches of Velika Ulcinjska and Ada Bojana are last compact shelters for this type of vegetation in Montenegro. In the hinterland near to the beach are natural mixed forests composed by White Poplar, Ash and very rare, scarce and protected Skadar oak (Quercus robur scutariensis). Birds are important component of the biodiversity of the site, as well ad herpetofauna (in ponds, swamps and marshes in the hinterland), insects (also in hinterland) etc.In the area of salt pans there has been recorded the presence of several types of vegetation whose distribution mainly depends on the salinity degree of the ground. The community of holofita are the specific feature of the floral world of this area, and in addition to them also present are: meadow and ruderal vegetation, the cane zone (Phragmites comunis), vegetation of sledge (Juncus, Carex) on the slity ground with numerous trees of Tamarix africana.Grounds with large quantity of salt are unfavourable for plant life, and thus they are inhabited only with the species who are specifically adapted to cruel living conditions at these habitats. Such plants, known as halofite, form floristically poor, but very interesting plant covering. Typical or real holofita or euhalofite can be found on the habitats with big salinity degree and significant moistness. In the salt pans they inhabit shallow water of the pool and the narrow shore line and are represented by the species Salicornia herbacea - the most numerous and the dominant one, Suaeda maritime, Limonium angustifolium, Atriplex portulacoides, Atriplex prostrate, Salsola soda. Most occurring constituent specimens of this community are located within the region of Jezero I, as well as on embankment that separates Jezero I from Jezero II. The presence of Beta vulgaris ssp.maritime taxon was noted on the embankment. In Montenegro, this sub-species was noted in 1913 by Adamovic, and since than it has been the first finding of it in the Republic. Constituent specimens being less present High salinity in crystallization pools causes only individual specimens of halophytes, which do not compose communities, to exist there. Going away from the water, the concentration of salinity in stratum decreases, which is reflected also in the variety of plant communities that are slightly more diverse in this zone and that accommodate the elements of ruddle vegetation in addition to typical halophytes. Component species of such communities are Spergularia salina, Plantago coronopus and Coronopus squamatus (Forsskal) Asch. Regardless the communities of halophytes on land around the Salty-Works poor in plants, they are very important because such a type of vegetation in Montenegro exists only within one area more (land around abandoned Salty-Works in Tivatsko Polje and it exists only in fragments within few other localities. We believe the halophyte vegetation near Jezero I, as well as on the embankment between Jezero I and Jezero II should be preserved from any interventions intended for the rehabilitation of Salty-Works. The communities of meadow flora exist in deeper layers of the ground with less salinity. The following species dominate the meadow on the raised land along the channel leading to Jezero I: Avena barbata, Dactylis glomerata, Phragmites comunis, Carex sp., and during the autumn Limonium angustifolium is also present. The species form the family of orchids , such as: Orchis laxiflora, Serapias vomeracea and S. cordigera appear primarily during the spring period (March - May) on the meadow developed as a small triangle of the land around Salty-Works. The finding concerning the Ophrys bertollonii species of bee-plants family is particularly interesting and important, which species is protected in Montenegro. This species was found on the embankment next to the meadow. Also species of Juncus acutus and Rubus idaeus can be found on this meadow, as important component specimens. We believe this area should not be subjected to any interventions regarding the rehabilitation of Salty-Works, because the plants from the Orcidaceae family are protected in most countries of Europe, and there are some suggestions to protect them also in the territory of Montenegro.The pools of Salty-Works are often occupied by reed (Phragmites comunis), which is present in salty and brackish waters forming uniform constituents specimens. This species is present as an accompanying element in the vegetation of wet meadows as well. In muddy coastal area, the species of Juncus acutus, J. maritimus  and Tamarix Africana can also frequently be found. Ruddle plants  belong to the wide spread type of vegetation inhabiting areas exposed to the intensive human influence. They can be found in the areas of permanent or temporary settlements of people and domestic animals, around roads, railroads, embankments … On the land around Salty-Work, ruddle vegetation is present along the whole road, on embankments along the railroad, and the elements of this flora are mixed with halophytes vegetation and on the embankments separating individual basins. Note: Text given above is taken from the Report on the project "Rapid assessment of the ecological value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania/Montenegro)", Euronatur, Radolfzell (Authors: Schneider-Jacoby, M., Dhora, D., Sackl, P., Savelic, D., Schwarz, U. & Stumberger)

DESIGNATION:
Velika Plaza has been recognized by national legislature (Official Gazette of SRM no 36 / 1968) as Area of Exceptional Natural Values (other names of the Category: Recreational Area, Monument of the Nature), since when this site is protected.Solana is recognized as potential IBA site, possible national designation (Natural  Monument) and Ramsar site


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Physical Plan for Coastal Zone (Prostorni Plan Podrucja Posebne Namjene za Morsko Dobro Crne Gore) at the stage of Proposal in the procedure of adoption in Republican Parliament. Text version is available only on local language and can be founded in the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning and Public Enterprise for coastal zone managament.  Also there are several basic studies that are the supporting materials for the Plan such as Natural characteristics and Environmental protection of the coastal zone.2. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad3. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
Beach Buljarica with its hinterland is an interesting ecological complexity with less significant environmental changes than it is with other beaches and their hinterlands along Montenegrin coastal zone. South-eastern part of the beach is not occupied by tourism facilities, and there are endangered halophytes such as Eryngium maritimum L. as well as other species in the associations Ammophilion and Cakilion litoralis. Typical habitats of the site are (i) gravel and sand - gravel dune with sparse halophyte vegetation, (ii) quite large marshland zone with dominant Phragmitetiom communis and (iii) natural and semi natural habitats in remote hinterland with remarkable trees of Alnus glutinosa as well as Quercus pubescens, macquis and accidental location of Erica spread over a flitch base on hill Rabik. There is an old record of a rare plant Polygonum salicifolium for this site, but its recent verification is missing. Marshland and neighbouring rocky habitats are providing safe living space for many animal species, particularly birds  insects, bats herpetophauna etc.

DESIGNATION:
Buljarica has been recognized by national legislature (Official Gazette of SRM no 36 / 1968) as Area of Exceptional Natural Values (other names of the Category: Recreational Area, Monument of the Nature), since when this site is protected.Site values that could rank it as potential IBA and Ramsar site.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Bulic Z. 1994: Flora i vegetacija kanjona rijeke Cijevne u Crnoj Gori. (Magistarski rad - rukopis, Beograd).2. Cernjavski, P., Grebenscikov, O. & Pavlovic, Z. 1949: O flori i vegetaciji Skadarskog podrucja.  -Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zemlje, Ser. B, Biol. Nauke 1-2: 4-91. Beograd.3. Hadziablahovic, S. & Bulic, Z. 1994/95 (2004b): On distribution of some Balkan endemic and rare species in the Flora of Montenegro - Glas. Rep. Zavoda Zašt. Prir. (Podgorica) 27-28: 43-50.4. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 20-21.5. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad6. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
Field Cemovsko polje is most representative site for the association of Satureja montana in both, Montenegro and Ex-Yugoslavia. Vegetation of this mediterranean stepe is adapted to the extreme droughts in summer season.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Law on National Parks (Zakon o nacionalnim parkovima ("Sl. list RCG", br. 47/91)) 2. Physical Plan of Special Purposes for National Park "Biogradska Gora" (PROSTORNI PLAN PODRUCJA POSEBNE NAMJENE ZA NACIONALNI PARK "BIOGRADSKA GORA" ("Sl. list RCG", br. 44/98)3. Vizi  O. (1991b): Ornitološke odlike Biogradske gore i mogu?nosti osnivanja ornitološke osmatra?ke stanice. - CANU, Nau?ni skup: Prirodne i društvene vrijednosti nacionalnog  parka "Biogradska gora", Kolašin 27-29 septembar 1990:  Knjiga 23: 327-337, Titograd.4. Vrezec, A. & Saveljic, D. 2005. Breeding density of Tawny Owl Strix aluco territories in montane forests of Mountain Bjelasica (Montenegro). Ciconia 14: 41-475. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad6. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).7. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia

QUALITY:
Virgin forest Biogradska gora is located within the site. Site is well preserved and representing safe sanctuary for many plant species, including Pinus peuce distributed in the zone of Pesica lake that is its last west point of distribution.

DESIGNATION:
By National legislature (Law on National parks - Official Gazette of SRM no 47 / 1991) site is protected as National park Biogradska gora. Protection of the site established in the era of King Nikola I of Montenegro. Ecological values of the site are providing possibility for its inclusion in UNESCO World heritage List. Also, site is part of Tara River Basin Biosfere Reserve (UNESCO, MaB 1980).


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Bulic Z. 1994: Flora i vegetacija kanjona rijeke Cijevne u Crnoj Gori. (Magistarski rad - rukopis, Beograd).2. Hadziablahovic S. 1994/95 (2004c): Staehelina uniflosculosa Sibth. & Sm. - the new Balkan endemic species in the flora of Montenegro. - Glas. Rep. Zavoda Zast. Prir. (Podgorica) 27-28: 71-75.3. Hadziablahovic, S. & Bulic, Z. 1994/95 (2004b): On distribution of some Balkan endemic and rare species in the Flora of Montenegro - Glas. Rep. Zavoda Zast. Prir. (Podgorica) 27-28: 43-50.4. Pulevic V. 1971. Hyacinthella dalmatica (Baker) Hayek u flori Crne Gore. - Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zast. Prir. - Prirod. Muz. (Titograd) 4:73-76.5. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 20-21.Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., 6. Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad7. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
Site is of maditerranean character, even positioned in inland part of the country. At the site are presented relic / endemic species, such as Quercus ilex, Ramondia serbica, Hiacintella dalmatica etc, so this remarcable canyon is considered as an refugijal habitat.

DESIGNATION:
The site is proposed by the Physiscal Plan of the Republic (1986, 1997) to be protected as an Area of Exceptional Natural Values (other names of the Category: Recreational Area, Monument of the Nature).


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 20-21.2. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad3. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
Site is of refugial character with well preserved natural habitats, including hard water sprins. Among others species, at the site are presented important species such as Taxus baccata, Ilex aquifolium, Peteria rhamentacea etc.

DESIGNATION:
The site is recognized to be protected by national legislature as an Natural Monument, but enforcement is missing.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Physical Plan of Special Purposes for NP Lovcen (Prostorni Plan Podrucja Posebne Namjene za NP Lovcen) - Official Gazette of RCG no. 19/19972. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 20-21.3. Stevanovic, V., Jovanovic, S., Lakusic, D., Niketic, M. (1995): Diverzitet vaskularne flore Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. In: 4. Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V., Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije. Biol. fak. Univ. u Beog.5. Tomic-Stankovic, K. 1970: Flora Lovcena. (Flora des Lovcen-Gebirges II). Zbor. Fil. Fak. Pristina, 7: 1-39.6. Tomic-Stankovic, K. 1972: Flora Lovcena. (Flora des Lovcen-Gebirges II). Zbor. Fil. Fak. Pristina, 8: 1-50.7. Tomic-Stankovic, K. 1970: Vegetacija Lovcena u Crnoj Gori. (Vegetation des Lovcen-Gebirges in Montenegro). Zj. Nauc. Ust. Kosova - Stud. (Pristina) 17: 1-93, 1970.8. Vizi, O. (1994): Ornitoloske odlike sireg prostora Lovcena. - Nacionalni park "Lovcen"- prirodna i kulturna dobra, CANU, Naucni skupovi, knj. 34: 149-158,  Podgorica.9. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad10. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).11. Paunovic, M., Stamenkovic, S. 1998. A revision of the distribution and status of Rhinolophus blasii Peters, 1866 (Rhinolophidae) in Yugoslavia, based on the discrimination properties of distinctive morphological characters. Myotis. Band. 36. S.7-23. Bonn.

QUALITY:
The site has following valuable habitat types: a) total forest cover on 6.004hectares but high forests on 1.227hectares, protected forests on 110hectares and short degrading forests and scrub-shrubs are on 2.692hectares, b) opens slopes on 1210hectares, c) pastures on 495hectares and d) water bodies (2 lakes). Arable land lies only on 157hectares.The beach forests (Fagetum montenegrinum subalpinum Hor. 1983.) on karstic  substrate dominates but in various degradation stages. Most importan is Pinus heldreichii that is regenerating qiuet well.Vegetation of the area is divers and presented by following associations: 1.Rusco-Carpinetum orientalis Blecic & Lakusic on lower altitudes up to 800m above the sea (Njegusi near to Vrba, upper parts of Polja and Kopita, near to Pobori on south side and near to villages Erakovici and Raicevici); 2. Paliuretum adriaticum (on western side of the area and near to Cavor); 3. Stipo-Salvietum officianalis Hic with dominate sage on fallows and edges of oak / hornbeam forests; 4. Seslerio-Ostryetum Ht. et. Hic. in the peripheral zone of the national park above village Ugnji up to altitudes of 1000m; 5. Genisto-Globilarietum belidifoliae appears pastures on altitudes between 1.000 and 1.500m above the sea, near to Ivanova korita and Majstori. 6. Fagetum - montenegrinum - seslerietosum occurs large area of the national park on the altitudes between 1000 and 1500 m above the sea; 7. Fagetum montenegrinum - Viburnetosum presented on smaller areas in the zone higher than 1500m above the sea (villages Lucica grm and Gomile). 8. Fagetum - montenegrinum - abietetosum on altitudes between 1.100 and 1.300m above the sea (near village Batriceva glava, Mainski vrh and Osja lokva); 9. Seslerietum argentae on higher altitudes > 1.300 m above the sea, near to Dolovi, Kuk, Jezerski vrh, Stirovnik; 10. Pinetum heldreichii located only on N-E side of Stirovnik and near to Jezerski vrh; 11. Seminatural Pinus nigra - near to Njegusi, Ivanova korita, Presjek and Jezerski vrh. Fauna is rich and divers. Endemic species dominate in the group of gastropods (34 species) and reptiles that emphasize ecological importance of the area.

DESIGNATION:
Site is protected as National park since 1952 that is reconfirmed by Law on National Parks (Official Gazette of RCG no. 47/1991)


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Physical Plan for Coastal Zone (Prostorni Plan Podrucja Posebne Namjene za Morsko Dobro Crne Gore) 2. Jankovic M.M. & Stevanovic V.(1983): Prilog poznavanju slatinske vegetacije Boke Kotorske. Zbornik Roberta Visianija Sibencanina. Povremena izdanja Muzeja grada Sibenika, sv. 10: 377-397, Sibenik.3. Pulevic V. (1976): Neke  nove i rijetke  biljke  u flori  Crne  Gore. Republ.  Zav.  Zast.  Prir.  -  Prir.  Muz.,  9: 99 - 102, Titograd.4. Saveljic, D & Rubinic,B (2005):Migrating and wintering waterbirds of Tivat salinas in Montenegro: contribution to the need for site protection. Ciconia 13: 94-97. Novi Sad5. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad6. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).7. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia

QUALITY:
Area of Tivat Saltworks (Salina) is located in the salt-marsh zone of the sea shore of Tivat bay. This area is bordered by rivers Odoljenštica and Koložunj, including a flooded area named Jankova Voda in Grbalj. At the place of sometime active Saltworks, today are presented as follows: salted - halophyte vegetation (associations Salicornietea i Limonietela), vegetation of the sea sedge (Juncetalia maritime) and vegetation of brackish marshes (Phragmitetalia with Scirpetum maritime). Because these complex types of natural vegetation at mud-clay substrate are extinct in Igalo (Herceg Novi) and Topolica (Bar), it is necessary to protect Tivat Saltworks as a compact and safe site for halophyte vegetation. Its protection should be applied in all plans for future intervention at the site and its vicinity. Also, vegetation of macquis, garrigue and other coastal shrub / wood forms at the rocky terrains should be part of such a protection. On the other side, shallow salted water of the Salina is rich by fish and benthos organisms that are attracting waterfowl birds. These birds are particular feature of the site. Because of the occurrence of pigmy cormorant (Phalacrocorax pygmeus) and greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus ruber), this site is fulfilling national and international requirements for protection. This site is also important as a shelter for both, migrating and wintering birds.

DESIGNATION:
Area of Tivat Saltworks is not protected by national legislature, yet. However, in the Physical Plan for Special Purposes for Maritime Public Domain this area is proposed for the protection by national legislature with a category equivalent to the IUCN management category V: "Protected Landscape/Seascape - Protected area managed mainly for landscape/seascape conservation and recreation ". Beside protection itself, zoning of the site should be applied as well as defining of the area(s) for strict protection - reserve(s).


