# EMERALDSITE

DOCUMENTATION:
Anastasovski, V. et al. 1999. Sektorska studija: Zastita na prirodnoto nasledstvo za potrebite za izrabotka na Prostorniot plan na Republika Makedonija, Zavod za zivotna sredina, Ministerstvo za zivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje.Anastasovski, V., & B. Micevski. 1996. Nacionalen ekoloski akcionen plan (NEAP) za Makedonija, tema 12: Biodiverzitetot i upravuvanjeto so zastitenite podracja vo Republika Makedonija, Republicki zavod za zastita na prirodnite retkosti, Skopje.Apostolski, K., N. Petrovski, O. Popovska & M. Sidorovski. 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Bilten na Drustvoto za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija. 2001. "Ezerani", br.1, oktomvri.Bilten na Drustvoto za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija. 2001. "Ezerani", br.2, dekemvri.Bilten na Drustvoto za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija. 2002. "Ezerani", br.3, fevruari.Bolkay, S. 1924. Popis vodozemaca i gmizavca, koje se nalaze u Bos.-Herc. Zemaljskom muzeju u Sarajevu s morfoloskim, bioloskim i zoogeografskim biljeskama. Spomenik Srpske Kraljevske Akademije, LXI. Beograd.Daniel, F. 1964. Die Lepidipteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje 2:1-75.Dimovski, A. 1981. Vodozemci i vlecugi na Nacionalniot Park Galicica. Contributions, II 1-2, Section of biological and medical sciences, Maced. Acad. of Sci. Arts. Skopje. pp.: 65-74.Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. - In: Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V. eds. "Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja", Bioloski fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd.Dzukic, G., M. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska. 2001. General remarks on Batracho- and Herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 195-204.Georgiev, S. 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp. 1-177.Karaman, S. 1922. Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Mazedonien. Glasnik Hrv. prir. drustva, Zagreb, 34 (3).Karaman, S. 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Hrvatska stamparija, Split.Karaman, S. 1928. III. Prilog herpetologiji Jugoslavije. Glasnik Skop. Nauc. Drus., 4.Karaman, S. 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karaman, B. 1987. Les Odonates du Lac de Prespa (Macedoine, Yugoslavie) I partie: La composition qualitative et L'analyse zoogeographique de la Faune. Ann. Fac. Sci. Nat., Biol. Skopje. 37/38: 97-110.Krystufek, B & S. Petkovski. 1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press. London, San Diego, pp. 1-484.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig.Matvejev, S. & A. Dimovski. 1955. Ornithologische Forzschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arhiv Biol. nauka, Beograd. 7(1-2): 121-129.Mertzanis, Y., D. Bousbouras & S. Bourdakis. 2000. Status of brown bear (Ursus arctos L.) populations and habitat in the area of Prespa Lakes. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 56-65. Micevski, B. 1988. Ornitofauna na nekoi biotopi vo Nacionalniot Park "Galicica". Aktivus, 7: 13-18.Micevski, B. 1992. Strukturni i faunisticki karakteristiki na rimskata ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero-makedonski del. God. zb., Biol., Skopje 45: 51-55.Micevski B. & M. Scneider-Jacoby. 1997. Zimski cenzus na vodnite ptici na makedonskata strana na Prespanskoto Ezero vo januari 1997 godina (so nivna valorizacija i analiza na struktura i ishrana). Medjunaroden Simpozium "Kon integralna zastita i odrzliv razvoj na transgranicnite ezera Golema i Mala Prespa", 24-26 oktomvri, Korca, pp. 52-57.Micevski, B. 1998. Ornitofauna na Prespanskoto Ezero. Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite na Makedonija, Vest, Skopje, pp. 1-60.Micevski, B. 2000. Evaluation of the Prespa Lake avifauna. Medjunaroden simpozium "Odrzliv razvoj na Prespanskiot region" Otesevo, 23-25 juni, 2000. Zbornik na trudovi, pp. 78-85. Micevski, B. 2002. Inventory of Macedonian Wetlands as natural resources, BSPSM's Special Edition (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia), Skopje, 2.Micevski B. 2000. CORINE Biotopes in Macedonia, Zoological Dept., Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Skopje. Micevski B. & M. Velevski. 2002. Kulturnoto nasledstvo na vodnite zivealista, Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite vo Makedonija, Skopje.Micevski, K. 1969. Vodna vegetacija na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientarum Naturalium, 4(94): 61-80.Micevski, K. 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1): 1-152.Micevski, K. 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2): 153-391.Micevski, K. 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3): 503-548. Micevski, K. 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K. 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Naumovski, M. 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp. 1-162.Peters, G. & H. Hackethal. 1986. Notizien uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18(5): 125-128.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek. 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-170.Radovanovic, M. 1964. Die Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Jugoslawien. Senc. Biol., Franfurt am Main, 45, 3/5.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen, pp. 1-82.Thurner, J. 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawisch Mazedonien. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.

QUALITY:
Being an integral part of the Lake Prespa region, the Ezerani Reserve is of special scientific and research significance and has a special zoological purpose. Due to its great ornithological importance (a nesting place for waterfowl and migratory birds), Ezerani has been placed on the list of the most important ornithological sites in Europe and, from 1995, also on the Ramsar Convention List of the most important wetlands in the world (Ramsar Site - Lake Prespa).  Other important species of flora and fauna - Motivation DFrom the standpoint of flora within the Republic of Macedonia, Ezerani is the only location where the species Aldrovanda vesiculosa is found.  It is one of five known sites for the following species: Trapa natans, Nymphoides pelatta, Rumex palustris, Rumex hydrolapathum, Beckmania eruciformis and Corrigiola litoralis. The species Aldrovanda vesiculosa, Salvinia natans, Nymphaea alba, Nuphar lutea and Utricularia neglecta belong to the category of locally endangered plant species.