SITENAME:
Sasko jezero, rijeka Bojana, Knete, Ada Bojana

DOCUMENTATION:
1. Physical Plan for Coastal Zone (Prostorni Plan Podrucja Posebne Namjene za Morsko Dobro Crne Gore) at the stage of Proposal in the procedure of adoption in Republican Parliament. Text version is available only on local language and can be founded in the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Physical Planning and Public Enterprise for coastal zone managament.  Also there are several basic studies that are the supporting materials for the Plan such as Natural characteristics and Environmental protection of the coastal zone.2. Master Plan (MP) for Tourism Development in Montenegro prepared by DEG and adopted by Montenegrin Government in 2000. According to the MP, Regional Concept for Ulcinj Velika plaza were developed in 2003. RC for Ulcinj Velika plaza included the protection of the mouth of river Bojana and area in the hinterland of Ulcinj's Beach Velika Plaza. Environmental Impact Assesment study was carried out for this area. 3. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia 4. Stevanovic, V., Jovanovic, S., Lakusic, D., Niketic, M. (1995): Diverzitet vaskularne flore Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. In: Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V., Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije. Biol. fak. Univ. u Beog.5. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Dhora, D., Sackl, P., Savelic, D., Schwarz, U. & Stumberger (in prepar.): Rapid assessment of the ecological value of the Bojana-Buna Delta (Albania/Montenegro). Euronatur, Radolfzell6. Puzovic, S., Vasic, V. & Ham, I.: Progradacioni procesi u ornitofauni Ulcinjskih solana, Naucni skup "Istrazivanje i zastita Jadranskog mora", CANU, Univerzitet Crne Gore i Institut za biologiju mora, Kotor: 19957. Saveljic, D. (2002): Changes in population size of some shorebirds breeding at Ulcinj salt-pans in Montenegro (Acrocephalus 23 (110-111):39-42, 2002)Saveljic, D.Rubinic, B (2005): The presence of the Dalmatian Pelican Pelecanus crispus Ulcinj salt-pans, Montenegro (Acrocephalus 26 (124): 291-294, 2005)8. Stumberger,B., Schneider-Jacoby,M., Schwarz,U., Sackl,P.,Dhora,D., Saveljic,D (2005): Ornithological value of the Bojana/Buna Delta. Universiteti i Shodres "Luigj Gurakuqi":Bul.Shk., Ser.Shk.Nat., 55:136-158 9. Schneider-Jacoby, M., Saveljic,D (2006): Late breeding of Collared Pratincole Glareola pratincola in Solana Ulcinj (Montenegro). Ciconia, in press10. Saveljic, D. (2004): STONE-CURLEW Burchinus oedicnemus, short communications (Acrocephalus 25 (121) Slovenia)11. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad12. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

QUALITY:
Beside the tourist facilities and the recent impact along the Bojana River, the Ada Island is a natural area, unique in the Mediterranean. The island is characterised by a natural mosaic of habitats formed by the dynamic growing Delta of the Bojana River. This process is still going on and needs careful monitoring.The virgin alluvial forest represents also a unique value. Huge trees grow on the island which has not been impacted over more then fifties years.

DESIGNATION:
The Ada Island is not protected so far, but falls under the jurisdiction of the Coastal Zone management Agency (Maritime Public Domain). Ada is the only strict controlled area with a hunting ban (Hunting organisation Ulcinj). The site is proposed to be protected area in category of Monument of Nature.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Puzovic, S., Simic, D., Saveljic, D., Gergelj, J., Tucakov,M.,Stojnic,N., Hulo, I., Ham, I., Vizi,O., Sciban,M., Ruzic,M., Vucanovic, M., Jovanovic, T. (2004): Birds of Serbia and Montenegro - Size of  nesting populations. I trends: 1990-2002. Ciconia 12, 36-120. Novi Sad3. BirdLife International (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).4. Ranius, T., Aguado, L. O., Antonsson, K., Audisio, P., Ballerio, A., Carpaneto, G. M., Chobot, K., Gjurašin, B., Hanssen, O., Huijbregts, H., Lakatos, F., Martin, O., Neculiseanu, Z., Nikitsky, N. B., Paill, W., Pirnat, A., Rizun, V., Ruic|nescu, A., Stegner, J., Süda, I., Szwa"ko, P., Tamutis, V., Telnov, D., Tsinkevich, V., Versteirt, V., Vignon, V., Vögeli, M. & Zach, P., 2005. Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) in Europe. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 28.1: 1-44.

QUALITY:
Rumija is most representative site among coastal mountains that has high plant diversity as well as total biological diversity. However, endemic species are of great importance, in particular Galium baldacii and Edraianthus wettstainii. Vegetation of the mediterranean evergreen forests is very well developed at southern slopes of the mountain.

DESIGNATION:
The site is proposed to be an protected area (Physical Plan of the Republic 1986, 1997) in the category of Regional Park. Site has values that could conect it with neighbouring sites (Skadar Lake, Sasko Lake, Saltworks Ulcinj etc) into larger Biosphere Reserve.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. First records about the Cave are from 1987 (Hydro-geological investigations of Pester plateau) and 1988 (Speleological investigations of the Cave).In 1996 there was a Speleological expedition organized for additional investigations of the cave that resulted with few maps of Caves profile.

QUALITY:
The Cave is located in the part of Bistrica river Canyon named Djalovica Ravine, north-east from town Bijelo Polje. Until now, around 14 kilometers of the channels in the cave are investigated by speleologists.  Quality and value of the cave phenomena are very good.Numerous stalactites, stalagmites, helectites, saliva formes, water channels, lakes, ponds and other cave's phenomena are presented in the site.

DESIGNATION:
Djalovica Ravine (1.600 hectares) is a protected as Natural Monument that includes this Cave.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore4. Lakusic R., 1968. Planinska vegetacija jugoistocnih Dinarida. Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zast. Prir.-Prir. Zbirke, 1: 9-75; Titograd5. Ranius, T., Aguado, L. O., Antonsson, K., Audisio, P., Ballerio, A., Carpaneto, G. M., Chobot, K., Gjurašin, B., Hanssen, O., Huijbregts, H., Lakatos, F., Martin, O., Neculiseanu, Z., Nikitsky, N. B., Paill, W., Pirnat, A., Rizun, V., Ruic|nescu, A., Stegner, J., Süda, I., Szwa"ko, P., Tamutis, V., Telnov, D., Tsinkevich, V., Versteirt, V., Vignon, V., Vögeli, M. & Zach, P., 2005. Osmoderma eremita (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae, Cetoniinae) in Europe. Animal Biodiversity and Conservation, 28.1: 1-44.6. Paunovic, M., Milenkovic, M., Ivanovic C. 2001. The lynx populations in the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. The Balkan Lynx Population History, Recent Knowledge on its Status and Conservation Needs. KORA Bericht Nr. 7 e.Muri. 12-18.

QUALITY:
Prokletije and its wider surrounding is endowed by rare and wild beauties, a very specific hydrography, unique relief features, vertical and horizontal distribution and jaggedness of a great many natural elements, as well as extremely beautiful flora and fauna. The massif of Prokletije has distinct hydrological, geomorphologic, geological and speleological phenomena, the richness of flora and fauna and biodiversity in whole, with an exceptional concentration of such a quantity and quality of numerous endemic, relic, rare, protected and other extremely important species. Site is representing for many plant species, including forests of Pinus peuce.

DESIGNATION:
This area is suggested for National Park.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Adittional to vascular plants of Montenegro3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1969: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 94. Lakusic, R. 1980. Twenty five new species in flora of Montenefro. Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 13: 15-21.

QUALITY:
Habitat type of Montenegrine grey alder on this site, with same habitat type in Tara canyon, are most representative in Montenegro.Only find of Campanula secundiflora in Montenegro is situated in Lim valley.This species is presented on IUCN Red List.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9

QUALITY:
The habitat type of Montenegrine spruce forests is very representative for this site. Well preserved southern alder and birch galleries are presented on this site too.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore. Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 94. Blecic, V. 1957: Prilog poznavanju sumske vegetacije planine Ljubisnje. Glasn. Prir. Muz. Srpske Zem. B (10).

QUALITY:
The habitat type of Montenegrine spruce forests is described on this site The beech forests are well developed too. The whole mountain is covered by forests.

DESIGNATION:
The site is proposed to be an protected area (Physical Plan of the Republic 1986, 1997) in the category of Regional Park.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9.4.Fukarek, P. 1963: Prilog poznavanju dendrografskih i fitocenoloskih odnosa planina sjeverozapadne Crne Gore. Radovi Nauc. Drus. Bosne Herceg. (Sarajevo) 22 (6).

QUALITY:
The habitat type of Montenegrine spruce and mixed beech-fir forests are very representative on this site. The mountain Golija is representative for many rare and protected plant species.

DESIGNATION:
Both of types of ownership - private and state owned are presented on the site, but accurate data were not available.


SITENAME:
Ostatak kanjona Pive ispod Hidroelektrane

DOCUMENTATION:
Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore4. Blecic, V. 1959: Vegetacija stijena i tocila kanjona rijeke Pive.

QUALITY:
Habitats of Pinus nigra and Mixed termophilous forests are very represantive on this site. Endemic species Daphne malyana is described from Piva canyon.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9.4. Lakusic R., 1968. Planinska vegetacija jugoistocnih Dinarida. Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zast. Prir.-Prir. Zbirke, 1: 9-75; Titograd

QUALITY:
Pinus peuce and Pinus heldraicii forests in this area are the most representative in Montenegro and eveb broader. The richness of flora and fauna and biodiversity in whole, with an exceptional concentration of such a quantity and quality of numerous endemic, relic, rare, protected and other extremely important species, make the Visitor and Zeletin massif an extraordinary natural wealth.

DESIGNATION:
Visitor is proposed to be protected area in category of National Park. Zeletin is proposed to be area of special natural caracteristics.


QUALITY:
The well developed populations of species Daphne malyana are presented on this site. Komarnica canyon is very important refugial area in Montenegro.


DOCUMENTATION:
Stjepcevic, J. 1967. Makro-mollusca Bokokotorskog zaliva. Studija Marina 2. pp.67.Pasinovic, M. 2001. Podrucje Kotora na listi svjetske prirodne i kulturne bastine UNESCO. Fakultet za turizam i hotelijerstvo, Kotor, pp.108.Macic, V., P. Boza, 2001. Naselja morskih cvjetnica u Bokokotorskom zalivu. Naucni skup "Zasavica 2001", Sremska Mitrovica, 2001. 109-114.Stjepcevic, J., Parenzan, P. 1980. Il Golfo delle Bocche di cattaro-condizioni generali e biocenosi bentoniche con carta ecologica delle sue due baie interne: di Kotor e di Risan. Studia marina 9-10. p: 3-148.Jovanovic, R. 1981. Analiza nekih morfometrijskih i meristickih karaktera arbuna, Pagellus erytrinus C.V., iz Bokokotorskog (Risanskog) zaliva. Poljoprivreda i sumarstvo, XXVII, 2: 31-36Joksimovic, A. 2000. Biomassestimate and maximum sustainable yield of pandora (Paggelus erythrinus, Linnaeus, 1758) in trawling fisheries on the Montenegrin shelf. Ichthyologia, Vol. 32. No. 1. pp.17-30Regner, D., Vuksanovic, N., Dutina, M., Stjepcevic, B., Sestovic, K. 1998. Kvalitet mora i stepen zagadjenja priobalnog juznog Jadrana. Zastita voda, 1998. pp. 1-9.Zikic, R., Mihailovic, R., Mandic, S., Stajn, A., Pavlovic, S., Ognjanovic, B. 1998. Odredjivanje koncentracije nekih metala u tkivima dagnje (Mytillus galloprovincialis) iz Bokokotorskog zaliva. Zastita voda 1998. pp. 15-20Vuksanovic, N., Krivokapic, S., 2005. Prilog poznavanju fitoplanktona kotorskog zaliva u zimskoj sezoni 2004. Zastita voda, 2005. pp. 347-350.Doklestic, O. 2005. Model zastite Boke Kotorske od naftnog zagadjenja. Zastita voda 2005. pp. 339-346.Lepetic, V. (1965):Sastav i sezonska dinamika ihtiobentosa i jestivih avertebrata u Bokokotorskom zalivu i mogucnosti njihove eksploatacije. Studia Marina No. 1. 1965.

QUALITY:
The Kotor-Risan bay is the inner part of the Boka Kotorska Bay and because of his unique beauty and biological diversity it is included in natural and cultural world heritage of UNESCO. Due to the calcareous composition of the relief water from the hinterland flows subterraneanly and mostly comes up again in the form of springs at the coastline or under the sea level. In such a way specific environmental conditions are created and protection of specific habitat and high diversity of marine life is of great importance.Also in the bay there are two islands from witch one (Gospa od Skrpjela) is artificial. Because of the few centuries long tradition of building and maintenance of this island the different materials, usually rocks are sinked there in the same day of the each year. That tradition, between other things, gives opportunity to follow settlements of some species and succession of the biocenosis.In this inner part of the bay we have some of the habitats from the resolution No. 4/96 and some species  protected by national and international laws. Because of that we consider this site of great importance for marine biodiversity. Also we should note that the bay is very important spawning area for some economically important fish species, so that is additional reason for protection and sustainable management of this site.

DESIGNATION:
The site is under protection of UNESCO as world natural and cultural haretage since 1979.

OTHERCHARACT:
Big input of fresh water, specialy because of underwater springs.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9.4. Lakusic R., 1968. Planinska vegetacija jugoistocnih Dinarida. Glasn. Republ. Zav. Zast. Prir.-Prir. Zbirke, 1: 9-75; Titograd5. Vuksanovic, S. 2003: Flora planine Babji zub. Magistarski rad.

QUALITY:
Pinus heldraichii forests are the most reptesentative on the whole teritory of Montenegro, even broaded. Vegetation in rocks crevices is very rech with endemic plant species. This site present refugial area .


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9.4.Lakusic, R., Redzic, S., Muratspahic, D. 1984: Zakonitosti singeneze vegetacije na vertikalnom profilu Orjena. Bilten Ekologa BiH (Sarajevo) B 3

QUALITY:
The forests of Pinus heldraichii is most representative on Adriatic Dinarids. Also, on this site many local endemic plant species are present like Salvia brachyodon, Thymus bracteosus, Saturea horvatii etc...  Very specific relief with different kinds of geomorfogical shapes are present on Orjen massif.


QUALITY:
The most representative habitat type of tree spurge formatons is present on the cliffs above the beach Pecin. There are four sea caves on this area.

DESIGNATION:
Pecin beach has been recognized by national legislature (Official Gazette of SRM no 36 / 1968) as Area of Exceptional Natural Values (other names of the Category: Recreational Area, Monument of the Nature), since when this site is protected.


DOCUMENTATION:
. Rohlena, J. 1942: Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae. Preslia2. Pulevic, V. 2005: Material for  vascular flora of Montenegro, A Supplement to "Conspectus Florae Montenegrinae"3. Blecic, V., Lakusic, R. 1976: Prodromus biljnih zajednica Crne Gore Bulletines of the Republic Institution for the Protection of Nature in Podgorica (Glasnik Republickog zavoda za zastitu prirode u Podgorici), Volumes 9.4. Markisic, H. 1987: Mezofilne livade sveze Arrhenatherion elatioris Br-Bl, na planini Hajli. Rozajski Zbornik (Rozaje) 6

QUALITY:
Very specific endemic habitat type with Narthecium scardicum (montenegrin and albanian endemic species) is present on this site. Well developed Pinus peuce, and Pinus heldraichii forests are cover Hajla massif. The Bruckentalia heats in this site are most representative in Montenegro. On this site many local endemic plant species are present like Wulfenia blecicii, Hedysarum silicii etc...


QUALITY:
The most representative habitat type of tree spurge formatons is present on the hill Spas.

DESIGNATION:
Hill Spas has been recognized by national legislature (Official Gazette of SRM no 36 / 1968) as Special Natural Areas, since when this site is protected.


QUALITY:
The only findings of Androsace mathildae in Montenegro is situated in this site. The forest of Pinus heldreichii and mixed spruce-fir forests are well developed on lower altitude in the massif Komovi. The large part of this area is covered by rocks, screes, cliffs and high-mountain meadows characterised by endemic species and vegetation.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Official Gazette of R. Montenegro No. 55/2003 Marine fishery law2. Physical Plan of the enterprise "Morsko dobro" 2006.3. Joksimovic, A. 2000. Biomass estimate and maximum sustainable yield of pandora (Paggelus erythrinus, Linnaeus, 1758) in trawling fisheries on the Montenegrin shelf. Ichtyologia, Vol. 32. pp. 17-30.

QUALITY:
Species on the islands … In the sea few habitat types from Resolution No. 4/96 are very well developed, and specially we should underline the huge area covered by vary well developed meadows of seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Due to specific currents of water bodies this site and its vicinity is also vary well known as site with big marine diversity and important catch of economically important fish species.

DESIGNATION:
In the new "Morsko dobro" Physical Plan of the costal zone (2006) this zone is planed as protected one. Reasons were the beauty and biological diversity of the site and also the relatively conviniant posibility of controle.


DOCUMENTATION:
1. Official Gazette of R. Montenegro No. 55/2003 Marine fishery law2. Physical Plan of the enterprise "Morsko dobro" 2006.3. Radujkovic, B. 2005. Ribe Grbaljskog priobalja, Grbalj kroz vjekove, 2005. pp. 695-711

QUALITY:
Few habitat types from Resolution No. 4/96 are very well developed on this site and important number of marine species could be found there, so the site is of great quality and importance for protection. The Platamuni site is located on the open sea of Montenegrian coast. Due to the relatively big distance from nearest towns (Budva and Tivat) and because of the very few villages in the hinterland the pollution from land is almost not existing at all. With good management of this site that is additional reason  to expect  excellent quality of marine life on this site.

DESIGNATION:
This site is proposed to be protected area in the Physical Plan of the enterprise "Morsko dobro" 2006


DOCUMENTATION:
Anastasovski, V. et al. 1999. Sektorska studija: Zastita na prirodnoto nasledstvo za potrebite za izrabotka na Prostorniot plan na Republika Makedonija, Zavod za zivotna sredina, Ministerstvo za zivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje.Anastasovski, V. & B. Micevski. 1996. Nacionalen ekoloski akcionen plan (NEAP) za Makedonija, tema 12: Biodiverzitetot i upravuvanjeto so zastitenite podracja vo Republika Makedonija, Republicki zavod za zastita na prirodnite retkosti, Skopje.Apostolski, K., N. Petrovski, O. Popovska & M. Sidorovski. 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Bolkay, S. 1924. Popis vodozemaca i gmizavca, koje se nalaze u Bos.-Herc. Zemaljskom muzeju u Sarajevu s morfoloskim, bioloskim i zoogeografskim biljeskama. Spomenik Srpske Kraljevske Akademije, LXI. Beograd.Chernjavski, P. (1943). Prilog za floristicko poznavanje sire okoline Ohridskog Jezera. Ohrid. Zborn., 35(2): 11-88. Daniel, F. 1964. Die Lepidipteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje 2: 1-75.Dimovski, A. 1981. Vodozemci i vlecugi na Nacionalniot Park Galicica. Contributions, II 1-2, Section of biological and medical sciences, Maced. Acad. of Sci. Arts. Skopje. pp. 65-74.Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. - In: Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V. eds. "Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja", Bioloski fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd.Dzukic, G., M. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska. 2001. General remarks on Batraho- and Herpetofauna of the Balcan Peninsula. 75 years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 195-204.Georgiev, S. 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp. 1-177.Horvat, I. 1935. Istrazivanje vegetacije planina Vardarske banovine. I. Ljet. Jug. Akad., Zagreb, 47: 142-160.Horvat, I., V. Glavas & H. Ellenberg. 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas. VEB Jena. (8a, Karaman, S. 1922). Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Mazedonien. Glasnik Hrv. prir. drustva, Zagreb, 34 (3).Karaman, S. 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Hrvatska stamparija, Split.Karaman, S. 1928. III. Prilog herpetologiji Jugoslavije. Glasnik Skop. Nauc. Drus., 4.Karaman, S. 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karaman, B. 1987. Les Odonates du Lac de Prespa (Macedoine, Yugoslavie) I partie: La composition qualitative et L'analyse zoogeographique de la Faune. Ann. Fac. Sci. Nat., Biol. Skopje. 37/38: 97-110.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski. 1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press. London, San Diego, pp. 1-484.Kusan, F. 1953. Prilog poznavanju flore crnogorsko-albanskih i makedonski planina. Hrvat. prir. Drus., Zagreb, 4-6: 178-190.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig.Matvejev, S. & A. Dimovski. 1955. Ornithologische Forzschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arhiv Biol. nauka, Beograd. 7(1-2): 121-129.Mertzanis, Y., D. Bousbouras & S. Bourdakis. 2000. Status of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations and habitat in the area of Prespa Lakes. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 56-65. Micevski, B. 1988. Ornitofauna na nekoi biotopi vo Nacionalniot Park "Galicica". Aktivus, 7: 13-18.Micevski, B. 1992. Strukturni i faunisticki karakteristiki na rimskata ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero-makedonski del. God. zb., Biol., Skopje 45: 51-55.Micevski, B. & M. Scneider-Jacoby. 1997. Zimski cenzus na vodnite ptici na makedonskata strana na Prespanskoto Ezero vo januari 1997 godina (so nivna valorizacija i analiza na struktura i ishrana). Medjunaroden Simpozium "Kon integralna zastita i odrzliv razvoj na transgranicnite ezera Golema i Mala Prespa", 24-26 oktomvri, Korca: 52-57.Micevski, B. 1998. Ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero. Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija, Vest, Skopje. pp. 1-60.Micevski, B. 2000. Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 78-85. Micevski B. 2000. CORINE Biotopes in Macedonia, Zoological Dept., Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Skopje.Matevski, V. & M. Kostadinovski. 1996. Pregled na rastitelni vidovi cii locus classicus se naodja vo granicite na trite nacionalni parkovi vo Republika Makedonija. Balkanska Konferencija "Nacionalnite parkovi i nivna uloga vo zastitata na biodiverzitetot na Balkanskiot Poluostrov", 89-98.Micevski, K. 1969. Prilog za zapoznavanje florata na Makedonija, IV. God. zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 21: 109-117. Micevski, K. 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1): 1-152.Micevski, K. 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2): 153-391.Micevski, K. 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3): 503-548. Micevski, K. 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K. 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Naumovski, M. 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Peters, G. & H. Hackethal 1986. Notizien uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18(5): 125-128.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek. 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-170.Radovanovic, M. 1964. Die Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Jugoslawien. Senc. Biol., Franfurt am Main, 45, 3/5.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen pp. 1-82.Thurner, J. 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawisch Mazedonien. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.Weber, F. 1957. Botanicka vychazka do pohori Galicica. Sborn. klub. Prirodov. Brne, 39: 1-11.

QUALITY:
The most significant characteristics of National Park Galicica are its location between the two Lakes Ohrid and Prespa; its orographic and geomorphologic structures (deep valleys, glacial relief, cirques, karstic forms and caves); its diverse vegetation and richness in floral elements (mainly endemic and relict species) and its many important cultural and historical monuments.  The cave near the village Leskoec, for example, is a specific habitat where six bat species have their nursery colonies. Three of these species are listed on the List of Globally Threatened Vertebrates, and another two species are included on the List of Species of Special European Concern.From a floral standpoint, the National Park Galicica is a mosaic of diverse plant communities and representatives of various vegetation types (forest vegetation, sub-Alpic pasture vegetation on limestone rocky ground, vegetation on rocks etc), as well as a mosaic of a great number of species of various floral elements (local endemic species, Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, south-Balkan, Balkan and  Pontic floral elements etc). There are 20 forest communities and 16 grass communities in the Park, consisting of 76 species of woody plants, 62 species of shrubs, 21 species of semi-shrubs, 14 species of climbers (lianas), and three species of semi-parasites/epiphytes. The fauna in the Park includes 1,644 species of butterflies, 11 species of amphibians, 21 species of reptiles, 260 species of birds, 51 species of mammals etc. Many amphibian, bird and mammal CORINE species are present, with butterflies possessing almost 10 CORINE species.The relatively small size of Galicica Mountain notwithstanding, it represents a centre of extremely high floral and faunal heterogeneity. As a unit complex, Galicica Mountain (14 floral and 26 faunal taxa), Lake Prespa (52 endemic taxa) and Lake Ohrid (more than 200 endemic taxa) represent a relatively restricted area with an enormously high level of biodiversity richness and endemism, one which has been characterised as the most impressive European "Hot Spot" (Gaston & David, 1994) for biodiversity richness and the presence of endemic species.The islet "Golem Grad", with its position as an isolated habitat with little anthropogenic influence, is perfect for protecting the rich ornitho- and herpetofauna. This is where the most abundant population of the species Natrix tesselata (dice snake) in Europe exists. The largest Balkan nesting colonies of the species Apus apus (swift) and Apus melba (alpine swift) are also present on this site. Besides its importance in geomorphological, botanical and zoological terms, it represents one of the most important archaeological sites of the Hellenistic and Roman civilisations. The Stenje Marsh is situated on the western shore of Lake Prespa. It is endangered by desiccation connected with the decreasing water level in Lake Prespa. We suggest  restoration of this habitat because of its irreplaceable role in the maintenance of the basic gene pool of many faunal species inhabiting seasonal wetlands.There are many important cultural and historical monuments within the area. Particularly noteworthy is the monastery of St. Naum, constructed in the 10th Century as an Old Slavic holy place.  The total area of the National Park Galicica is divided in two zones: ·strictly protected ·management The strictly protected zone comprises the area surrounding and also west of the peak, Magaro (2,254 m), and the localities, Nova Livada and Tepeno, with their two cirques. This zone covers an area of 550 ha.  The management zone includes the remaining area of the Park. It consists of a management area containing special natural features and a management area with planned conservation.  The management area containing special natural features extends south of the line which includes Gradiste-Bugarska Cuka, Asandzura Point, Devet Braka, Smoloica, Kale and Sir Han to the border with Albania and to the shores of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa, covering an area of 12,500 ha. This zone includes the following natural rarities: Natural Reserves:·Golem Grad (Large City) Island - 20 ha ·Prisoj locality above Otesevo - 23 ha·Plos - 31 ha ·Pluska locality - 60 ha·Tesen Kamen locality - 69 ha·Golem Osoj (Lako Signoj) - 890 ha·Kaleto locality - Tomoros - 950 ha·Prezna Planina locality - 540 ha.Natural Monuments:·Geologic profile above Lubaniste - 40 ha·Locality south of Leskoec - 50 ha·Crni Drim Springs·Swamp near Stenje - 18 ha·Biljana Springs·Studencista marshThe management area of planned conservation comprises an area of 9,700 ha in the section Gradiste - Asandzura - Sir Han. The management area also includes the following tourist areas: shoreline tourist areas of Ohrid and Prespa Lakes and the mountain tourist/recreational area.

DESIGNATION:
1. Law on Proclaiming the Forest Landscapes of Galicica Mountain as a National Park (Official Gazette of NRM, No. 31/1958)2. Law on the Protection of National Parks (Official Gazette of SRM, No. 33/1980)This Law defines the National Parks as natural rarities and establishes the objectives of their protection, the procedures for designating organisations dealing with national park protection and their obligations, the regime of protection, the manner in which special social interests are provided for, the method for providing funds to implement protection and penal provisions against lawbreakers.