DESIGNATION:
1. Law on Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lake Conservation (Official Gazette of SRM No. 45/77)The Law proclaims the three Lakes as natural monuments of special importance for the society and, as such, are under special protection. The Law regulates the goal of protection of the lakes, the measures of protection and the penal provisions for lawbreakers.  2. Law on Proclaiming the Ornithological site "Ezerani" in the Lake Prespa Area as a Strictly Protected Natural Reserve (Official Gazette of RM No. 37/96) 3. Decision on Selection of an Organisation to Protect, Manage and Maintain the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani in the Lake Prespa Area (Official Gazette of RM No. 60/97)            4. Decision on an Amendment to the Decision on Selection of an Organisation to Protect, Manage and Maintain the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani in the Lake Prespa Area (Official Gazette of RM No. 38/98) 5. Agreement on Management of the Strictly Protected Natural Reserve Ezerani between BSPSM (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia) and the Ministry of Urban Planning, Construction and Environment No. 14-53 of 09 January 1988

OTHERCHARACT:
The Strictly Protected Natural Reserve "Ezerani" covers the northern shore of Lake Prespa, which is situated in the westernmost part of the Republic of Macedonia.  It is located at the junction of the borders of Macedonia, Greece and Albania - in the tectonic valley between Baba and Galicica Mountains. Lake Prespa belongs to the group of lakes developed as separated water bodies by means of tectonic movements during the Pliocene. Besides its unusual geological development, this Ramsar Site is also characterised by uncommon biological diversity (ecosystems and species). In particular, Lake Prespa, its watershed and the flooded terrain of Ezerani make up an integral unit consisting of several natural ecosystems (lake, coastal, river, wetland, grass and forest). The lake occupies the greatest part of the Prespa Valley, however. The most interesting part of Lake Prespa is the section from Sir Han to the village of Asamati, where the Reserve Ezerani is located.  Ezerani covers 2,080 ha and includes a portion of the lake up to 10 m in depth. This part of the shoreline is characterised by a shallow water depth, frequent sandbars parallel to the beach and a marshy shore with a broad reed belt. Here, all species of birds found in the Lake Prespa region build nests, feed, rest and take shelter.In the near shore part of the lake, including within the Reserve, floating vegetative communities develop, such as the assn. Myriophyllo-Nupharetum W. Koch (1926), subassn. Potametosum lucentis Micev. (1969), assn. Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slav. (1956), assn. Potameto-Vallisnerietum Br. Bl. (1931), and assn. Lemno-Spirodelletum polyrhizae W. Koch (1954), subassn. Aldrovandetosum Micev. (1969), of which the survival of the last one mentioned is endangered by the retreat of the lake. This locality represents the one and only site of the very interesting insectivorous plant, Aldrovanda vesiculosa, within the territory of Macedonia. This species has a disjunctive range of distribution in Europe. In addition, the rare species Trapa natans, Utricularia neglecta, Spirodella polyrrhiza, Salvinia natans, Hydrocharis morsus ranae etc. can also be found here. In the area between Ezerani and Asamati, near the shore of the lake, the endangered species Beckmannia eruciformis can be found.Near the village of Ezerani is an interesting flooded forest called Korija, which has natural stands of willow and alder. There are vast wet meadows on the site of Ezerani which represent an important food source to a considerable number of migratory birds.  There are approximately 200 species of birds, of which 105 are waterfowl, in the Lake Prespa region. Of this group, two species are endangered according to the World List of Endangered Bird Species (species of global conservation concern): Pelecanus crispus (Dalmatian pelican) and Aythya nyroca. Forty-five species are included on the List of Strictly Protected Species under the Bern Convention and it is forbidden to catch, possess, kill or trade them (Dalmatian pelican, white pelican, pygmy cormorant, bittern, sandwich tern, night heron, squacco heron, purple heron, spoonbill, glossy ibis, white stork, black stork, greater flamingo, osprey, black kite, white-tailed eagle etc.). Of the list of 24 strictly protected species of international importance under the Bonn Convention on Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, three species are found in the Reserve area (Pelecanus crispus, Pelecanus onocrotalus and Haliaetus albicilla). Considering the Red List of globally endangered wild plant and animal species published by the United Nations (1995), three species of birds (out of 14 total), are found in the area of the Ezerani Reserve (Pelecanus crispus, Phalacrocorax pygmeus and Haliaetus albicilla). The list of 48 bird species under permanent protection of the National Natural Rarities Protection Institute includes 17 bird species found in Lake Prespa region.