OTHERCHARACT:
Due to the unique natural resources and the forest plant, animal and landscape diversity of Galicica Mountain, a large portion (an area covering 22,750 ha), was proclaimed a National Park in 1958.Galicica Mountain is situated between Ohrid and Prespa Lakes, in the south-westernmost part of the Republic of Macedonia. The lowest point is the water level of Ohrid Lake - 695 m above sea level (Prespa Lake is 850 m above sea level) - and the highest point is the peak Magaro - 2,265 m above sea level.  It is a long, narrow mountain, extending in a north-south direction and continuing into the territory of the Republic of Albania.  The side of the mountain facing Ohrid Lake is steep, rocky and to a great extent bare, thus resembling the mountains of the Dinaric Alps. This, and the presence of associated dry valleys, makes this part of Galicica difficult to access. The opposite, eastern side of Galicica, however, is quite different, with mild slopes completely overgrown with forests descending to the Prespa Valley.From the standpoint of regional designations, Galicica Mountain belongs to the southernmost part of the western-Macedonian mountain zone. Regarding its morphogenesis, the origin of Galicica is related to radial tectonic movements that took place in the Tertiary period, when this mountain massif actually developed. From a topographical standpoint, the mountain is divided in two parts: Small Galicica in the north (composed of Istok and Petrina Mountains) and Old Galicica in the south.  The highest part of the Galicica massif is represented by a wide, level area with three clearly distinguished peaks: Magaro (2,254 m), Lako Signoj (1,984 m) and Goga (1,737 m). These are the most outstanding points of the entire Galicica massif.The geological structure is mainly limestone. Erosion of the karstic material has left deep traces in the rock, forming all kinds of relief: crevices, hollows, depressions and karstic fields. Crevices belong to the category of micro-karstic forms, and are narrow, gutter-like, primarily parallel grooves and furrows. They occur on bare limestone areas, mostly in a ribbed or netlike form. Depressions are the most characteristic and most often found form of surface karstic relief. They occur on level surfaces, terraces and in karstic valleys. Their size ranges from 5 to 150 m in diameter and 10 m in depth. Hollows are larger, enclosed karstic depressions. A very typical hollow is located south of the peak Magaro. Its length is 400 m and its width, 150 m.  The karstic fields are the highest form of surface karstic relief. They are deep, enclosed or semi-enclosed depressions. There are four such karstic fields within the confines of the National Park: Suvo Pole, Asandjura, Dzaffa and Vrdulo. The largest karstic field, Suvo Pole, is 4.2 km long and 1 km wide. The lowest part of this field is at an elevation of 1,443 m above sea level.Altogether, 12 caves have been discovered on Galicica Mountain. The largest one, Samoska Dupka - with a length of 279 m - is situated in the karstic valley, Studeno, at an elevation of 1,430 m above sea level.Cliffs can also be found on Galicica Mountain. They were created by wave action and mostly occur in the direction extending from the Gradiste Peninsula toward the village of Lubaniste.Of the unvegetated forms on Galicica, the most represented are eroded vertical rock faces and taluses. They are most outstanding beneath the large tectonic area located on the western side of the peak, Magaro, as well as under the peak, Lako Signoj.During the glacial period, Galicica Mountain was affected by intensive glaciation, which left deep traces in the relief. Remnants from that period include a number of cirques, the most impressive of which is situated below Magaro Peak at an elevation between 2,000 and 2,100 m above sea level. The dimensions of this cirque are 400 m by 380 m.The Mountain massif of Galicica is very windy due to the general atmospheric circulation caused by the differential warming of the land on the one hand and the lakes on the other. Wind circulation is mainly from the sides of the mountain towards Ohrid and Prespa Lakes and back again.Because of its limestone structure, Galicica Mountain is relatively poor in surface water bodies. At its base, however, in the contact zone between the limestone and schist layers, water emerges in the form of powerful springs. They are connected to the large karstic aquifer on Galicica, where great reserves of ground water accumulate as a result of underground flow from Prespa Lake through a system of fissures (Prespa Lake lies 150 m higher than Ohrid Lake). The largest springs are found on the eastern shore of Ohrid Lake, such as the springs near the monastery of St. Naum (which has a capacity of 5-20 m3 per second), the underwater spring near the village of Trpejca etc. The islet "Golem Grad" (Large City) is included within the National Park as a strictly protected zone. This islet is situated in Lake Prespa, 4.5 km from the village of Konsko. The islet is 720 m long and 470 m wide. It looks like a small cliff rising 48 m above the water. There are two hills on the islet. The higher of the two, at 901 m, is situated in the north-east, while the lower one is in the southern part. From a geological standpoint, the islet belongs to the western part of Prespa Lake, which was split in the past by tectonic movements. This was determined by comparing the elevation of the level top of the island with some parts of the western Prespa shore; they are at approximately the same elevation. Due to its limestone structure, the island Golem Grad is filled with numerous fissures through which all atmospheric water reaching the surface penetrates. Therefore, surface water courses or springs can not be found here. At certain points around the island, one can see fractured limestone blocks situated primarily near the vertical fissures. This leads to the conclusion that earthquakes in the past have moved the cliffs, and that the size of the island became smaller through time. The force of wave impacts also played a major role in this process. According to the latest data, dendroflora in the Park is comprised of 177 tree, shrub and semi-shrub species (formerly 176 until the discovery of Cotoneaster mariana [A. And. & V. And.,1995]). Fig. 1. Types of autochthonous tree species in National Park Galicica by growth habit.Form acc. to habit HeightNumber of speciesTall trees> 25 ì12Medium-tall trees12-25 ì39Short trees< 12 ì25Total trees76Tall shrubs> 2.5 ì16Medium-tall shrubs1-2.5 ì21Low shrubs< 1 ì25Total shrubs62Semi-shrubs21Climber (lianas, vines)14Semiparasites/epiphytes3176The geographical location, the relief, the diverse environmental conditions (orographic, geologic-petrographic, hydrographic, climatic, edaphic etc.), historical development, as well as past inordinate anthropo-zoogenic influences, caused the development of numerous forest and grass phytocoenoses on the mountain massif of Galicica, with a great number of relict, endemic and rare plant species which originate from the post-glacial period (i.e., Tertiary). In the high mountain area above the upper boundary of the forest zone, vast pasture phytocoenoses are present. One of the main characteristics of these communities is the rich floral composition, which includes a large number of sub-Mediterranean species (thus confirming the sub-Mediterranean climatic influence). The National Park Galicica includes 20 forest communities: 1. assn. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. (1939)subassn. Buxosumsubassn. Amygdaletum  webbii 2. assn. Phyllireo-Carpinetum orientalis Em. (1957) 3. assn. Quercetum macedonicae Em. (1959) 4. assn. Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. (1938) 5. assn. Seslerio-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. (1950) 6. assn. Ostryo-Quercetum cerris Em. (1968) 7. assn. Pruno webbii-Juniperutum excelsae Em. (1962) 8. assn. Juniperetum excelsae-foetidissimae Em. (1962) 9. assn. Quercetum frainetto-cerris Ht. (1959) 10. assn. Orno-Quercetum petraeae Em. (1968) 11. assn. Orno-Quercetum cerris Em. (1964) 12. assn. Festuco heterophylae-Fagetum Em. (1965) 13. assn. Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em. (1965) 14. assn. Abieti-Fagetum Em. (1985) 15. assn. Aceri obtusati-Ostryo-Fagetum Jov. (1967) 16. assn. Seslerio-Fagetum Ble. et Lak. (1970) 17. assn. Fagetum subalpinum Em. (1961) 18. assn. Juglando-Aesculetum hippocastani Mat. et Nik. (1976) 19. assn. Fraxino-Alnetum glutinosae Lj. Mic. (1978)20. assn. Salici-Populetum albo-nigrae et nudumAccording to R. Rizovski and Lj. Micevski, the following grass (pasture) phytocoenoses can be found on the mountain massif of Galicica:  1. assn. Asyneumo-Stipetum mediterranae Ht. (1960)2. assn. Onobrichydo-Fastucetum cyllenicae Ht. (1936)3. assn. Peucedano-Festucetum paniculatae Ht. (1937)4. assn. Morino-Stipetum mediterranae Riz. (1976)5. assn. Geranio-Poetum violaceae Ht. (1935)6. assn. Seslerietum wettsteinii Ht. (1937)7. assn. Edraeantho-Helianthemetum balcanici Ht. (1935)8. assn. Phleo-Poetum alpinae Ht. (1936)In the high mountain area, in addition to the above grass (pasture) communities, other communities can also be found, according to R. Rizovski:9. assn. Saxifrago-Potentilletum speciosae Ht. (1937)          10. assn. Drypetum linneanae Ht. (1931)          11. assn. Rindero-Acantholimetum Que. (1964)          12. assn. Calamagrosti-Genistetum radiatae et nudum          13. assn. Helianthemo-Seslerietum et nudumIn the hilly-mountain area of this mountain massif, according to R. Rizovski and Lj. Micevski, the following grass (pasture) phytocoenoses can be found: 1. assn. Helianthemo-Euphorbietum thessalae K. Mic. (1972)2. assn. Teucrio-Arthemitiesum lobelli K. Mic. (1970)3. assn. Asphodelo-Pterydietum Em. (1967)4. assn. Genisto-Agrostidetum byzanthianae K. Mic. (1978)From this data we can conclude that within the National Park Galicica, there are 37 plant communities of which 20 are forest communities. The great floral richness of the Galicica massif and National Park represents a natural treasure, ranking this landscape among the richest in plant communities and plant species, not only in our country but also in the wider Balkans. The National Park Galicica is characterised by many relict and endemic plant species. Important relict species include: Aesculus hippocastanum, Crocus cvijici, Ramonda serbica, Morina persica, Phelipaea boissieri, Berberis croatica etc. Within the boundaries of the Park are typical sites (Locus typicus) for 20 species of Cormophyta, 12 of which are local endemic species. These include: Bupleurum mayeri, Centaurea galicicae, Centaurea tomorosii, Centaurea soskae, Nepeta ernesti-mayeri, Laserpitium ochridanum, Helichrysum zivojini, Edrianthus horvatii, Festuca galicicae, Micromeria kosanini etc.List of Endemic Floral Species of Galicica Mountain1.Astragalus mayeri Micevski (1970)2.Bupleurum mayeri Micevski (1990)3.Centaurea galicicae Micevski (1985)4.Centaurea soskae Hayek (1926)5.Centaurea tomorosii Micevski (1985)6.Crocus cvijici Kosanin (1926)7.Dianthus galicicae Micevski (1987)8.Dianthus ochridanus Micevski (1987)9.Festuca galicicae Horvat (1978)10.Helichrysum zivojini Cernaevski & Soska (1943)11.Laserpitum ochridanum Micevski (1981)12.Micromeria kosanini Silic (1979)13.Nepeta ernesti-mayeri Diklic & Nikolic (1977)14.Cotoneaster mariana Andonovski (1996)From a faunal standpoint, the biodiversity richness of Galicica Mountain, compared with other mountains, is much more impressive. Only a few invertebrate groups which play important roles in any natural ecosystem that should be protected and managed shall be included in this discussion.The Subphylum Branchiata, with its single Class, Crustacea, is well represented in both the moving and the stagnant temporary water bodies of Galicica Mountain. From the Subclass Branchiopoda, representatives of three Orders (fairy shrimps, tadpole shrimps and clam shrimps) have shown a unique, simultaneous appearance in the same temporary pool, "Crvena Bara" (Petkovski, 1993). From the Subclass Ostracoda (water fleas), the species Heterocypris erikae and Heterocypris incongruens are endemic species for Galicica Mountain, with a disjunctive distribution restricted to the temporary pools of Galicica (Petkovski, 1998).The Subclass Malacostraca is represented by all three freshwater Orders (Amphipoda, Isopoda and Decapoda) (Karaman, 1973, 1974, 1976). From the Order Amphipoda (scuds), the following four taxa: Gammarus rambouseki, Niphargus maximus petkovskii, Niphargus sanctinaumi and Niphargus stankoi have been determined to be endemics, present only in the Galicica Mountain's springs and streams (Karaman, 1973, 1974). The Order Decapoda (crayfishes) is represented by the stream crayfish, Austropotamobius torrentium macedonicus, which is a Macedonian endemic taxon (Karaman, 1976).From the Subphylum Tracheata, the Class Insecta is represented by the largest number of species. For this discussion, however, only representatives of the Order Lepidoptera (butterflies) which are completely investigated will be included. Through an examination of butterfly composition and diversity, we can make relatively good assumptions about the total invertebrate fauna, since butterflies are a major portion of the total composition as well as being very strong bioindicators of the status of other invertebrate groups.The Family Noctuidae (moths) are represented by 347 species, which is 75% of the entire Macedonian moth fauna (468 species [Thurner, 1964]). At first glance, this paradoxically high diversity is not impressive, because Macedonia itself has an extremely rich moth fauna compared with other countries. According to data given by Thurner (1964),  the entire country of Albania possess only 225 species of moths, which is far less than the number of species present only on Galicica Mountain itself. Unfortunately, because of the lack of similar complete investigations for Greece or Bulgaria, we are not able to make a comparative analysis with these neighbouring countries. Another interesting fact is that, of the eight Macedonian endemic moth species, seven are present on Galicica Mountain.The butterflies of the tribe Microlepidoptera are represented by 695 species (Klimesch, 1968). This is much more than the Microlepidopteran fauna of any other mountain in the Balkans or Europe. Twelve of these species are Macedonian endemic taxa, six of which are present exclusively on Galicica Mountain.Daniel (1964), in his study on the Bombycid and Sphingid butterflies and moths of Macedonia, recognized 156 species for Galicica Mountain. Six Macedonian endemic species are present on the Mountain, two of which are restricted entirely to Galicica.The butterflies of the Family Geometridae are represented with 232 species. Three of them are Macedonian endemics, and two of these are restricted to Galicica Mountain (Pinker, 1968).Finally, Thurner (1964) and Schaider & Jaksic (1989), investigating the diurnal butterflies of the groups Rhopalocera and Grypocera, recorded the presence of 143 species for Galicica Mountain, which is 76% of the total number of species known for Macedonia (total of 199 species).To summarise, the total number of butterfly species present on Galicica Mountain is 1,644, which is an enormous concentration of butterfly diversity present in a very restricted area.The Subphylum Vertebrata represents the Phylum Chordata in the fauna of Galicica Mountain. Because of their high level of complexity and diversity of features, the vertebrates entail the most significant group of the animal kingdom.The Class Pisces (fishes), is almost absent on Galicica Mountain itself.  There is a paucity of large mountain streams emptying into Lakes Prespa and Ohrid. The springs of St. Naum and the Biljanini Springs are situated very close to the shore of Lake Ohrid, so do not form large streams. Therefore, it will be more convenient to conclude that Galicica Mountain does not possess its own fish fauna.The Class Amphibia is represented by 11 species (Sidorovska et al., unpublished data). The species Rana graeca, as well as the subspecies Pelobates syriacus balcanicus, Bombina variegata scabra, Triturus vulgaris graecus and Triturus carnifex macedonicus, are Balkan endemics.The Class Reptilia on Galicica Mountain is represented by 21 species (Petkovski et al., unpublished data). The species Algyroides nigropunctatus, as well as the subspecies Testudo hermani boettgeri, Emys orbicularis hellenica, Cyrtodactylus kotschyi skopjensis, Ablepharus kitaibellii stepaneki, Lacerta agilis bosnica, Podarcis erhardii riveti and Podarcis muralis albanica, are Balkan endemics. The total number of amphibians and reptiles on Galicica Mountain sum to 30 species. It is surprising that this mountain shows such a high level of herpetological diversity. This richness is higher than in northern European countries (Finland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland and Great Britain) and is at approximately the same level as the middle European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria and Switzerland).The Class Aves (birds) on Galicica Mountain, including the shore areas of Lakes Ohrid and Prespa, is represented by 260 species, which is 84% of the total Macedonian ornithofauna (Micevski, 1988, 1992, 1997, 1998; Vasic, pers. comm.).The Class Mammalia (mammals) on Galicica Mountain, according to Petkovski & Krystufek (1998) and Krystufek & Petkovski (1999), is represented by 51 species, which is 62% of the total mammal fauna of Macedonia.List of Endemic Fauna Species of Galicica MountainCRUSTACEA: OSTRACODA1.Heterocypris erikae Petkovski & Keyser (1995)2.Candona paloskii Petkovski & Scharf (1998)CRUSTACEA: AMPHIPODA1.Gammarus rambouseki Karaman (1931)2.Niphargus maximus petkovskii Karaman (1963)3.Niphargus sanctinaumi Karaman (1943)4.Niphargus stankoi Karaman (1973)CHELICERATA: PSEUDOSCORPIONES1.Neobisium ohridanum Hadzi (1940)CHELICERATA: OPILIONES1.Siro ohridanum Hadzi (1973)MYRIAPODA: DIPLOPODA1.Acanthopetalum thessalorum lychnitis Verhoeff (1932)INSECTA: ORTHOPTERA1.Ramburiella turcomana Fisher (1833)2.Poecilimon chapardi Ramme (1933)INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA (MICROLEPIDOPTERA)1.   Parachronistis lunaki Rebel (1941)2.  Cariocolum xuthellum Rebel (1941)3.   Pantacordis pantsa Gozmany (1963)4. Coleophora macedonica Toll (1959)5. Coleophora scabrida Toll (1959)6. Buculatrix pseudosylvella Rebel (1941)INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA (GEOMETRIDAE)1.Calostigia wolfschlageri Pinker (1938)2.Chesias pinkeri Schawerda (1939)INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA (BOMBYCIDAE & SPHINGIDAE)1.Zygaena achilleae winnenguthi Holik (1937)2.Zygaena brizae ochrida, Holik (1937)3.Euproctis rivularis dannehli Daniel (1964)4.Bankesia macedoniella Rebel (1917)INSECTA: LEPIDOPTERA (NOCTUIDAE)1.Hadena clara macedonica Boursin (1959)2.Agrochola thurneri Boursin (1953)3.      Porphyrinia thurneri Zerny (1936)


DOCUMENTATION:
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Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp. 1-177.Karaman, S. 1922. Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Mazedonien. Glasnik Hrv. prir. drustva, Zagreb, 34 (3).Karaman, S. 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Hrvatska stamparija, Split.Karaman, S. 1928. III. Prilog herpetologiji Jugoslavije. Glasnik Skop. Nauc. Drus., 4.Karaman, S. 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karaman, B. 1987. Les Odonates du Lac de Prespa (Macedoine, Yugoslavie) I partie: La composition qualitative et L'analyse zoogeographique de la Faune. Ann. Fac. Sci. Nat., Biol. Skopje. 37/38: 97-110.Krystufek, B & S. Petkovski. 1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press. London, San Diego, pp. 1-484.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig.Matvejev, S. & A. Dimovski. 1955. Ornithologische Forzschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arhiv Biol. nauka, Beograd. 7(1-2): 121-129.Mertzanis, Y., D. Bousbouras & S. Bourdakis. 2000. Status of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations and habitat in the area of Prespa Lakes. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 56-65. Micevski, B. 1988. Ornitofauna na nekoi biotopi vo Nacionalniot Park "Galicica". Aktivus, 7: 13-18.Micevski, B. 1992. Strukturni i faunisticki karakteristiki na rimskata ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero-makedonski del. God. zb., Biol., Skopje 45: 51-55.Micevski B. & M. Scneider-Jacoby. 1997. Zimski cenzus na vodnite ptici na makedonskata strana na Prespanskoto Ezero vo januari 1997 godina (so nivna valorizacija i analiza na struktura i ishrana). Medjunaroden Simpozium "Kon integralna zastita i odrzliv razvoj na transgranicnite ezera Golema i Mala Prespa", 24-26 oktomvri, Korca, pp. 52-57.Micevski, B. 1998. Ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero. Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija, Vest, Skopje, pp. 1-60.Micevski, B. 2000. Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 78-85. Micevski, B. 2002. Inventory of Macedonian Wetlands as natural resources, BSPSM's Special Edition (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia), Skopje, 2.Micevski B. 2000. CORINE Biotopes in Macedonia, Zoological Dept., Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Skopje. Micevski B. & M. Velevski. 2002. Kulturnoto nasledstvo na vodnite zivealista, Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite vo Makedonija, Skopje.Micevski, K. 1969. Vodna vegetacija na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientarum Naturalium, 4(94): 61-80.Micevski, K. 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1): 1-152.Micevski, K. 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2): 153-391.Micevski, K. 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3): 503-548. Micevski, K. 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K. 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Naumovski, M. 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp. 1-162.Peters, G. & H. Hackethal. 1986. Notizien uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18(5): 125-128.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek. 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-170.Radovanovic, M. 1964. Die Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Jugoslawien. Senc. Biol., Franfurt am Main, 45, 3/5.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen, pp. 1-82.Thurner, J. 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawisch Mazedonien. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.

QUALITY:
Being an integral part of the Lake Prespa region, the Ezerani Reserve is of special scientific and research significance and has a special zoological purpose. Due to its great ornithological importance (a nesting place for waterfowl and migratory birds), Ezerani has been placed on the list of the most important ornithological sites in Europe and, from 1995, also on the Ramsar Convention List of the most important wetlands in the world (Ramsar Site - Lake Prespa).  Other important species of flora and fauna - Motivation DFrom the standpoint of flora within the Republic of Macedonia, Ezerani is the only location where the species Aldrovanda vesiculosa is found.  It is one of five known sites for the following species: Trapa natans, Nymphoides pelatta, Rumex palustris, Rumex hydrolapathum, Beckmania eruciformis and Corrigiola litoralis. The species Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Salvinia natans, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Utricularia neglecta belong to the category of locally endangered plant species.

DESIGNATION:
1. Law on Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lake Conservation (Official Gazette of SRM No. 45/77)The Law proclaims the three Lakes as natural monuments of special importance for the society and, as such, are under special protection. The Law regulates the goal of protection of the lakes, the measures of protection and the penal provisions for lawbreakers.  2. Law on Proclaiming the Ornithological site "Ezerani" in the Lake Prespa Area as a Strictly Protected Natural Reserve (Official Gazette of RM No. 37/96) 3. Decision on Selection of an Organisation to Protect, Manage and Maintain the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani in the Lake Prespa Area (Official Gazette of RM No. 60/97)            4. Decision on an Amendment to the Decision on Selection of an Organisation to Protect, Manage and Maintain the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani in the Lake Prespa Area (Official Gazette of RM No. 38/98) 5. Agreement on Management of the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani between BSPSM (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia) and the Ministry of Urban Planning, Construction and Environment No. 14-53 of 09 January 1988

OTHERCHARACT:
The Strictly Protected Natural Reserve "Ezerani" covers the northern shore of Lake Prespa, which is situated in the westernmost part of the Republic of Macedonia.  It is located at the junction of the borders of Macedonia, Greece and Albania - in the tectonic valley between Baba and Galicica Mountains. Lake Prespa belongs to the group of lakes developed as separated water bodies by means of tectonic movements during the Pliocene. Besides its unusual geological development, this Ramsar Site is also characterised by uncommon biological diversity (ecosystems and species). In particular, Lake Prespa, its watershed and the flooded terrain of Ezerani make up an integral unit consisting of several natural ecosystems (lake, coastal, river, wetland, grass and forest). The lake occupies the greatest part of the Prespa Valley, however. The most interesting part of Lake Prespa is the section from Sir Han to the village of Asamati, where the Reserve Ezerani is located.  Ezerani covers 2,080 ha and includes a portion of the lake up to 10 m in depth. This part of the shoreline is characterised by a shallow water depth, frequent sandbars parallel to the beach and a marshy shore with a broad reed belt. Here, all species of birds found in the Lake Prespa region build nests, feed, rest and take shelter.In the near shore part of the lake, including within the Reserve, floating vegetative communities develop, such as the assn. Myriophyllo-Nupharetum W. Koch (1926), subassn. Potametosum lucentis Micev. (1969), assn. Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slav. (1956), assn. Potameto-Vallisnerietum Br. Bl. (1931), and assn. Lemno-Spirodelletum polyrhizae W. Koch (1954), subassn. Aldrovandetosum Micev. (1969), of which the survival of the last one mentioned is endangered by the retreat of the lake. This locality represents the one and only site of the very interesting insectivorous plant, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, within the territory of Macedonia. This species has a disjunctive range of distribution in Europe. In addition, the rare species Trapa natans, Utricularia neglecta, Spirodella polyrrhiza, Salvinia natans, Hydrocharis morsus ranae etc. can also be found here. In the area between Ezerani and Asamati, near the shore of the lake, the endangered species Beckmannia eruciformis can be found.Near the village of Ezerani is an interesting flooded forest called Korija, which has natural stands of willow and alder. There are vast wet meadows on the site of Ezerani which represent an important food source to a considerable number of migratory birds.  There are approximately 200 species of birds, of which 105 are waterfowl, in the Lake Prespa region. Of this group, two species are endangered according to the World List of Endangered Bird Species (species of global conservation concern): Pelecanus crispus (Dalmatian pelican) and Aythya nyroca. Forty-five species are included on the List of Strictly Protected Species under the Bern Convention and it is forbidden to catch, possess, kill or trade them (Dalmatian pelican, white pelican, pygmy cormorant, bittern, sandwich tern, night heron, squacco heron, purple heron, spoonbill, glossy ibis, white stork, black stork, greater flamingo, osprey, black kite, white-tailed eagle etc.). Of the list of 24 strictly protected species of international importance under the Bonn Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, three species are found in the Reserve area (Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus onocrotalus and Haliaetus albicilla). Considering the Red List of globally endangered wild plant and animal species published by the United Nations (1995), three species of birds (out of 14 total), are found in the area of the Ezerani Reserve (Pelecanus crispus, Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Haliaetus albicilla). The list of 48 bird species under permanent protection of the National Natural Rarities Protection Institute includes 17 bird species found in Lake Prespa region.


DOCUMENTATION:
Anastasovski, V. et al. 1999. Sektorska studija: Zastita na prirodnoto nasledstvo za potrebite za izrabotka na Prostorniot plan na Republika Makedonija, Zavod za zivotna sredina, Ministerstvo za zivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje.Anastasovski, V. & B. Micevski. 1996. Nacionalen ekoloski akcionen plan (NEAP) za Makedonija, tema 12: Biodiverzitetot i upravuvanjeto so zastitenite podracja vo Republika Makedonija, Republicki zavod za zastita na prirodnite retkosti, Skopje.Apostolski, K., N. Petrovski, O. Popovska & M. Sidorovski. 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Apostolski, K. 1958. Ribolov vo naseki na Dojranskoto Ezero. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc. Maced., Skopje 2(5): 83-101.Apostolski, K. 1968. Prilog kon izucuvanjeto na populaciite na ribite vo Dojranskoto Ezero. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc.Maced., Skopje 4(2): 1-30.Apostolski, K. & S. Matvejev. 1955. Lov riba u ogradama pomocu ptica na Dojranskom Jezeru. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc. Maced., Skopje 1(3): 29-89.Bolkay, S. 1924. Popis vodozemaca i gmizavca, koje se nalaze u bos.-herc. Zemaljskom muzeju u Sarajevu s morfoloskim, bioloskim i zoogeografskim biljeskama. Spomenik Srpske Kraljevske Akademije, LXI. Beograd.Bornmuller, J. 1925. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 59: 294-504, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J. 1926a. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 60: 1-125, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J. 1926b. Bearbeitung der von H. Burgeff und Th. Herzog in den Kriegsjahren 1916/18 in Mazedonien gesammelten Pflanzen, I. ABZ, Jahrg., 32: 16-37.Bornmuller, J. 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbucher, 61: 1-136.Cirimotic, J. 1958. Prilog poznavanju flore planine Dub kod Dojranskog Jezera. God. Sum. Inst., 3: 175-210, Skopje.Dangel, M. 1973. Ornithologische Beobachtungen am Dojran-See. Orn. Mitt., 26: 133-141.Daniel, F. 1964. Die Lepidipteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje 2: 1-75.Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. - In: Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V. eds. "Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja", Bioloski fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd.Dzukic, G., M. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska. 2001. General remarks on Batracho- and Herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 195-204.Georgiev, S. 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp. 1-177.Karaman, B. 1981. Contribution a La Connaissance de la Faune des Odonates du Lac de Doiran. God. Zb. Biol., Skopje 34: 215-223.Karaman, S. 1922. Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Mazedonien. Glasnik Hrv. prir. drustva, Zagreb, 34(3).Karaman, S. 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Hrvatska stamparija, Split.Karaman, S. 1928. III. Prilog herpetologiji Jugoslavije. Glasnik Skop. Nauc. Drus., 4.Karaman, S. 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karvounaris, D. 1973. Biological and fishing observations in Lake Doirani (Ellenic part). Hellenic Oceanography and Limnology. 11: 665-714.Krystufek, B & S. Petkovski. 1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press. London, San Diego, pp. 1-484.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig.Matvejev, S. & A. Dimovski 1955. Ornithologische Forzschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arhiv Biol. nauka, Beograd. 7(1-2): 121-129.Micevski, B. 1991. Analiza na faunistickiot sostav i struktura na zimskata ornitofauna na Dojranskoto Ezero. God.zb., Biol., Skopje. 43/44: 65-73.Micevski, B. 2002. Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources, BSPSM's Special Edition (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia), Skopje, no. 2. Micevski, B. 2002. CORINE Biotopes in Macedonia, Zoological Dept., Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Skopje.Mcevski, B. & M. Velevski. 2002. Kulturnoto nasledstvo na vodnite zivealista, Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite vo Makedonija, Skopje, 1-25.Micevski, K. 1963. Vodnata i blatnata vegetacija na Dojranskoto Ezero. Acta Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., 8(76): 175-192.Micevski, K. 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1): 1-152Micevski, K. 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2): 153-391Micevski, K. 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3): 503-548 Micevski, K. 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113Micevski, K. 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Naumovski, M. 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp. 1-162.Naumovski, M. 1991. Ribite i ribarstvoto na Dojranskoto Ezero. In: Gasevski (Ed.): Sostojbite i perspektivite za zastita na Dojranskoto Ezero. Zbornik na trudovi. DEM., Skopje. pp. 120-130.Peters, G. & H. Hackethal. 1986. Notizien uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18(5): 125-128.Petkovski, S. 1999. Restavracija na Dojranskoto Ezero. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-169.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek. 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-170.Radovanovic, M. 1964. Die Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Jugoslawien. Senc. Biol., Franfurt am Main, 45, 3/5.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen pp. 1-82.Stojanov, R. 2002. Dojransko Ezero - fenomen na prirodata, Ministerstvo za `ivotna sredina i prostorno planirawe, Skopje, 1-40.Thurner, J. 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawisch Mazedonien. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.

QUALITY:
Scientific evidence shows that the Lake is unique in the region and beyond as a result of its natural characteristics. The plentiful natural supply of micronutrients in Dojran Lake (some 50 determined so far) is due to the geological location of the Lake and its tectonic-volcanic genesis.Bathing in the Lake for medicinal purposes has been known since the beginning of the development of civilisation in this region. This has been confirmed by the rich archaeology of the settlements around the lake.One of the interesting uses of the reeds which forms belts along the shore (which, incidentally, also has multiple roles in the conservation and normal functioning of the aquatic ecosystem), is its use as the main construction material for fish traps employed in an ancient local fishing method. This unique fishing practice, dating from the time of Ancient Macedonia, consists of special tools, techniques, innovations, equipment, and an excellent knowledge of the ecology of birds, fish and plants. Fishermen used to collect 20,000 to 30,000 kg of fish from just one "mandra". A mandra is an area of the lake fenced with reeds. In the period from 1960-1980, the number of "mandras" was 10; after 1980 it began to decline and finally in 1990, resulting from the unfavourable hydrological situation within the lake, this fishing technique disappeared.From the aspect of biodiversity richness, Dojran Lake is characterised by very important faunal elements which can be found only in this Lake's ecosystem (endemic species). The extinction of these species and subspecies from the Lake will mean their total disappearance from the planet Earth.Although the recent situation for endemic taxa in Dojran Lake is considerably degraded, there is still a basic genetic stock of these taxa remaining, which is essential for their complete restoration. An analysis of biodiversity from an ecological point of view reveals a drastic reduction in the abundance of both individual taxa, as well as entire biocoenoses. For example, there has been a significant reduction in the qualitative composition of the phytoplankton community, which has resulted in an explosion of the populations of other taxa, further negatively affecting the entire balance of the lake ecosystem. Results from paleo-ecological analyses suggest that the process of eutrophication with Lake Dojran has been occurring for a long period.  Nevertheless, due to human influence, eutrophication has dramatically increased from 1988 to the present. The results of the analyses also indicate that ecological thresholds have already been exceeded and the pace of ecological change will increase. Due to the reduction in the abundance of the invertebrate benthic community, on the one hand, and the increase in phytoplankton production on the other, thick deposits of dead organic material (dead phytoplankton) have begun to occur on the Lake bottom, resulting in intensive bacterial decomposition activity. Consequently, a large portion of the benthic oxygen supply is being used in aerobic decomposition, which is contributing to the death of the benthic community and the extension of the area of dead shells. The demineralisation of the dead shells increases the amounts of calcium, carbon and other nutrients in the water, which may bring about further eutrophication.An increase in the populations of those fish species which feed on zoobenthos and zooplankton is usual in eutrophic waters such as Dojran Lake. This contributes to trophic cascade.Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna - Motivation DRegarding flora, the species Nymphaea alba may have already become extinct. The species Nuphar lutea, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, and Salvinia natans are now considered to be locally endangered. Populations of the species Najas marina, Butomus umbellatus, Cyperus longus, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spiralis are reduced and have poor biological vitality.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lake Conservation (Official Gazette of SRM, No. 45/1977)       The Law proclaims the three lakes as natural monuments of special importance for the society and, as such, are placed under special protection. This law regulates the goal of protection of the lakes, the measures of protection and the penal provisions for lawbreakers.