DOCUMENTATION:
Anastasovski, V. et al. 1999. Sektorska studija: Zastita na prirodnoto nasledstvo za potrebite za izrabotka na Prostorniot plan na Republika Makedonija, Zavod za zivotna sredina, Ministerstvo za zivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje.Anastasovski, V. & B. Micevski. 1996. Nacionalen ekoloski akcionen plan (NEAP) za Makedonija, tema 12: Biodiverzitetot i upravuvanjeto so zastitenite podracja vo Republika Makedonija, Republicki zavod za zastita na prirodnite retkosti, Skopje.Apostolski, K., N. Petrovski, O. Popovska & M. Sidorovski. 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Apostolski, K. 1958. Ribolov vo naseki na Dojranskoto Ezero. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc. Maced., Skopje 2(5): 83-101.Apostolski, K. 1968. Prilog kon izucuvanjeto na populaciite na ribite vo Dojranskoto Ezero. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc.Maced., Skopje 4(2): 1-30.Apostolski, K. & S. Matvejev. 1955. Lov riba u ogradama pomocu ptica na Dojranskom Jezeru. Izdanija. Inst. Pisc. Maced., Skopje 1(3): 29-89.Bolkay, S. 1924. Popis vodozemaca i gmizavca, koje se nalaze u bos.-herc. Zemaljskom muzeju u Sarajevu s morfoloskim, bioloskim i zoogeografskim biljeskama. Spomenik Srpske Kraljevske Akademije, LXI. Beograd.Bornmuller, J. 1925. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 59: 294-504, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J. 1926a. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl. Bot. Jahrb., 60: 1-125, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J. 1926b. Bearbeitung der von H. Burgeff und Th. Herzog in den Kriegsjahren 1916/18 in Mazedonien gesammelten Pflanzen, I. ABZ, Jahrg., 32: 16-37.Bornmuller, J. 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbucher, 61: 1-136.Cirimotic, J. 1958. Prilog poznavanju flore planine Dub kod Dojranskog Jezera. God. Sum. Inst., 3: 175-210, Skopje.Dangel, M. 1973. Ornithologische Beobachtungen am Dojran-See. Orn. Mitt., 26: 133-141.Daniel, F. 1964. Die Lepidipteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje 2: 1-75.Dzukic, G. 1995. Diverzitet vodozemaca (Amphibia) i gmizavca (Reptilia) Jugoslavije, sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja. - In: Stevanovic, V. & Vasic, V. eds. "Biodiverzitet Jugoslavije sa pregledom vrsta od medjunarodnog znacaja", Bioloski fakultet i Ecolibri, Beograd.Dzukic, G., M. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska. 2001. General remarks on Batracho- and Herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist., pp. 195-204.Georgiev, S. 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp. 1-177.Karaman, B. 1981. Contribution a La Connaissance de la Faune des Odonates du Lac de Doiran. God. Zb. Biol., Skopje 34: 215-223.Karaman, S. 1922. Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Mazedonien. Glasnik Hrv. prir. drustva, Zagreb, 34(3).Karaman, S. 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Hrvatska stamparija, Split.Karaman, S. 1928. III. Prilog herpetologiji Jugoslavije. Glasnik Skop. Nauc. Drus., 4.Karaman, S. 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karvounaris, D. 1973. Biological and fishing observations in Lake Doirani (Ellenic part). Hellenic Oceanography and Limnology. 11: 665-714.Krystufek, B & S. Petkovski. 1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press. London, San Diego, pp. 1-484.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Leipzig.Matvejev, S. & A. Dimovski 1955. Ornithologische Forzschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arhiv Biol. nauka, Beograd. 7(1-2): 121-129.Micevski, B. 1991. Analiza na faunistickiot sostav i struktura na zimskata ornitofauna na Dojranskoto Ezero. God.zb., Biol., Skopje. 43/44: 65-73.Micevski, B. 2002. Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources, BSPSM's Special Edition (Bird Study and Protection Society of Macedonia), Skopje, no. 2. Micevski, B. 2002. CORINE Biotopes in Macedonia, Zoological Dept., Institute of Biology, Faculty of Science, Skopje.Mcevski, B. & M. Velevski. 2002. Kulturnoto nasledstvo na vodnite zivealista, Drustvo za proucuvanje i zastita na pticite vo Makedonija, Skopje, 1-25.Micevski, K. 1963. Vodnata i blatnata vegetacija na Dojranskoto Ezero. Acta Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., 8(76): 175-192.Micevski, K. 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1): 1-152Micevski, K. 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2): 153-391Micevski, K. 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3): 503-548 Micevski, K. 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113Micevski, K. 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Naumovski, M. 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp. 1-162.Naumovski, M. 1991. Ribite i ribarstvoto na Dojranskoto Ezero. In: Gasevski (Ed.): Sostojbite i perspektivite za zastita na Dojranskoto Ezero. Zbornik na trudovi. DEM., Skopje. pp. 120-130.Peters, G. & H. Hackethal. 1986. Notizien uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18(5): 125-128.Petkovski, S. 1999. Restavracija na Dojranskoto Ezero. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-169.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek. 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, pp. 1-170.Radovanovic, M. 1964. Die Verbreitung der Amphibien und Reptilien in Jugoslawien. Senc. Biol., Franfurt am Main, 45, 3/5.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen pp. 1-82.Stojanov, R. 2002. Dojransko Ezero - fenomen na prirodata, Ministerstvo za `ivotna sredina i prostorno planirawe, Skopje, 1-40.Thurner, J. 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawisch Mazedonien. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.

QUALITY:
Scientific evidence shows that the Lake is unique in the region and beyond as a result of its natural characteristics. The plentiful natural supply of micronutrients in Dojran Lake (some 50 determined so far) is due to the geological location of the Lake and its tectonic-volcanic genesis.Bathing in the Lake for medicinal purposes has been known since the beginning of the development of civilisation in this region. This has been confirmed by the rich archaeology of the settlements around the lake.One of the interesting uses of the reeds which forms belts along the shore (which, incidentally, also has multiple roles in the conservation and normal functioning of the aquatic ecosystem), is its use as the main construction material for fish traps employed in an ancient local fishing method. This unique fishing practice, dating from the time of Ancient Macedonia, consists of special tools, techniques, innovations, equipment, and an excellent knowledge of the ecology of birds, fish and plants. Fishermen used to collect 20,000 to 30,000 kg of fish from just one "mandra". A mandra is an area of the lake fenced with reeds. In the period from 1960-1980, the number of "mandras" was 10; after 1980 it began to decline and finally in 1990, resulting from the unfavourable hydrological situation within the lake, this fishing technique disappeared.From the aspect of biodiversity richness, Dojran Lake is characterised by very important faunal elements which can be found only in this Lake's ecosystem (endemic species). The extinction of these species and subspecies from the Lake will mean their total disappearance from the planet Earth.Although the recent situation for endemic taxa in Dojran Lake is considerably degraded, there is still a basic genetic stock of these taxa remaining, which is essential for their complete restoration. An analysis of biodiversity from an ecological point of view reveals a drastic reduction in the abundance of both individual taxa, as well as entire biocoenoses. For example, there has been a significant reduction in the qualitative composition of the phytoplankton community, which has resulted in an explosion of the populations of other taxa, further negatively affecting the entire balance of the lake ecosystem. Results from paleo-ecological analyses suggest that the process of eutrophication with Lake Dojran has been occurring for a long period.  Nevertheless, due to human influence, eutrophication has dramatically increased from 1988 to the present. The results of the analyses also indicate that ecological thresholds have already been exceeded and the pace of ecological change will increase. Due to the reduction in the abundance of the invertebrate benthic community, on the one hand, and the increase in phytoplankton production on the other, thick deposits of dead organic material (dead phytoplankton) have begun to occur on the Lake bottom, resulting in intensive bacterial decomposition activity. Consequently, a large portion of the benthic oxygen supply is being used in aerobic decomposition, which is contributing to the death of the benthic community and the extension of the area of dead shells. The demineralisation of the dead shells increases the amounts of calcium, carbon and other nutrients in the water, which may bring about further eutrophication.An increase in the populations of those fish species which feed on zoobenthos and zooplankton is usual in eutrophic waters such as Dojran Lake. This contributes to trophic cascade.Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna - Motivation DRegarding flora, the species Nymphaea alba may have already become extinct. The species Nuphar lutea, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae, and Salvinia natans are now considered to be locally endangered. Populations of the species Najas marina, Butomus umbellatus, Cyperus longus, Myriophyllum spicatum and Vallisneria spiralis are reduced and have poor biological vitality.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Ohrid, Prespa and Dojran Lake Conservation (Official Gazette of SRM, No. 45/1977)       The Law proclaims the three lakes as natural monuments of special importance for the society and, as such, are placed under special protection. This law regulates the goal of protection of the lakes, the measures of protection and the penal provisions for lawbreakers.

OTHERCHARACT:
Lake Dojran is the smallest tectonic lake in the Republic of Macedonia. It is situated in the south-eastern part of the country, on the border with Greece, and occupies an area 43.1 km2. The western, and larger portion (27.3 km2) belongs to the Republic of Macedonia, while the eastern, smaller part (15.8 km2) belongs to the Republic of Greece. The level of the water surface is at about 148 m above sea level. It is a shallow lake, with its greatest depth being only several meters.Results obtained from investigations in the Dojran Basin and its surroundings reveal that Dojran Lake was formed in the Neogene-Quaternary and is of tectonic - volcanic genesis. The Lake is a natural rarity and unique in the region and elsewhere.  Lake Dojran is a remnant of the former Pleistocene Peonic Lake which occupied an area of  approximately 127 km2. Dojran Lake is located on the main tectonic regional fault which extends from south of Halkidiki, north to Belgrade and beyond, where it is covered by young sedimentary geological formations. This fault represents the border between the Rodop Massive and the Vardar zone.The Lake was formed by neo-tectonic movements, with uplift and subsidence of the blocks, which in the North Aegean region had an amplitude of 5 km. It was at that time that the valleys and the mountains in the region were formed. On their margins, magmatic-volcanic activity appeared, particularly along the main intersecting tectonic faults. This was also the case with the formation of the Dojran ridge (basin). This activity is still taking place and is manifested by seismic activity. Mineralisation of the lake sediments and the lake water resulted from volcanic and post-volcanic activity in the Neogene-Quaternary period, over the course of a long interval of time. Volcanic activity continues to manifest