OTHERCHARACT:
Lake Dojran is the smallest tectonic lake in the Republic of Macedonia. It is situated in the south-eastern part of the country, on the border with Greece, and occupies an area 43.1 km2. The western, and larger portion (27.3 km2) belongs to the Republic of Macedonia, while the eastern, smaller part (15.8 km2) belongs to the Republic of Greece. The level of the water surface is at about 148 m above sea level. It is a shallow lake, with its greatest depth being only several meters.Results obtained from investigations in the Dojran Basin and its surroundings reveal that Dojran Lake was formed in the Neogene-Quaternary and is of tectonic - volcanic genesis. The Lake is a natural rarity and unique in the region and elsewhere.  Lake Dojran is a remnant of the former Pleistocene Peonic Lake which occupied an area of  approximately 127 km2. Dojran Lake is located on the main tectonic regional fault which extends from south of Halkidiki, north to Belgrade and beyond, where it is covered by young sedimentary geological formations. This fault represents the border between the Rodop Massive and the Vardar zone.The Lake was formed by neo-tectonic movements, with uplift and subsidence of the blocks, which in the North Aegean region had an amplitude of 5 km. It was at that time that the valleys and the mountains in the region were formed. On their margins, magmatic-volcanic activity appeared, particularly along the main intersecting tectonic faults. This was also the case with the formation of the Dojran ridge (basin). This activity is still taking place and is manifested by seismic activity. Mineralisation of the lake sediments and the lake water resulted from volcanic and post-volcanic activity in the Neogene-Quaternary period, over the course of a long interval of time. Volcanic activity continues to manifest itself with increased intensity, including the presence of fumaroles and solfataras, as well as hydrothermal geyseric activity in the Dojran Basin and in the general region.Magmatic and post-volcanic activity in the basin and its surroundings and the favourable climatic conditions for mineralisation, enrich the lake sediments. The underwater substrate on the western shore contain organic materials and various macro- and micronutrients. The dissolved minerals and elements in the lake waters facilitate the rapid breakdown of organic materials and the prolific development of flora and fauna in the basin. In addition, the growth of civilisation around the lake and in the region allowed it to become a universal cultural heritage from prehistoric times to the present day.The recent biodiversity of the Dojran Valley is composed mainly of Mediterranean species, while northern (central European) and eastern, steppic elements are present in smaller proportions. These elements are distributed such that the Mediterranean ones occupy the plain and hilly regions along the edge of the valley, as well as the Lake itself, while northern elements are present on the mountain of Belasica. This distribution was present as early as the Pleistocene glaciations, during which time warmer and colder phases had interchanged.In addition to the Mediterranean, central-European and eastern faunal elements, Dojran Lake and Valley possess their own specific taxa, i.e., their endemic fauna. Such fauna were established in part as residuals of the old relict fauna, and in part through speciation and adaptation to their specific circumstances. In terms of numbers, they are not as abundant as the endemic fauna of Prespa or Ohrid Lakes, which is a logical result of the shallow depth of Dojran Lake. 1. FloraDue to its geographical position, configuration of the terrain, climatic characteristics etc., Lake Dojran represents an aquatic ecosystem characterised by quite dense and interesting vegetation. According to the data by Micevski (1963),  seven phytocoenoses, of which five are aquatic and two are marsh communities, have been recorded in the lake and along its shoreline. Among the particularly important marsh communities are the assn. Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch (1926) and assn. Cyperetum longi Micev. (1957), as well as fragments of the assn. Glycerieto-Sparganion Br. Bl. et Siss. (1942), which originally developed behind the reed belt but today is totally destroyed.Floating aquatic vegetation is represented by the assn. Lemno-Spirodelletum polyrhizae W. Koch (1954), subassn. Salvinetosum natantis W. Koch (1954), and the assn. Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slav. (1956), which also developed behind the reed belt in sheltered places well protected from the waves, but today is almost totally destroyed. Underwater (submergent) vegetation is represented by the assn. Potamo-Najadetum Horvatich et Micev. (1958) and the assn. Potameto-Vallisnerietum Br. Bl. (1931), subassn. Potametosum perfoliati Horvatich et Micev. (1958).By 1988, the microfloral component of Dojran Lake consisted of 257 phytoplanktonic and periphytonic taxa. The role of the main producers of organic matter in the Lake's ecosystem is played by the planktonic algae - the phytoplankton. The organic matter produced provides the raw material for organic synthesis in other aquatic organisms. Thus, phytoplankton is the initial link in the series of nutritional chains in the Lake. Dojran Lake used to be characterised by a very rich and diverse periphyton community, considered to be a specific ecological association (Stojanovski, 1983, 1991; Stojanovski et al., 1996). The uncontrolled discharge of water from Dojran Lake in 1988 resulted in drastic qualitative and quantitative changes in the phytoplanktonic and periphytonic microfloral communities (Stojanovski et al., 1996).Further decreases in the Lake's water level and ongoing changes in various ecological parameters (leading to reduced competition), resulted in the development of numerous individual taxa. In 1996, the Lake developed an intense red colour due to the prevalence of the dinoflagellate, Ceratium hirundinella, a form known for its high concentration of ichthyotoxins. In further research prompted by accelerated changes in the Lake ecosystem, Stojanovski pointed out the overriding presence of the thread-like green algae, Spyrogira, a dependable biological indicator of the next phase in the ecological succession of  Lake Dojran.The macrophytic vegetation of Dojran Lake, including both aquatic and emergent forms, is rather poor in number of species. Micevski (1963) lists 46 total species of plants, of which about thirty species are wetland plants, while the rest are accompanying floral elements. The most frequently observed submergent plants are: Ceratophyllum demersum, Najas marina, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Myriophyllum spicatum, Vallisneria spiralis and Najas minor. The species Najas minor is limited to the shallow margins of the Lake, while Myriophyllum spicatum, present  in almost all communities, is most prevalent at a depth of 40 cm. Ceratophyllum demersum grows profusely at a depth of more than 40 cm, forming large under-water meadows.Najas marina and Potamogeton perfoliatus both occur in almost equal numbers in the lower and deeper parts of the Lake, with the only difference being that Najas marina penetrates to a depth of three meters, while Potamogeton perfoliatus reaches even greater depths.The most prevalent of the marsh plants is the common reed (Phragmites australis), which forms a belt around the Lake and penetrates into the lake itself. The following species are also frequently found: Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia and Sparganium neglectum. The tropic-subtropic species, Paspalum distichum ssp. paspalodes, grows abundantly, forming large green carpets on the wet soil near the shore. The recent status of the littoral zone is characterised by a significant reduction in macrophytic vegetative communities, not only in their frequency, but also the abundance of specimens of individual floral species. Most noticeable is the absence of the dense underwater meadows of Vallisneria spiralis, Ceratophyllum demersum and other low mat-forming submergent vegetation that used to adorn the littoral zone of  Dojran Lake.In the wider zone of the Dojran Basin, the community of Carpineto-Cocciferetum dominates, which is characterised  by Carpinus orientalis and Quercus coccifera, with significant numbers of Fraxinius ornus, Celtis australis, Cornus mass, Juniperus excelssa, Juniperus communis, Quercus pubescens etc.2. FaunaThe biodiversity of Dojran Lake and Valley is complex, from both taxonomic and ecological points of view.Porifera (sponges) in Macedonia are represented by the Family Spongillidae (Incalcaria: Cornacuspongida), with a total of nine taxa, six of which are endemic to Macedonia - four in Ohrid Lake and one each in Prespa and Dojran Lakes. With regard to Lake Dojran, Hadzisce (1953), mentions the presence of three species, including the endemic Dojran sponge, Spongilla carteri dojranensis.Within the Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms), representatives of the Classes Turbellaria and Cestoda have been noted in Lake Dojran. Krstanovski (1994) points out the presence of seven species of the Order of Tricladida (Turbellaria), all of which have a wider area of distribution. The Tricladid fauna of Dojran Lake is notably scarce, especially when compared to that of Ohrid Lake, with a total number of 23 registered species (17 of which are endemic), or when compared to Lake Baikal, where as many as 80 endemic Tricladid species have been recorded.The Phylum Nemathelminthes from Dojran Lake is well known, particularly the Classes Rotatoria and Nematoda. Popovska-Stankovic (1990) identified the presence of 52 taxa from the Class Rotatoria in the plankton community of Dojran Lake. Recent studies have recorded only six taxa, which represents a drastic reduction in the qualitative composition. Two of the six registered taxa are new for Dojran Lake.The Phylum Mollusca is a group of organisms consisting of a relatively high number of species. According to Roding (1966), Sapkarev (1975) and Stankovic (1985, 1991), the aquatic gastropod fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Dojran Lake is represented by 21 species, including the Dojran endemic snail, Graecanatolica macedonica. The Class Lamellibranchiata in Dojran Lake is represented by five species, the most outstanding of which is the species, Dreissena polymorpha (Angelov, 1971; Stankovic, 1951). Dreissena shells are present in masses in the shore zone of Dojran Lake.For the Phylum Annelida in Dojran Lake, representatives of the Classes Oligochaeta and Hirudinea have been identified, including the Class Branchiobdelidae which, according to some authors, is merely a Family of the Class Oligochaeta. In this paper, Branchiobdelidae will be presented separately from Oligochaeta.Georgevitch (1955) studied the Branchiobdelidae occurring as epibionts of the species Astacus astacus balcanicus (Balkan river crab) and identified 15 species, 14 of which were new to science and also Dojran endemic species. The drastic decline of the population of the river crabs in Dojran Lake has affected the survival of the 14 Dojran endemic Branchiobdelidae.According to Hrabe (1958) and Sapkarev (1975, 1975a, 1975b, 1980, 1991), the Class Oligochaeta in the waters of Dojran Lake is represented by 22 species, including the Dojran endemic species, Isochaeta dojranensis. The Class Hirudinea, according to Sapkarev et al. (1991), is represented in Lake Dojran with 10 species.The Phylum Arthropoda is the largest in the animal kingdom. Thus, in the waters of Dojran Lake, as well as in the Dojran Valley, Arthropoda are represented by the highest number of species.The Subphylum Branchiata, with the single Class Crustacea, is widely represented in the waters of Dojran Lake. Within the Subclass Branchiopoda, the Order Cladocera consists of a total of 25 species, mostly planktonic forms.  Studies of  cladocerans conducted in conjunction with this Project show that, in addition to the  25 recorded species, nine other species are present. They belong to the pelagic complex of planktonic organisms.The Subclass Copepoda in Dojran Lake used to be represented by all three freshwater Orders (Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida), with a total of 17 species, among which is the endemic Dojran cyclopoid, Microcyclops varicans dojranensis. At present, only eight species of copepods exist in Dojran Lake.Within the Subclass Ostracoda, nine species are known to be present in Dojran Lake.  Four of these are Dojran endemics. The Subclass Malacostraca (sea crabs) is represented in Dojran Lake by representatives from the Orders Amphipoda, Isopoda and Decapoda, totalling eight species. Among these is the endemic Dojran amphipod, Niphargus pancici dojranensis. Although the Malacostracan fauna of Dojran Lake is not rich in numbers of species, its abundance is strongly expressed in this aquatic ecosystem. The recent status of the representatives of this group is marked by a strong reduction in the populations of certain species.The Order Amphipoda is represented by three species, of which Orchestia cavicama and Gammarus triacanthus semiarmatus used to be very abundant in the littoral zone of the lake at depths to three metres. The current research recorded their presence only sporadically. The third species of Amphipoda - the Dojran endemic Niphargus pancici dojranensis - is not directly present in the waters of this lake. It is found in the springs area of the stream, Deribash, above Star Dojran.The Order Isopoda in Dojran is represented by two species, of which Asselus aquaticus balcanicus is still relatively well represented in the Lake waters. The second species of Isopoda, Stenasellus skopljensis meridionalis, inhabits the streams that flow into Dojran Lake.There are three species of the Order Decapoda recorded in Dojran Lake. Atyaephyra desmaresti stankoi, which was widely present throughout the submergent vegetation in the littoral zone of the Lake (reaching an abundance of 100 ind./m2 in the period before 1989), can now be found only sporadically. The situation with the other two species of decapod crabs is similar. The river crab (Astacus astacus balcanicus) and the Dojran crab (Potamon ibericum) used to be very abundant in the shoreline area and in the streams that flow into Dojran Lake.The Subphylum Tracheata has the highest number of species, and is divided into two Classes. Only a few belong to the Class Myriapoda, while most belong to the Class Insecta.The Order Odonata is widely represented in Dojran Lake. Karaman (1981), in his study of the Odonata of Dojran Lake, recorded the presence of 39 species. Peters & Hackethal (1986) have broadened the list to include three other species, bringing the total number of Odonata species in Dojran Lake to 42. This is 80% of the total recorded Odonata fauna for the Republic of Macedonia (out of a total of 52).Representatives of the Order Plecoptera are relatively well studied within the entire Republic of Macedonia, and in the Dojran region as well. Within the Dojran Valley, Ikonomov (1986) noted the presence of six species in streams that flow into Dojran Lake as part of his multi-year studies of the Plecopterans of Macedonia. The species Rhabdiopteryx doiranensis is a Dojran endemic, present only in the stream that flows into Dojran Lake in the area of Acikot. The species Brachyptera macedonica, described from the same location, is also found in the rivers Stara Reka (Dojran Valley) and Gradiska Reka (on the mountain Gradeska Planina), and is known as a Macedonian endemic. Capnioneura balcanica macedonica, another Macedonian endemic, is also described as being found in the streams of Acikot and in the rivers Stara Reka and Gradiska Reka.The Order Nematocera (mosquitoes) in Dojran Lake, both in numbers of species and individuals, is primarily represented by the Family Chironomidae (Hironomides). According to Angelovski & Sapkarev (1983), 51 species have been recorded in  Dojran Lake. The Hironomides fauna plays an important role in the benthic community of Dojran Lake.Of the Phylum Chordata, only representatives of the Subphylum Vertebrata are present in Dojran Lake and Dojran Valley fauna. Vertebrates make up the most important group in zoology, both for the complexity of their structures and for the richness and differentiation of their forms.The fish fauna of Dojran Lake is represented by 16 species, two taxa of which are Dojran endemics.From the Class Amphibia, nine species were identified within the Dojran Lake ecosystem (Sidorovska et al., 2001).  The newt, Triturus vulgaris, manifests neotenic characteristics only in Dojran Lake populations. The Balkan endemic species, Rana balcanica, has its greatest abundance in Dojran Lake.  Another Balkan endemic taxon,  Pelobates syriacus balcanicus, was described from material collected on the Dojran Lake shoreline.Within the Class Reptilia (reptiles), 23 species were noted for Dojran Lake and Valley (Petkovski et al., 2001). Of these, four species are directly connected with the water biotope of the lake, while the remaining 19 are present within the wider area of the Dojran Valley, where Mediterranean faunal elements dominate. The species Eryx jaculus was recorded for the first time in Macedonia at Dojran. This is the only European representative of the boa family.The Class Aves (birds) of Dojran Lake and Valley has still not been studied in detail. Micevski (1991) made a detailed analysis of the taxonomic structure of the winter ornithofauna of Dojran Lake, listing 17 species of water birds. Among these, the dominant species (according to their abundance) are Fulica atra and Aythia ferina. Sere & Ivanovski (pers. comm.) have broadened this list to 87 species, which covers the bird species from the wider Dojran Valley region.According to Petkovski & Krystufek (1998) and Krystufek & Petkovski (1999), the Class Mammalia (mammals), is represented in the Dojran Valley by 53 species, which is 64% of the total fauna of mammals in Macedonia. Of these, only a few species are directly connected with the water biotope of  Dojran Lake.3. Notable Ecological Characteristics 3.1. Endemic Taxa of Dojran Lake and ValleyDojran Lake and Valley are characterised by many important faunal elements specific only to this lake ecosystem and valley, i.e., endemic species. The destruction of these taxa from the lake and valley would mean an irretrievable loss for the planet Earth.Endemic taxa of Dojran Lake1.  Spongilla carteri dojranensis  Hadzisce (1953)2.  Graecanatolica macedonica  Radoman & Stankovic (1978)3.  Branchiobdella bidens  Georgevitch (1955)4.  Branchiobdella tridens  Georgevitch (1955)5.  Branchiobdella capito  Georgevitch (1955)6.  Cambarincola gastrix  Georgevitch (1955)7.  Cambarincola odontias  Georgevitch (1955)8.  Cambarincola dojranensis  Georgevitch (1955)9.  Pterodrilus bidens  Georgevitch (1955)10.  Pterodrilus megas  Georgevitch (1955)11.  Pterodrilus prion  Georgevitch (1955)12.  Pterodrilus megadont  Georgevitch (1955)13.  Xironogiton bidens  Georgevitch (1955)14.  Xironogiton dilatatus  Georgevitch (1955)15.  Xironogiton dolicoderos  Georgevitch (1955)16.  Xironodrilus crassus  Georgevitch (1955)17.  Isochaeta dojranensis  Hrabe (1958)18.  Microcyclops varicans dojranensis  Petkovski (1954)19.  Physocypria  inversa  Klie (1941)20.  Candona paionica  Petkovski (1958)21.  Candona angulata meridionalis  Petkovski (1958)22.  Limnocytere inopinata  Baird (1843) amend.  Petkovski (1959)23.  Niphargus pancici dojranensis  Karaman (1960)24.  Rhabdiopteryx doiranensis  Ikonomov (1983)25.  Rutilus rutilus dojranensis  Karaman (1928)26.  Scardinius erythrophtalmus dojranensis  Karaman (1924)According to this list, it is clear that Dojran Lake hosts a number of endemic taxa, although much fewer in comparison to Ohrid Lake.  In addition, Dojran endemics are mostly of a lower taxonomic category.3.2. The Zooplankton of Dojran LakeThe presence of 94 taxa from the faunal groups Protozoa (2), Rotatoria (52), Cladocera (24), Copepoda (14), Mollusca (1) and Insecta (1) were recorded in the  waters of the littoral and pelagic zones of  Dojran Lake until 1988. From an ecological consideration, zooplankton is a very important constituent of the trophic pyramid of Dojran Lake. This is especially true if we bear in mind the fact that it is one of three main dietary components for the economically important fish species of Dojran Lake: Alburnus alburnus macedonicus, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus rutilus dojranensis and Perca fluviatilis macedonica (Popovska-Stankovic, 1968, 1971, 1977).3.3. The Benthos of Lake DojranThe most appropriate biological indicators of freshwater ecosystem succession are the changes in faunal composition of the Lake bottom over the course of time. The fauna of the Lake has undergone dramatic changes over the last several years. For example, there has been a drastic reduction in the abundance of Oligochaeta (from 2,000 to 200 ind./m2) and Chironomidae larvae (from 2,000 to 200 ind./m2). The populations of nematodes have maintained a relatively constant level. The only group that is thriving as a result of the recent changes within the Lake is the Ostracoda, which has seen an average increase from 100 ind./m2 to 900 ind./m2. This is due, in part, to the detrivorous feeding habit of a large number of ostracod taxa.The benthic habitat of the Lake is now largely unfavourable for many species that used to be abundant, especially Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. This could be connected with the overproduction of algae in the water, which leads to de-oxygenation of the benthic zone, and/or with increased deposits of degraded  Dreissena polymorpha shells, which are not a suitable substrate for these groups of organisms. In addition, the major portion of the benthic fauna of the Lake now occurs primarily in areas where mollusc shells (especially Dreissena polymorpha) are not found.  Areas without mollusc shells exist due to the absence of adequate ecological conditions for mollusc growth and reproduction or due to protection from post-mortem spreading of the shells. The loss of considerable larval habitat for Oligochaeta and Chironomidae may contribute to the reduction of the gross faunal production and also negatively affect the populations of certain fish species.What can be expected in the near future is a loss of species narrowly dependent on specific habitat characteristics, with the result that the Lake will remain populated only by species that are adaptable to a broader range of factors. This tendency can already be observed to some extent through the recent increase in abundance of the ostracod, Darwinula stevensoni, which is expected to continue its multiplication until conditions (seasonal de-oxygenation of the benthic zone) grow unfavourable for its survival. Keeping in mind that, in the past, ostracods were a minor component of the zoobenthic community, this change is very important. In addition, in the deeper parts of the Lake, the larva of Chaoborus crystallinus (Insecta: Chaoboridae) (Sapkarev, 1975 a,b) used to dominate the benthic community. In the early 1960s the yearly average number of individuals of this species ranged to 10,000 ind./m2, while as of 1989 it had decreased to 1,420 ind./m2 (Sapkarev et al., 1991). According to our research (1997-1999), average abundance for the entire larval community of the Order Nematocere was 427 ind./m2.


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Nat., Skopje. 4:1-72.Plan za upravuvanje na Nacionalniot Park Pelister (Vtora predlog verzija). Drushtvo za prouchuvanje i zashtita na pticite na Makedonija, 2004, Skopje. pp. 225.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen. pp.: 1-82.Sket, B., 1967. Crustacea, Isopoda (aquatica). Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. III/3:1-21.Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Thurner, J., 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebni Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.Todorovski, A., 1972. Pelister i negoviot rastitelen svet. Nacion. park "Pelister" Bitola, 1-17.Tortich, M., 1988. Materials for the mycoflora of Macedonia. Maked. akad. na naukite i umetnostite., p.p. 1-64, Skopje.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
From the higher plants, more than 1000 taxa are recognized within the Park. More than 15 Angiosperm and Gymnosperm plant taxa have been described from Pelister Mountain (Alchemilla peristerica Pawl, Centaurea deustiformis Adam., Crocus pelistericus Pulev., Dianthus myrtinervius Grieseb., Festuca peristerea (Vett.) I, Markg. Dbg., Pedicularis orthantha Griseb., Pinus peuce Griseb., Ranunculus psilostachys Griseb., Scorzonera purpurea L. subsp. peristerica, Sedum erythraeum, Sempervivum marmoreum, Sempervivum octopodes, Silene ventricosa Adam., Viola velutina Form. Viola orphanidis Boiss. and others). Two of these are local endemics restricted to Pelister Mountain (Alchemilla peristerica Pawl. and Dianthus myrtinervius Griseb). Two other species are subendemics, first described from Pelister but later found at other locations (Crocus pelistericus Pulev. and Sempervivum octopodes).Another feature of the National Park is that the distributions of several plant taxa within the territory of Macedonia are restricted to this site:  Viola parvula, Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica  and  Dianthus stenopetalus, while  some species are present on only one other locality besides Pelister in Macedonia - Viola doerfleri, Athyrium distentifolium, Knautia magnifica and others. The folowing species - Viola velutina, Soldanella macedonica, Blechnum spicant, Huperzia sellago, Centaurea deustiformis, Gentiana acaulis, Gentiana lutea subsp. symphiandra, Trifolium pilczii, Ranunculus incomparabilis and Cryptogramma crispa - have restricted distributions within the Republic of Macedonia.One plant species present within the Park (Crocus pelistericus Pulevic) is included within the National CORINE list. Another two species, Alchemilla peristerica and Dianthus myrtinervius, are included on the IUCN Global Red List (1997).The richness of faunal diversity on Pelister Mountain is also impressive. Several invertebrate groups that play an important role in any natural ecosystem that should be protected and managed are worth mentioning.Within the phylum Mollusca (Molluscs), the class Gastropoda (Snails) is represented by 18 terrestrial species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), including five Balkan endemics (Semilimacella reitteri, Allaegopis skanderbegianus, Vestia minima, Macedonica frauenfeldi, Campilea (Faustina) balcanica). Representatives of the classes Copepoda (Copepods), Ostracoda (Ostracods) and Branchiopoda (Branchiopods), within the subphylum Branchiata (Branchiate arthropods), are the most thoroughly studied, not only within the Pelister Park, but also within the Macedonian invertebrate fauna.  The Branchiate arthropods are linked with freshwater ecosystems, and 44 taxa have been recorded in the frame of the National Park.From the class Branchiopoda, a rich population of the Balkan relict-endemic taxon, Chirocephalus diaphanus carinatus, is present. From the class Copepoda, two calanoid copepods, Arctodiaptomus niethammeri (=Arctodiaptomus spectabilis) and Arctodiaptomus osmanus, characteristic of the waters of glacial lakes (Golemo & Malo Ezero), represent rare Caucasian zoogeographical elements that are present only on Pelister and Galichica Mountains within the whole European continent.The Cyclopoid copepod, Cyclops ankyrae, is a Balkan endemic with a disjunctive distribution area. Its presence is limited to two localities, a restricted location in the vicinity of Istanbul (Turkey) and Pelister.Another relict-endemic species from the order Harpactoida (Harpacticoid copepods), Arcticocampus macedonicus, is restricted to the waters of the two glacial lakes on Pelister. From the class Ostracoda, a total number of 11 species are recognized, four of which are local endemics restricted to Pelister Mountian. The species, Psychodromus peristericus (=Iliodromus peristericus) and Eucypris diebeli, have been described from the springs within the National Park, and are known only from these springs. The class Insecta (Insects) is not completely investigated within the National Park, but there are some data for several different taxonomic groups. From the order Coleoptera, two families (Carabidae and Curculionidae) have been investigated. The total number of Carabidae is 61 taxa, of which 7 taxa (11,5%) are local endemics (Cychrus semigranosus peristericus, Nebria aetholica peristerica, Nebria macedonica, Tapinopterus comita, Tapinopterus monastirensis, Trechus cardioderus athonis and Trechus goebli goebli) and 16 taxa (26,2%) are Balkan endemics. The family Curculionidae is represented by 35 species, including two Balkan endemics (Phyllobius lateralis and Phyllobius pinicola).The most attractive insect group, Lepidoptera, that is, the Daily butterflies (Rhopalocera), is represented by 91 species, of which two are Balkan endemics (Colias caucasica and Erebia epiphron). The first species is present mainly in the higher open areas within the National Park, at elevations above 1600 m. The diversity of grasshoppers (Orthoptera) is represented by 43 taxa, of which six are Balkan endemics (Psorodonotus fieberi, Poecilimon gracilis, Metrioptera oblongicolis, Modestana ebneri, Poecilimon jonicus jonicus, Poecilimon orbelicus). With regard to Vertebrates (Vertebrata), the fauna of the National Park is represented by all four classes and the one superclass which is included in this subphylum.From the superclass Fishes (Pisces), the most important species within the Park are the two salmonoid endemic species. On the east side of the Pelister Mountain, Salmo pelagonicus has been recorded in two rivers (Rotinska and Caparska), while on the west side of the mountain, outside of the National Park boundaries, Salmo pelistericus is present in the Brajchinska River. There are no recent data about ecological and population status of these endemic fish species.The fauna of Amphibians (Amphibia) is represented by 10 species. The diversity of Reptiles (Reptilia) within the Park is represented by a total of 15 species (one tortoise, eight lizards and six snakes). From a zoogeographical point of view, the most conspicuous feature of Pelister herpetofauna is the lack of dominance of any particular species. The next striking feature is related to the presence of numerous endemic and subendemic taxa typical for the Balkan Peninsula, as well as the positions of the populations at the bourndary of their distributional area and the proximity of areas of intergradation between the closely related taxa.The class of Birds (Aves) is also well investigated in the National Park. Recently, the total number of birds was established at 91 species. Nine of these are included in the CORINE list, and 25 species are included in the Directive for Protection of Wild Birds - Council of Europe (seven species in SPEC1, three species in SPEC2 and 15 species in SPEC3). The special position of Pelister Mountain between Lake Prespa to the west and the Pelagonia valley to the east, both of which are relatively open to weather from the south, as well as its connection with a continuous mountain chain to the north, expose Pelister to varying climatic influences, modified by its complex mountain relief. Such are the major abiogenic factors contributing to the great mammal diversity of its territory.The mammal fauna on the Pelister Mountain is represented by 50 taxa. The level of diversity richness of the Pelister mammal fauna can be better understood if we compare this number with the total number of Macedonian mammal fauna (82), which gives a figure of 61%.     Only a few species which are of special value for the Pelister Park will be mentioned. The Balkan mole (Talpa stankovici) was described from Pelister, based upon specimens collected from the humid meadows in the vicinity of the village Magarevo (type locality of the species). Abundant populations of the species are currently still present on the type locality, as well as in the meadows of the village Nizhe Pole, the humid alpine pastures - rich with humus - below Golemo Ezero and the humid meadows between the villages, Kurbinovo and Brajchino, on the western side of the mountain. The Balkan mole is a Balkan endemic species, with its range of distribution restricted to the zone west of the Vardar River, from Shara Mountain on the north to Mount Olympus on the south.The Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) on Pelister Mountain is represented by the subspecies, Clethrionomys glareolus macedonicus. The subspecies is described on the basis of specimens collected from the locality "Kopanki". The known range of the Pelister subspecies is restricted to Pelister Mountain. The Pelister bank vole is most abundant in mixed woodlands on open terrain with dense low vegetation. Besides the type locality, the subspecies has been recorded at the localities Begova Cheshma, Jorgov Kamen, Viroi (below the peak of Pelister), Palisnopje and the village, Brajchino, on the western side of the mountain.The Balkan pine vole (Microtus felteni) is described from Pelister on the basis of specimens collected on dry meadows from a location near the village of Trnovo,. The range of distribution of the Balkan pine vole is restricted to the mountains of western Macedonia, which indicates that this vole is Macedonian endemic species. On Pelister Mountain, the species is most abundant within the Molika Pine forest belt, on open dry terrains. The Lesser mole rat (Nannospalax leucodon) is represented by the subspecies, Nannospalax leucodon macedonicus, whose distributional area is restricted to the mountains of western Macedonia. On Pelister Mountain, the Lesser mole rat inhabits open dry terrains with rich humus soil, from the piedmont areas to the high mountain zone, especially in alpine pastures.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Declaring a Portion of the Forested Areas on Pelister Mountain as a National Park (Official Gazette og SRM 38/48 with its modification 16/65)