itself with increased intensity, including the presence of fumaroles and solfataras, as well as hydrothermal geyseric activity in the Dojran Basin and in the general region.Magmatic and post-volcanic activity in the basin and its surroundings and the favourable climatic conditions for mineralisation, enrich the lake sediments. The underwater substrate on the western shore contain organic materials and various macro- and micronutrients. The dissolved minerals and elements in the lake waters facilitate the rapid breakdown of organic materials and the prolific development of flora and fauna in the basin. In addition, the growth of civilisation around the lake and in the region allowed it to become a universal cultural heritage from prehistoric times to the present day.The recent biodiversity of the Dojran Valley is composed mainly of Mediterranean species, while northern (central European) and eastern, steppic elements are present in smaller proportions. These elements are distributed such that the Mediterranean ones occupy the plain and hilly regions along the edge of the valley, as well as the Lake itself, while northern elements are present on the mountain of Belasica. This distribution was present as early as the Pleistocene glaciations, during which time warmer and colder phases had interchanged.In addition to the Mediterranean, central-European and eastern faunal elements, Dojran Lake and Valley possess their own specific taxa, i.e., their endemic fauna. Such fauna were established in part as residuals of the old relict fauna, and in part through speciation and adaptation to their specific circumstances. In terms of numbers, they are not as abundant as the endemic fauna of Prespa or Ohrid Lakes, which is a logical result of the shallow depth of Dojran Lake. 1. FloraDue to its geographical position, configuration of the terrain, climatic characteristics etc., Lake Dojran represents an aquatic ecosystem characterised by quite dense and interesting vegetation. According to the data by Micevski (1963),  seven phytocoenoses, of which five are aquatic and two are marsh communities, have been recorded in the lake and along its shoreline. Among the particularly important marsh communities are the assn. Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch (1926) and assn. Cyperetum longi Micev. (1957), as well as fragments of the assn. Glycerieto-Sparganion Br. Bl. et Siss. (1942), which originally developed behind the reed belt but today is totally destroyed.Floating aquatic vegetation is represented by the assn. Lemno-Spirodelletum polyrhizae W. Koch (1954), subassn. Salvinetosum natantis W. Koch (1954), and the assn. Hydrochari-Nymphoidetum peltatae Slav. (1956), which also developed behind the reed belt in sheltered places well protected from the waves, but today is almost totally destroyed. Underwater (submergent) vegetation is represented by the assn. Potamo-Najadetum Horvatich et Micev. (1958) and the assn. Potameto-Vallisnerietum Br. Bl. (1931), subassn. Potametosum perfoliati Horvatich et Micev. (1958).By 1988, the microfloral component of Dojran Lake consisted of 257 phytoplanktonic and periphytonic taxa. The role of the main producers of organic matter in the Lake's ecosystem is played by the planktonic algae - the phytoplankton. The organic matter produced provides the raw material for organic synthesis in other aquatic organisms. Thus, phytoplankton is the initial link in the series of nutritional chains in the Lake. Dojran Lake used to be characterised by a very rich and diverse periphyton community, considered to be a specific ecological association (Stojanovski, 1983, 1991; Stojanovski et al., 1996). The uncontrolled discharge of water from Dojran Lake in 1988 resulted in drastic qualitative and quantitative changes in the phytoplanktonic and periphytonic microfloral communities (Stojanovski et al., 1996).Further decreases in the Lake's water level and ongoing changes in various ecological parameters (leading to reduced competition), resulted in the development of numerous individual taxa. In 1996, the Lake developed an intense red colour due to the prevalence of the dinoflagellate, Ceratium hirundinella, a form known for its high concentration of ichthyotoxins. In further research prompted by accelerated changes in the Lake ecosystem, Stojanovski pointed out the overriding presence of the thread-like green algae, Spyrogira, a dependable biological indicator of the next phase in the ecological succession of  Lake Dojran.The macrophytic vegetation of Dojran Lake, including both aquatic and emergent forms, is rather poor in number of species. Micevski (1963) lists 46 total species of plants, of which about thirty species are wetland plants, while the rest are accompanying floral elements. The most frequently observed submergent plants are: Ceratophyllum demersum, Najas marina, Potamogeton perfoliatus, Myriophyllum spicatum, Vallisneria spiralis and Najas minor. The species Najas minor is limited to the shallow margins of the Lake, while Myriophyllum spicatum, present  in almost all communities, is most prevalent at a depth of 40 cm. Ceratophyllum demersum grows profusely at a depth of more than 40 cm, forming large under-water meadows.Najas marina and Potamogeton perfoliatus both occur in almost equal numbers in the lower and deeper parts of the Lake, with the only difference being that Najas marina penetrates to a depth of three meters, while Potamogeton perfoliatus reaches even greater depths.The most prevalent of the marsh plants is the common reed (Phragmites australis), which forms a belt around the Lake and penetrates into the lake itself. The following species are also frequently found: Typha latifolia, Typha angustifolia and Sparganium neglectum. The tropic-subtropic species, Paspalum distichum ssp. paspalodes, grows abundantly, forming large green carpets on the wet soil near the shore. The recent status of the littoral zone is characterised by a significant reduction in macrophytic vegetative communities, not only in their frequency, but also the abundance of specimens of individual floral species. Most noticeable is the absence of the dense underwater meadows of Vallisneria spiralis, Ceratophyllum demersum and other low mat-forming submergent vegetation that used to adorn the littoral zone of  Dojran Lake.In the wider zone of the Dojran Basin, the community of Carpineto-Cocciferetum dominates, which is characterised  by Carpinus orientalis and Quercus coccifera, with significant numbers of Fraxinius ornus, Celtis australis, Cornus mass, Juniperus excelssa, Juniperus communis, Quercus pubescens etc.2. FaunaThe biodiversity of Dojran Lake and Valley is complex, from both taxonomic and ecological points of view.Porifera (sponges) in Macedonia are represented by the Family Spongillidae (Incalcaria: Cornacuspongida), with a total of nine taxa, six of which are endemic to Macedonia - four in Ohrid Lake and one each in Prespa and Dojran Lakes. With regard to Lake Dojran, Hadzisce (1953), mentions the presence of three species, including the endemic Dojran sponge, Spongilla carteri dojranensis.Within the Phylum Platyhelminthes (flat worms), representatives of the Classes Turbellaria and Cestoda have been noted in Lake Dojran. Krstanovski (1994) points out the presence of seven species of the Order of Tricladida (Turbellaria), all of which have a wider area of distribution. The Tricladid fauna of Dojran Lake is notably scarce, especially when compared to that of Ohrid Lake, with a total number of 23 registered species (17 of which are endemic), or when compared to Lake Baikal, where as many as 80 endemic Tricladid species have been recorded.The Phylum Nemathelminthes from Dojran Lake is well known, particularly the Classes Rotatoria and Nematoda. Popovska-Stankovic (1990) identified the presence of 52 taxa from the Class Rotatoria in the plankton community of Dojran Lake. Recent studies have recorded only six taxa, which represents a drastic reduction in the qualitative composition. Two of the six registered taxa are new for Dojran Lake.The Phylum Mollusca is a group of organisms consisting of a relatively high number of species. According to Roding (1966), Sapkarev (1975) and Stankovic (1985, 1991), the aquatic gastropod fauna (Mollusca: Gastropoda) in Dojran Lake is represented by 21 species, including the Dojran endemic snail, Graecanatolica macedonica. The Class Lamellibranchiata in Dojran Lake is represented by five species, the most outstanding of which is the species, Dreissena polymorpha (Angelov, 1971; Stankovic, 1951). Dreissena shells are present in masses in the shore zone of Dojran Lake.For the Phylum Annelida in Dojran Lake, representatives of the Classes Oligochaeta and Hirudinea have been identified, including the Class Branchiobdelidae which, according to some authors, is merely a Family of the Class Oligochaeta. In this paper, Branchiobdelidae will be presented separately from Oligochaeta.Georgevitch (1955) studied the Branchiobdelidae occurring as epibionts of the species Astacus astacus balcanicus (Balkan river crab) and identified 15 species, 14 of which were new to science and also Dojran endemic species. The drastic decline of the population of the river crabs in Dojran Lake has affected the survival of the 14 Dojran endemic Branchiobdelidae.According to Hrabe (1958) and Sapkarev (1975, 1975a, 1975b, 1980, 1991), the Class Oligochaeta in the waters of Dojran Lake is represented by 22 species, including the Dojran endemic species, Isochaeta dojranensis. The Class Hirudinea, according to Sapkarev et al. (1991), is represented in Lake Dojran with 10 species.The Phylum Arthropoda is the largest in the animal kingdom. Thus, in the waters of Dojran Lake, as well as in the Dojran Valley, Arthropoda are represented by the highest number of species.The Subphylum Branchiata, with the single Class Crustacea, is widely represented in the waters of Dojran Lake. Within the Subclass Branchiopoda, the Order Cladocera consists of a total of 25 species, mostly planktonic forms.  Studies of  cladocerans conducted in conjunction with this Project show that, in addition to the  25 recorded species, nine other species are present. They belong to the pelagic complex of planktonic organisms.The Subclass Copepoda in Dojran Lake used to be represented by all three freshwater Orders (Calanoida, Cyclopoida and Harpacticoida), with a total of 17 species, among which is the endemic Dojran cyclopoid, Microcyclops varicans dojranensis. At present, only eight species of copepods exist in Dojran Lake.Within the Subclass Ostracoda, nine species are known to be present in Dojran Lake.  Four of these are Dojran endemics. The Subclass Malacostraca (sea crabs) is represented in Dojran Lake by representatives from the Orders Amphipoda, Isopoda and Decapoda, totalling eight species. Among these is the endemic Dojran amphipod, Niphargus pancici dojranensis. Although the Malacostracan fauna of Dojran Lake is not rich in numbers of species, its abundance is strongly expressed in this aquatic ecosystem. The recent status of the representatives of this group is marked by a strong reduction in the populations of certain species.The Order Amphipoda is represented by three species, of which Orchestia cavicama and Gammarus triacanthus semiarmatus used to be very abundant in the littoral zone of the lake at depths to three metres. The current research recorded their presence only sporadically. The third species of Amphipoda - the Dojran endemic Niphargus pancici dojranensis - is not directly present in the waters of this lake. It is found in the springs area of the stream, Deribash, above Star Dojran.The Order Isopoda in Dojran is represented by two species, of which Asselus aquaticus balcanicus is still relatively well represented in the Lake waters. The second species of Isopoda, Stenasellus skopljensis meridionalis, inhabits the streams that flow into Dojran Lake.There are three species of the Order Decapoda recorded in Dojran Lake. Atyaephyra desmaresti stankoi, which was widely present throughout the submergent vegetation in the littoral zone of the Lake (reaching an abundance of 100 ind./m2 in the period before 1989), can now be found only sporadically. The situation with the other two species of decapod crabs is similar. The river crab (Astacus astacus balcanicus) and the Dojran crab (Potamon ibericum) used to be very abundant