OTHERCHARACT:
Within the borders of the National Park Pelister, numerous habitats and plant communities are present. The dominant habitat type is the broadleaved forests (Beech and Oak forests), covering 28% of the total surface of the Park. Coniferous forests (Macedonian Pine and King's Boris' Fir forests) comprise 13%, while alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, 23%. Significant areas of the site consist of rocky terrain (15%), and smaller surfaces are covered by bogs, humid and dry grasslands.The National Park Pelister is the oldest National Park in the Republic of Macedonia, proclaimed in 1948. The main reason for its establishment was the presence of a large area of Macedonian Pine (Pinus peuce), a Balkan endemic, as well as the presence of two glacial lakes - remnants of the Glacial Period.From a phytogeographical point of view, Pelister Mountain represents a mosaic of various floral elements (Scardo-Pindus, Moesian and Moeso-Scardo-Pindus, Sub Mediterranean, Eastern-Submediterranean, Subatlantic-Submediterranean, Middle-European, Alpine-Carpathian and Arcto-Boreal). The park area also represents a natural arboretum, containing 93 forest species, which is almost 30% of Macedonian dendroflora. The vegetation of Pelister Mountain is represented by more than 25 plant assemblages, nine of which are forest communities and the rest, various types of grasses. The most important are the following: assn. Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em. 1965assn. Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em. 1965assn. Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum Em. (1962)1985assn. Digitali virifilorae-Pinetum peucis Em. (1960)1962assn. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis Em. (1960)1962assn. Bruckenthalio-Juniperetum Ht. 1938assn. Orphanideo-Cirsietum apendiculati Ht. 1936assn. Diantho myrtinervii-Festucetum Ht. 1938assn. Geranio-Poetum violaceae Ht. 1935assn. Genisto-Nardetum Micev. 1985 Pelister Mountain belongs to the Dinaric Mountain tectonic group. These mountains were formed during the alpine orogenesis and are considered to be young mountains. With the exception of Pelister, which is situated in the southwest, all other mountains included in this group are located in the central position of the country. Within the confines of the Park, besides the highest peak (Pelister-2601 m), there are also nine other noteworthy peaks, with elevations higher than 2000 m.The most important relief structures are "stone rivers," which are a well-known impressive phenomena within the Balkan mountains, although their genesis has not been strictly and precisely defined (Stojadinovic, 1962; 1970). These "stone rivers" consist of huge quantities of broken rocks and blocks that are located at elevations from 1300 to 2000 msl. As a result of the influence of glacial erosion, several cirques are present, two of which are filled with water. These are Golemo Ezero (Big Lake) and Malo Ezero (Small Lake).Within the boundary of the Park, there is only one settlement - the village of Malovishte - with 121 inhabitants and 42 households.


DOCUMENTATION:
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Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Valorizacija na prirodnite vrednosti na ornitoloshkiot lokalitet Demir Kapija, Elaborat. Ministerstvo za zhivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje, 2003. pp. 74. Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
From the aspect of vegetation, Demir Kapija is characterized by a great floral richness of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species and communities. For a large number of them, the northern distributional boundary on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia is reached within this area (assn. Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orientalis Oberd. Ht. 1954; Saxifraga hederacea, Dracunculus vulgaris, Punica granatum, etc).Several plant species were originally described from within the boundaries of this natural monument (Locus typicus), such as the following local endemic species: Heptaptera macedonica [IUCN Global Red List (1997)], Centaurea formanekii, Centaurea demirkapiensis, etc.Several plant species which originated from neighbouring Balkan areas are very rare on the territory of Macedonia (Centaurea demirkapiensis, Centaurea formanekii, Saxifraga hederacea, Arenaria filicaulis, Stachys macedonica, Lilium cheldreichii, Lilium candidum, Ramonda nathaliae, Adianthum capillus veneris, Alyssum foliosum, Arabis verna, Corrigiola litoralis, Parietaria lusitanica, Punica granatum, Quercus coccifera, Ephedra major subsp. procera, Paeonia peregrina, Cerinthe retorta, Cachrys alpina, Centaurea campylacme, Centaurea graeca, Cionura erecta, Heptaptera macedonica, Rumex cristaus.). Nevertheless, they are recorded in the gorge of Demir Kapija; for some of them, this is the only location within the country. The importance of this site may also be evidenced by the presence of the plant species, Ramonda nathaliae, which is included on the IUCN Global Red List (1997). The great faunal diversity and heterogeneity observed within this site can be explained due to its geographic position and various climatic influences to which it is exposed. The Demir Kapija Gorge is the first continental barrier for numerous Mediterranean species and the most northern border of their distribution (Rana balcanica, Pseudopus apodus). Thus, a mixture of Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, middle-European, steppic and boreal faunal elements are present on the site. Birds are represented by a total of 147 species, which is 46% of Macedonian avifauna. Furthermore, the largest nesting colonies of the Griffon and Egyptian Vulture are present on this site.The total number of amphibians and reptiles within the subject area consists of 30 species. It is surprising that this area shows such high level of herpetological diversity. Such richness is higher than that of northern European countries (Finland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Great Britain), and is approximately the same level as Middle European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland).With regard to mammals, the most striking feature of the site is the presence of 10 Emerald bat species with abundant populations.

DESIGNATION:
Decision on Proclaming Demir Kapija Gorge as Natural Monument, made by the State Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments (Decision no. 03-167-2/60)

OTHERCHARACT:
The most significant plant community, that is, habitat type, within the Natural Monument "Demir Kapija" consists of the broadleaved Oak and Hornbeam forests which cover 26% of the total area of the site. Evergreen broadleaved forests (Heleno-Balcanic Pseudomaquis) and dry grasslands each represent 15% of the total area.Demir Kapija is the longest and most striking gorge of the Vardar River. It starts at the confluence of the Boshava Rover with the Vardar River, and extends southward to the village Udovo, for a total length of 19,5 km. The entrance into the gorge is an especially impressive canyon, 0, 9 km in length, with various karstic outcrops on its slopes. The gorge passes through limestone and volcanic rocks that divide the Tikvesh valley on the northwest from the Gevgelija-Valandovo valley on the southeast. Within the gorge, the riverbed first passes over limestone, then over basaltic and granitic layers. The attractiveness of the Demir Kapija Gorge is a result of the narrow Vardar riverbed, only 60 m wide, as well as the adjacent vertical limestone cliffs, which rise to 250 m.  Within the gorge, the Gradishka River is the only large tributary and enters from the east side (with total length of 13 km). Notwithstanding the fact that the Vardar River within the gorge is extremely narrow, a few islets are nevertheless present. From local geological aspect, the area of Demir Kapija belongs to the Vardar geotectonic zone. As a result of its internal composition, presence of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, as well as the composition of its tectonic structures, it may be distinguished from other tectonic units not only within the country but also within the entire Balkan Peninsula. The Vardar zone represents a trench-like structure between the Pelagonian zone on the west and Rhodope massif on the east. From the north, it starts at the junction of the Sava and Danube Rivers continuing southwardly to the Halkidiki Peninsula.  The evolution of the Vardar zone was geologically complex, starting from the most ancient geological periods and extending to the neotectonic phases. In this manner, the tectonic composition of this zone came to include formations of the Precambrian (Prebaical), Caledonian and alpine orogenic complexes. However, the older complexes were intensively modified during the alpine tectogenesys. They are currently present only fragmentally. Northward and southward from the entrance of the gorge, characteristic limestone deposits from the Upper Jurassic period are present. These limestone rocks are the result of the process of transgression that was present within the wider area of the Vardar zone. The limestone rocks are white with karstified crevices, and possess numerous caves and other karstic formations. The age of the limestone rocks is confirmed by the presence of a rich marine fossil fauna, dominated by bivalves, but also including representatives of other faunal groups (gastropods, cephalopods and corals).      The numerous caves present within the gorge are not sufficiently investigated. The largest cave, "Bela Voda," has a total length of 955 m. Margarita Lake, with a surface area of 8 x 12 m and depth of between 4 and 8 m, is situated at the end of the lower cave channel. Of the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:assn. Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orientalis Oberd.. Ht. 1954assn. Phyllireo-Carpinetum orientalis Em 1957assn. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 1946assn. Syringo-Buxetum Tomas. 1959assn. Pruno webii-Juniperetum excelse Em 1962assn. Juglando-Platanetum orientalis Em & Dzekov 1961assn. Campanulo-Inuletum aschersonianae Ht. 1949assn. Veronico cymbalariae-Cardaminetum graecae Matevski & Carni 2003


DOCUMENTATION:
Adamovic, L., 1904. Beitrage zur Flora von Macedonien und Altserbien. DAWW, &4:115-150. Apostolski, K., Petrovski, N., Popovska, O. & M. Sidorovski, 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Banzhaf, W. 1931. Ein Beitrag zur Avifauna Macedoniens. Journ. F. Orn. 79, 319-323.Beazley, M., 2001. Guide to Freshwater Fish of Britain and Europe. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. London. Pp. 1-192.Bornmuller, J., 1925. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J., 1926. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbucher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S & G. Dzukic., 1974. Reptilia. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Danko, S. & C. Szilard 1971. Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Macedonien, mit besonderer Brrueckksichtigung der Greifvogel. Orn. Mitt., 23(1): 9-18.Dimovski, A. & S. Matvejev 1955. Ornithologische Forschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arch. Sci. Biol. 7(1/2): 121-138.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Elaborat za zashtita na Tikveshkoto Ezero kako strog priroden rezervat. Republichki Zavod za zashtita na prirodnite retkosti - Skopje, 1993. pp. 27. Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Fehringer, O. 1920. Vogelzug in Macedonien Fruehjahr 1918. Orn. Monatsber. 28: 55-57.Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Journal. F. Orn., 70: 89-123; 286-324.Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Geiger, H., S. R. Kratzer & H. Stopper 1974. Voegelkundliche Fruehjahrsbeobactungen in Macedonien. Orn. Mitt., 26(7): 133-141.Georgiev, S., 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp.:1-177.Gengler, J. 1920. Balkanvoegel. Ein ornithologisches Tagebuch. Altenburg.Geroudet, P. 1967. La Buse feroce, Buteo rufinus, au defile de Demir Kapija. Larus, 19: 156-157. Zagreb.Glegg, W. E. 1924. A list of the birds of Macedonia. Ibis, 46-86.Goetz, L. 1956. Photographieren der Voegel waehrend meiner Reise in Jugoslavien. Larus, 8: 138-142. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1983. Observations de Gypete barbu (Gypaetus barbatus aureus) dans la Macedoine du nort-ouest. Larus, 33/35: 135-140. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1986. Notes sur la nidification et la comportement du Vautour moine (Aegypius monachus) dans le Zoo de Skopje. Larus,  36/37: 231-238. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1989. The Egyptean Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Macedonia. Meyburg, B.-U. & R.D. Chanellor- Raptors in Modern world, 331-333. WWGBP - Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1990. Bradan: Gypaetus barbatus L. Svijetlost, Saraevo. 126 p.Grubac, B. 1991a. Status and Biology of the Beadred Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus aureus) in Macedonia. Birds of prey Bull. 4, 101-117, Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1991b. Situation actuele des Vautures en Macedoine. I. Congreso Intern. Sobre Aves Carroneras, Priego (Cuenca), Mayo 1990. Aedanat - Coda Jevna, 139-145. Madrid.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures (Aegypiinae) in Central Balkans. - II International Congress on Carrion Birds, Canizares (Spain), 1-4 May, 1997.Grubac, B. 1998. Population status and conservation of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In: Tewes, E., J. J. Sanchez, B. Heredia, & M. Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.). International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen uber mazedonische Fledermause (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glavac, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Karaman, S., 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Derzeit am Institut  Z. Enforschung und Bekampfung D. Malaria, Trogir (Dalmatien) Hrvatska stamparija, Split. Pp.: 1-90.Karaman, S., 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Kosanin, N., 1921. Biljni pokrivac planina zapadne i juzne Makedonije. Glasn. Geog. dr., 6:62-74, Beograd. Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohralik, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horacek, I.; Vohralik, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.Micevski , B., 2000. Corine Biotopes - Macedonia/LIS files.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoNaumovski, M., 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Plan za upravuvanje na Nacionalniot Park Pelister (Vtora predlog verzija). Drushtvo za prouchuvanje i zashtita na pticite na Makedonija, 2004, Skopje. pp. 225.Soska, Th., 1938/1939. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von Sudserbien, III. Glasnik SND, 20(7):167-191. Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
A high level of floral heterogeneity and diversity is present within the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero." The strong influence of the modified sub-Mediterranean climate is directly reflected in the composition of the floral elements, which exhibit a large number of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species and assemblages. This area is the type locality where two Macedonian endemic species (Centaurea grbavacensis and Verbascum macedonicum) were described. These two species, together with the relict plant, Ramonda nathaliae, are included in the IUCN Global Red List (1997).Within the area of the Reserve, the presence of rare Macedonian plant species give a special flavour to the site (Arbutus andrachne, Campanula formanekiana, Thymus parnassicus, Galium setaceum, Chaenorhinum rubrifolium, Helianthemum hymettium, Galium kerneri). This site is the only location within Macedonia where the species, Ruta graveolens, may be found. The species, Lilium candidum, Dictamnus albus, Eryngium wiegandii, Periploca graeca, Crocus cancellatus, Blackstonia perfoliata, Colchicum bivonnae, Juniperus excelsa, Daphne laureola and Potentilla velenovsky, are representatives of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean floral elements.Besides floral diversity, the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" is characterized by a high level of faunal heterogeneity and diversity. This manifests itself in the presence of 38 Emerald bird species, as well as seven mammal species, seven species of amphibians and reptiles and four fish species also listed in Resolution No. 6. Additionally, there are 18 animal species with international legal and conservation status within this site.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Declaring the Ornithological Reserve "Tikvesh" in the gorge of Crna River as Strict Nature Reserve (Official Gazette of RM 35/97)

OTHERCHARACT:
The dominant habitat types within the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" are represented by broadleaved Oak and Hornbeam forests, with 32% of the total site area and the dry grasslands with 30%. Other significant habitat types include rocky terrain and standing water, both represented by 10%.The Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" is situated within the Tikvesh valley, 30 km south-west of the town of Kavadaraci. This valley was created by intensive tectonic processes that began in the Lower Tertiary (Oligocene) and continued until the Upper Tertiary. In the Lake Phase (Pleistocene), two separate lakes were present in the Tikvesh valley (Tikveshko and Raecko) and they communicated with each other through Drenovska Gorge. The lithostratigraphic structure of the terrain is characterised by the presence of rock layers originating from the Triassic and Upper Cretaceous periods within the Mesozoic era, and the Paleogene and Neogene periods within the Cenozoic era. Within the Paleogene sediments that are present west of the village, Dragozhel, fossil fauna of bivalves, gastropods and corals originating from the Upper Eocene Epoch have been recorded. The most striking feature of this area is the presence of rocky masses, which are the result of Tertiary volcanic activities in the wider area. Diluvial sediments are dominant in this reserve, while alluvial sediments are present along the rivers, especially on the river banks. Within the confines of this Strict Nature Reserve, there are two main water bodies: Tikveshko Lake (an artificial lake) and Crna River.    The most conspicuous plant communities present on this site include:assn. Quercetum trojanae macedonicum Em. & Ht.(1950) 1965assn. Phyllireo-Carpinetum orientalis Em 1957assn. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 1946assn. Phyllireo-Juniperetum excelsae Em. 1962 (1985)assn. Campanuletum formanekianae Ht. 1938      all.  Saturejo-Thymion Micev. 1970