in the shoreline area and in the streams that flow into Dojran Lake.The Subphylum Tracheata has the highest number of species, and is divided into two Classes. Only a few belong to the Class Myriapoda, while most belong to the Class Insecta.The Order Odonata is widely represented in Dojran Lake. Karaman (1981), in his study of the Odonata of Dojran Lake, recorded the presence of 39 species. Peters & Hackethal (1986) have broadened the list to include three other species, bringing the total number of Odonata species in Dojran Lake to 42. This is 80% of the total recorded Odonata fauna for the Republic of Macedonia (out of a total of 52).Representatives of the Order Plecoptera are relatively well studied within the entire Republic of Macedonia, and in the Dojran region as well. Within the Dojran Valley, Ikonomov (1986) noted the presence of six species in streams that flow into Dojran Lake as part of his multi-year studies of the Plecopterans of Macedonia. The species Rhabdiopteryx doiranensis is a Dojran endemic, present only in the stream that flows into Dojran Lake in the area of Acikot. The species Brachyptera macedonica, described from the same location, is also found in the rivers Stara Reka (Dojran Valley) and Gradiska Reka (on the mountain Gradeska Planina), and is known as a Macedonian endemic. Capnioneura balcanica macedonica, another Macedonian endemic, is also described as being found in the streams of Acikot and in the rivers Stara Reka and Gradiska Reka.The Order Nematocera (mosquitoes) in Dojran Lake, both in numbers of species and individuals, is primarily represented by the Family Chironomidae (Hironomides). According to Angelovski & Sapkarev (1983), 51 species have been recorded in  Dojran Lake. The Hironomides fauna plays an important role in the benthic community of Dojran Lake.Of the Phylum Chordata, only representatives of the Subphylum Vertebrata are present in Dojran Lake and Dojran Valley fauna. Vertebrates make up the most important group in zoology, both for the complexity of their structures and for the richness and differentiation of their forms.The fish fauna of Dojran Lake is represented by 16 species, two taxa of which are Dojran endemics.From the Class Amphibia, nine species were identified within the Dojran Lake ecosystem (Sidorovska et al., 2001).  The newt, Triturus vulgaris, manifests neotenic characteristics only in Dojran Lake populations. The Balkan endemic species, Rana balcanica, has its greatest abundance in Dojran Lake.  Another Balkan endemic taxon,  Pelobates syriacus balcanicus, was described from material collected on the Dojran Lake shoreline.Within the Class Reptilia (reptiles), 23 species were noted for Dojran Lake and Valley (Petkovski et al., 2001). Of these, four species are directly connected with the water biotope of the lake, while the remaining 19 are present within the wider area of the Dojran Valley, where Mediterranean faunal elements dominate. The species Eryx jaculus was recorded for the first time in Macedonia at Dojran. This is the only European representative of the boa family.The Class Aves (birds) of Dojran Lake and Valley has still not been studied in detail. Micevski (1991) made a detailed analysis of the taxonomic structure of the winter ornithofauna of Dojran Lake, listing 17 species of water birds. Among these, the dominant species (according to their abundance) are Fulica atra and Aythia ferina. Sere & Ivanovski (pers. comm.) have broadened this list to 87 species, which covers the bird species from the wider Dojran Valley region.According to Petkovski & Krystufek (1998) and Krystufek & Petkovski (1999), the Class Mammalia (mammals), is represented in the Dojran Valley by 53 species, which is 64% of the total fauna of mammals in Macedonia. Of these, only a few species are directly connected with the water biotope of  Dojran Lake.3. Notable Ecological Characteristics 3.1. Endemic Taxa of Dojran Lake and ValleyDojran Lake and Valley are characterised by many important faunal elements specific only to this lake ecosystem and valley, i.e., endemic species. The destruction of these taxa from the lake and valley would mean an irretrievable loss for the planet Earth.Endemic taxa of Dojran Lake1.  Spongilla carteri dojranensis  Hadzisce (1953)2.  Graecanatolica macedonica  Radoman & Stankovic (1978)3.  Branchiobdella bidens  Georgevitch (1955)4.  Branchiobdella tridens  Georgevitch (1955)5.  Branchiobdella capito  Georgevitch (1955)6.  Cambarincola gastrix  Georgevitch (1955)7.  Cambarincola odontias  Georgevitch (1955)8.  Cambarincola dojranensis  Georgevitch (1955)9.  Pterodrilus bidens  Georgevitch (1955)10.  Pterodrilus megas  Georgevitch (1955)11.  Pterodrilus prion  Georgevitch (1955)12.  Pterodrilus megadont  Georgevitch (1955)13.  Xironogiton bidens  Georgevitch (1955)14.  Xironogiton dilatatus  Georgevitch (1955)15.  Xironogiton dolicoderos  Georgevitch (1955)16.  Xironodrilus crassus  Georgevitch (1955)17.  Isochaeta dojranensis  Hrabe (1958)18.  Microcyclops varicans dojranensis  Petkovski (1954)19.  Physocypria  inversa  Klie (1941)20.  Candona paionica  Petkovski (1958)21.  Candona angulata meridionalis  Petkovski (1958)22.  Limnocytere inopinata  Baird (1843) amend.  Petkovski (1959)23.  Niphargus pancici dojranensis  Karaman (1960)24.  Rhabdiopteryx doiranensis  Ikonomov (1983)25.  Rutilus rutilus dojranensis  Karaman (1928)26.  Scardinius erythrophtalmus dojranensis  Karaman (1924)According to this list, it is clear that Dojran Lake hosts a number of endemic taxa, although much fewer in comparison to Ohrid Lake.  