DOCUMENTATION:
Banzhaf, W. 1931. Ein Beitrag zur Avifauna Macedoniens. Journ. F. Orn. 79, 319-323.BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S & G. Dzukic., 1974. Reptilia. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Daniel, F., 1964. Die Lepidopteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II. Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 2: 1-75.Danko, S. & C. Szilard 1971. Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Macedonien, mit besonderer Brrueckksichtigung der Greifvogel. Orn. Mitt., 23(1): 9-18.Dimovski, A. & S. Matvejev 1955. Ornithologische Forschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arch. Sci. Biol. 7(1/2): 121-138.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Drovenik, B. & H. Peks., 1994. Catalogus Faunae Carabiden der Balkanlander (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Coleoptera Schwanfelder Coleopterologische Mitteilungen, Schwanfeld. 1: 1-103.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Em, H., Dzekov, S., 1969. Molikata i molikovata suma na Pelister. Zbornik na simpoziumot za molikata, 2-6.9.1969, 49-62, Bitola. Fehringer, O. 1920. Vogelzug in Macedonien Fruehjahr 1918. Orn. Monatsber. 28: 55-57.Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Forschungsreise auf dem macedonischen Kriegsschauplatz. Journal fur Ornithologie 70:89-123; 286-324.Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Geiger, H., S. R. Kratzer & H. Stopper 1974. Voegelkundliche Fruehjahrsbeobactungen in Macedonien. Orn. Mitt., 26(7): 133-141.Gengler, J. 1920. Balkanvoegel. Ein ornithologisches Tagebuch. Altenburg.Glegg, W. E. 1924. A list of the birds of Macedonia. Ibis, 46-86.Goetz, L. 1956. Photographieren der Voegel waehrend meiner Reise in Jugoslavien. Larus, 8: 138-142. Zagreb.Grisebach. A., 1843-44. Spicilegium florae Rumelicae et Bithynicae. Brunsvigae. Gruba?, B. R. 1986-1987. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos) in South-eastern Yugoslavia. Larus 38-39:95-135.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures (Aegypiinae) in Central Balkans. - II International Congress on Carrion Birds, Canizares (Spain), 1-4 May, 1997.Grubac, B. 1998. Population status and conservation of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In: Tewes, E., J. J. Sanchez, B. Heredia, & M. Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.). International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen ?ber mazedonische Flederm?use (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin. Heath, M. F. & Evans, M.I. 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. 2: Southern Europe. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 8).Hieke, F., 1981. 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Les Odonates du Lac de Prespa (Macedoine, Yugoslavie) I partie: La composition qualitative et L'analyse zoogeographique de la Faune. Ann. Fac. Sci. Nat., Biol. Skopje. 37-38: 97-110.Klimesch, J., 1968. Die Lepidopteren fauna Mazedoniens. IV. Microlepidoptera. Posebno Izdanie. Mus.Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 5: 1-203.Kosanin, N., 1921. Biljni pokrivac planina zapadne i juzne Makedonije. Glasn. Geog. dr., 6:62-74, Beograd. Kovacevic, Z., 1971. Otiorrhynchus vrste i njihovo rasprostranjenje u Jugoslaviji (Coleoptera-Curculionidae. Acta Inst. Protect. Plant. Facult. Agr., Zagreb, 1971. pp. 1-103.Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B., 1994. The taxonomy of blind moles (Talpa caeca and T. stankovici, Insectivora, Mammalia) from south-eastern Europe. Bonn. zool. Beitr., 45: 1-16.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. 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QUALITY:
Exceptionally rich flora and vegetation diversity exists in the area of the NP Mavrovo. Within its boundaries, classical finds (locus classicus) of high number of species are situated (Achillea corabensis, Crepis macedonica, Dianthus macedonicus, Erysimum korabense, Solenanthus scardicus, Viola gostivarensis, Viola ivonis and others). This abundancy can be further supplemented by several other species described on the Albanian side of the Mountain of Korab, also recorded on the Macedonian side of this mountain massif (Draba korabensis, Festuca korabensis, Sesleria korabensis, Ranunculus degenii and others). The following species are enrolled on the IUCN Global Red List (1997): Achillea corabensis, Alkanna noneiformis, Coeloglossum viride, Colchicum pieperianum, Eryngium serbicum, Fritillaria macedonica, Gentiana lutea  subsp. symphyandra, Narthecium scardicum, Oxytropis purpurea, Ramonda serbica, Ranunculus degenii, Sempervivum kosaninii, Silene schmuckeri, Vicia montenegrina, Viola elegantula, Solenanthus scardicus.The area of the NP Mavrovo hosts unique finds of the following species on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia: Draba korabensis, Festuca korabensis, Sesleria korabensis, Dianthus barbatus, Potentilla  palustris, Cerinthe glabra, Saxifraga moschata, Matricaria caucassica, Senecio transsilvanicus, Ranunculus wettsteini, Valeriana bertiscea, Tragopogon orientalis, Trifolium spadiceum, etc.The fauna characteristic of Balkan-Middle-European Broadleaved Woodlands dominates on this site, with significant portion of Taiga Type Coniferous Forests on higher altitudes. At the same time, along the Radika River flow, Mediterranean faunal elements are present. A large number of endemic species, mainly from the invertebrate groups: Gastropods (Gastropoda), Oligochaetes (Oligochaeta), Isopods (Isopoda), Millipedes (Diplopoda), Grasshoppers (Orthoptera), Beetles (Coleoptera) is registered on this site. The importance of the site could be presented through a single case with the Fairy shrimp Branchipus intermedius that was firstly described on the Carpathian Mountains in Romania.  The species is extinct from the type site, because of degradation of natural habitats, and currently, the only location where it still exists is the site "Tri Bari", within this ASCI site. Therefore, the species is included in the European Red List within the category "Critically Endangered". The only close relative of this species, the Fairy shrimp Branchipus blanchardi, inhabits exclusively certain temporary pools on the French Alps. Within this area, stable populations of 25 vertebrate species with European threatened status, exist. In addition to the species included in tables 3.2.a. and 3.2.b, three bird species (Table 3.3) breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).The Corncrake (Crex crex) is most likely present with population sufficient to meet A1 criterion for declaration of another Important Bird Area in Europe (Heath & Evans, 2000) within the borders of this site.

DESIGNATION:
The Law on the People's Assembley of the People's Republic of Macedonia for proclamation of National Park Mavrovo (Official Gazettee of NRM No. 10/49) - covering an area of 11.750 ha.By Means of the Law amending the Law on the establishment of the National Park, on 3 July 1952 the current National park with an area of 73.088 ha was proclaimed.

OTHERCHARACT:
National Park Mavrovo is situated in the western part of Macedonia, covering the southern parts of Shar Planina Mt., western and central parts of Bistra Mt., the entire Macedonian part of Korab Mt. and Deshat Mt. and larger part of Krchin Mt. Significant section (83%) of the Radika River catchment area runs within the Park borders. The terrain of the Park, from geotectonic point of view belongs mostly to western-Macedonian zone, and very small part to Cukali-Krasta zone.With regard to geological composition, most diverse rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are found within the Park borders. The Paleozoic is represented with filitoids, conglomerates and sand rocks, quartz, limestone shists, marbles etc. The Mesozoic rocks are represented with sediments, mostly limestone, conglomerates, sand rocks, carnacks, gypsum and magmatic rocks. Approximately 2/3 of the Park surface is occupied by these rocks. The Cenozoic sediments take small part and are mostly represented with Quarter deposits (prolluvial, delluvial, alluvial, moraines etc.). The geologic diversity and tectonic complexity have led to the occurrence of different relief types within the Park. The dominant structural formations are the horsts (mountains) and ridges, or valleys (Mavrovo, Debar), followed by folds (synclinals and anticlines), etc.From among the exogenic types, the fluvial and the karst relief dominate the landscape. Among the fluvial formations, the most impressive are the river valleys with gorges and canyons, the river terraces, the numerous rapids of river Radika and the waterfalls of its tributaries (Tresonechka, Rostushka, Dlaboka River, all being right tributaries of Radika).The karst relief is found on large areas, especially on Bistra Mt. Dozens of small karst fields can be found here, all above 1000 meters altitude, and also many waterwheels, grid and less frequently corrugated crevices (as micro formations). Underground karst formations also exist: caves in the Barik Gorge, in the valley of river Tresonechka, near reservoir Mavrovo etc. It is interesting to note the occurrence of karst developed in gypsum at mountain Krchin, mostly in form of crevices, and a little cave named Alchija near v. Kosovrasti also existed, but was recently destroyed. As all mountains in this region are high (above 2000 meters asl.) and with significant amount of precipitation (1000-1400 mm), during the Pleistocene they were subject to local glaciations, which left behind traces in form of circs, rolls, moraines etc. Most circs can be found on Korab Mt., then on Deshat and somewhat less on Bistra, Shar Planina and Krchin. Small lakes can be found in some of these circs today.


DOCUMENTATION:
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Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Soska, Th.,  1938/39. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von S?dserbien. II. Glas. SND, 20(7):178-191. Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Trilar, T. 1985. Excursion on ?ar Planina. Acrocephalus 26, no. 6:59-65.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Valorizacija na prirodnite vrednosti na ornitoloshkiot lokalitet Demir Kapija, Elaborat. Ministerstvo za zhivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje, 2003. pp. 74. Velevski, M., Dimitrovska, E. & Kar?icki, V. 2002. A contribution to the avifauna of ?ar Planina Mt, northwestern Macedonia. Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc. 2:153-160.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
Very rich flora and vegetation diversity exists on the area of Shar Planina. From among the plant communities present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:ass. Empetro-Vaccinietum balcanicum Ht. 1935ass. Bruckenthalio-Juniperetum Ht. 1938ass. Thlaspi-Plantaginetum atratae  Ht. 1936ass. Festucetum paniculatae Horv.1937ass. Peucedano-Festucetum paniculatae Ht. 1937ass. Genisto-Nardetum Micevski 1984ass. Geranio-Poetum violaceae Ht. 1935ass. Jasioni-Caricetum curvulae Ht. 1937ass. Diantho scardici-Festucetum Ht. 1938ass. Onobrychido-Festucetum (Horv.)Mic.1994ass. Senecio-Festucetum bosniacae (Ht. 1949) Micev. 1994ass. Edraiantho-Elynetum Ht. 1936ass. Cariceto-Helianthemum balcanicum Mic. 1994ass. Edraiantho-Helianthetum alpestris Ht. 1935ass. Triseto-Rumicetum thyrsiflori Micev. 1994ass. Orphanideo-Cirsietum apendiculati Ht. 1936ass. Geo coccinei-Deschampsietum Ht. 1935ass. Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em 1965ass. Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em 1965ass. Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum Em (1962)1985ass. Fagetum subalpinum scardo-pindicum (Ht. 1938) Em 1961ass. Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. 1938ass. Castanetum sativae macedonicum (Rudski 1938)  Nik.51ass. Fago-Abietetum meridionale Em 1973ass. Abieti-Piceetum scardicum Em (1958)1985ass. Piceetum excelsae subalpinum Em (1958)1985ass. Caricetum macedonicae Ht. 1936ass. Drypetum spinosae Ht. 1931ass. Saxifrago-Potentilletum speciosae Ht. 1937Within its boundaries, classical finds (locus classicus) of more then 30 species of Angiosperms are situated - Alkanna scardica, Alyssum corymbosum, Alyssum scardicum, Asperula doerfleri, Campanula sphaerotrix, Cirsium apendiculatum, Crocus scardicus, Dianthus scardicus, Draba doerfleri, Lilium albanicum, Pedicularis grisebachii, Pedicularis leucodon, Saxifraga scardica, Scrophularia aestivalis, Sedum flexuosum, Sideritis scardica, Silene waldsteinii, Stachys scardica, Thymus albanus, Verbascum scardicolum, Viola latisepala, Viola schariensis  etc.The following taxa from the IUCN Global Red List (1997) can be found on this site: Acer heldreichii  subsp. visiani, Eryngium serbicum, Narthecium scardicum, Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis, Pinus peuce, Potentilla doerfleri, Ranunculus degenii, Sempervivum kosaninii, Silene schmuckeri, Soldanella pindicola, Viola elegantula. The area of Shar Planina hosts the unique finds of the following species on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia: Viola schariensis, Diphasium alpinum, Ranunculus montenegrinus, Listera cordata, Pulsatilla vernalis, Gentiana ciliataComplex and heterogeneous fauna is present in this site due to the fact that it occupies very large altitudinal belt - starting from Mediterranean faunal elements present at the lowest parts of the mountain up to Arctic-Alpine elements in the high mountain zone. From 25 invertebrate endemic species registered on this site, 21 or 84% belong to the complex of relict Palaeo-Balkan mountain faunal elements. The rest four species (16%) that inhabit lower altitudes belong to the complex of thermophilic Mediterranean elements, characteristic for the Sub-Mediterranean Oak Woodlands. They have penetrated on this site within the interglacial phases of the Pleistocene Age. Taking into consideration the fact that this site occupies relatively large area, the populations of certain Emerald species (from Resolution 6), as well as for numerous other important faunal species are stable and this site is main core area for preservation of their basic genetic fund. In addition to the species included in tables 3.2.a. and 3.2.b, three bird species (Table 3.3) breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).The Corncrake (Crex crex) is most likely present with population sufficient to meet A1 criterion for declaration of another Important Bird Area in Europe (Heath & Evans, 2000) within the borders of this site.

DESIGNATION:
No protection status on a national level.Parts of Sar Planina (12000 ha) are designated as Important Bird Area in Europe (site 001 for Macedonia, Heath & Evans, 2000).

OTHERCHARACT:
Shar Planina Mt., being one of the longest and highest mountains, dominates not only in the most north-western parts of the country, but wider. Along its ridge, starting from locality Shorun on the south to the Kachanik Gorge to the north, the borderline with Serbia is aligned. 912,8 km2 of the massif belong of the Republic of Macedonia. From geological point of view, the mountain represents a very complex and diverse area that regionally belongs to the Western-Macedonian geo-tectonic unit. According to its stratigraphic affiliation, rocky masses of the mountain massif could be globally selected as Palaeozoic, Permian-Triassic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic. The complex of Palaeozoic rocks is dominant, as it makes up 2/3 of the massif. Metamorphosed rocks, made of various schist, marble intercalation, sandstone-quartzite conglomerates, dominate within the complex, but the igneous rocks are also present. Thus the complex of Palaeozoic crystalline rocks and clastite makes up the nucleus of the Shar Planina mountain geologic construction with the association of smaller, or larger granitic intrusions, gabbros, diabase, quartz-porphyry and thick and heterogeneous Mesozoic sediments and igneous rocks. The Permian-Triassic complex of rocks covers the Pelythic-Psamithic insufficiently metamorphosed rocks and limestone with synchronized breakthrough and intrusions of volcanic and igneous rocks. The creations of this complex make up the edging parts of the Shar Planina massif. The complex of Mesozoic rocks covers a large portion, especially its northern and north-western edge. The sedimentary, less-metamorphosed and volcanic rocks of the Triassic and Volcanic Age could be found in this complex too. The Triassic creations are presented with limestone, dolomite, green schist, diabase and clasts.Quarternary sediments on Shar Planina Mountain (Cainozoic complex) are presented with more genetic types. These are significantly distributed along the terrain. The moraine deposits, formed in the cirques and glacial valleys in the high-mountain parts of the massif are the most significant; the glacial fluvial sediments are also determined and could be found in the river valleys in form of less stratified gravel of coarse grains.The complex and rich geologic diversity of the mountain provides the appearance of phenomenon of various genetic and morphologic characteristics. The basic mountain mass was formed by repeated tectonic movements of endogenous powers, and additionally modified by numerous exogenous processes. The glacial, fluvial, karstic, gravitational and periglacial processes had the greatest impact on the Shar Planina Mountain today's sculpture. The crevices and waterwheels appear the most frequently, and the gorges in limestone have got the greatest significance, not only because of the geomorphologic significance, but also because they represent the refuge residence of the fragile ecosystem. The caves could be found very often (Duvska Gorge, Osljak), of which, some were used as ascetic cells during The Middle Ages.In the relief of Shar Planina Mt., the extended undulated plateaus should be pointed out as oldest forms. They are noticed especially in the spring areas of almost all watercourses at ca. 2000 m asl. From these initial plateaus large number of peaks higher than 2400 m asl are rising: Titov Vrv (2.747 m), Borislaec (2.662 m), Ezerska Chuka (2.604 m), Baba Asanica (2.533 m), Kobilica (2.526 m), Crni Vrv (2.578 m), Vraca (2.582 m), Ljuboten (2.499 m) etc. Many peaks are built by limestone rocks, and in their foothills strong springs come out, forming the surface watercourses.The Shar Planina Mountain is the water-richest mountain in the Balkan Peninsula. The silicate ground contributed to the surface flow and the formation of thick river network, and the inheritance of the initial glacial relief provided a disagreement of cross-profile with frequent appearance of bends, waterfalls and cascades.The periglacial geomorphologic process also contributes to the diversity of phenomena and forms in relief. Intensive frost deterioration and long lasting snow and neve (firm snow) caused numerous phenomena of the stone glaciers, stone currents, and the sea of stones, large salifluctuated tails, glacier cirques and niches.Many of the cirques are filled with water, and 39 glacial lakes can be found on the entire mountain, 27 of them being on Macedonian territory. On the Balkan Peninsula, Shar Planina is the second richest mountain with lakes, following Rila Mt. in Bulgaria. Among the most known lakes are Bogovinjsko, Golem and Mal (Large and Lesser) Gjol, Karanikolichko, Gorno and Dolno (Upper and Lower) Delbeshko, Crno (Black) and others.