In addition, Dojran endemics are mostly of a lower taxonomic category.3.2. The Zooplankton of Dojran LakeThe presence of 94 taxa from the faunal groups Protozoa (2), Rotatoria (52), Cladocera (24), Copepoda (14), Mollusca (1) and Insecta (1) were recorded in the  waters of the littoral and pelagic zones of  Dojran Lake until 1988. From an ecological consideration, zooplankton is a very important constituent of the trophic pyramid of Dojran Lake. This is especially true if we bear in mind the fact that it is one of three main dietary components for the economically important fish species of Dojran Lake: Alburnus alburnus macedonicus, Cyprinus carpio, Rutilus rutilus dojranensis and Perca fluviatilis macedonica (Popovska-Stankovic, 1968, 1971, 1977).3.3. The Benthos of Lake DojranThe most appropriate biological indicators of freshwater ecosystem succession are the changes in faunal composition of the Lake bottom over the course of time. The fauna of the Lake has undergone dramatic changes over the last several years. For example, there has been a drastic reduction in the abundance of Oligochaeta (from 2,000 to 200 ind./m2) and Chironomidae larvae (from 2,000 to 200 ind./m2). The populations of nematodes have maintained a relatively constant level. The only group that is thriving as a result of the recent changes within the Lake is the Ostracoda, which has seen an average increase from 100 ind./m2 to 900 ind./m2. This is due, in part, to the detrivorous feeding habit of a large number of ostracod taxa.The benthic habitat of the Lake is now largely unfavourable for many species that used to be abundant, especially Chironomidae and Oligochaeta. This could be connected with the overproduction of algae in the water, which leads to de-oxygenation of the benthic zone, and/or with increased deposits of degraded  Dreissena polymorpha shells, which are not a suitable substrate for these groups of organisms. In addition, the major portion of the benthic fauna of the Lake now occurs primarily in areas where mollusc shells (especially Dreissena polymorpha) are not found.  Areas without mollusc shells exist due to the absence of adequate ecological conditions for mollusc growth and reproduction or due to protection from post-mortem spreading of the shells. The loss of considerable larval habitat for Oligochaeta and Chironomidae may contribute to the reduction of the gross faunal production and also negatively affect the populations of certain fish species.What can be expected in the near future is a loss of species narrowly dependent on specific habitat characteristics, with the result that the Lake will remain populated only by species that are adaptable to a broader range of factors. This tendency can already be observed to some extent through the recent increase in abundance of the ostracod, Darwinula stevensoni, which is expected to continue its multiplication until conditions (seasonal de-oxygenation of the benthic zone) grow unfavourable for its survival. Keeping in mind that, in the past, ostracods were a minor component of the zoobenthic community, this change is very important. In addition, in the deeper parts of the Lake, the larva of Chaoborus crystallinus (Insecta: Chaoboridae) (Sapkarev, 1975 a,b) used to dominate the benthic community. In the early 1960s the yearly average number of individuals of this species ranged to 10,000 ind./m2, while as of 1989 it had decreased to 1,420 ind./m2 (Sapkarev et al., 1991). According to our research (1997-1999), average abundance for the entire larval community of the Order Nematocere was 427 ind./m2.


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Orthopteroidea (Insecta). Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana III/6:1-47.Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.McGregor, P. J. C. 1906. Notes of Birds observed at Monastir, Turkey in Europe. Ibis 8(6): 285-307. London.Micevski, B. & L. Stojanovski, 1991. Biogeographical and ecological characteristics of the Ornithofauna in the Pinus peuce forest biotope in the Pelister National Park (Macedonia). Larus, Vol 43, pp.: 81-88. Zagreb.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPeters, G. & H. Hackethal, 1986. Notizen uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 18 (5): 125-158.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Petkovski, S., 1991. Anostraca, Notostraca & Cladocera. In: B. Sket & al. Bogatstvo in raziskanost jugoslovanske favne: nizji nevretencarji (Metazoa, Invertebrata, ex. Insecta). Plenarni referat na 2. Kongresu biosistematikov Jugoslavije, Biol. vestn., Ljubljana, 39 (1,2): 37-52.Petkovski, S., 1998. Fauna na Branchiopoda (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) vo Makedonija. In: Fauna na Makedonija 5, Zav. izvestaj. Mac. Mus. Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.3-55.Petkovski, T., 1954. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der jugoslavischen Cyclopiden. Acta Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 2(1): 1-32.Petkovski, T., 1962. Die Hydrofauna der glazialer Gewasser am Perister. Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., Skopje, 8 (4): 77-98. Petkovski, T., 1983. Calanoida (Crustacea: Copepoda) Fauna na Makedonija. Mus. maced. sci. nat., Skopje, 5: 1-182.Petkovski, T., 1995b. Interesting  Freshwater Ostracoda from Macedonia. Bull. Sci. Nat. Luxemburg. 96 (1995): 167-183.Petkovski, T., 1998. Ostracodi (Crustacea: Ostracoda) na Makedonija. In: Fauna na Makedonija 5. Zav. Izvestaj. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.60-77.Pinker, R., 1968. Die Lepidopteren fauna Mazedoniens. III. Geometridae. Posebno Izdanie. Mac. Mus. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 4:1-72.Plan za upravuvanje na Nacionalniot Park Pelister (Vtora predlog verzija). Drushtvo za prouchuvanje i zashtita na pticite na Makedonija, 2004, Skopje. pp. 225.Schaider, P. & P. Jaksic. 1989. Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen. pp.: 1-82.Sket, B., 1967. Crustacea, Isopoda (aquatica). Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. III/3:1-21.Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Thurner, J., 1964. Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebni Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1: 1-159.Todorovski, A., 1972. Pelister i negoviot rastitelen svet. Nacion. park "Pelister" Bitola, 1-17.Tortich, M., 1988. Materials for the mycoflora of Macedonia. Maked. akad. na naukite i umetnostite., p.p. 1-64, Skopje.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
From the higher plants, more than 1000 taxa are recognized within the Park. More than 15 Angiosperm and Gymnosperm plant taxa have been described from Pelister Mountain (Alchemilla peristerica Pawl, Centaurea deustiformis Adam., Crocus pelistericus Pulev., Dianthus myrtinervius Grieseb., Festuca peristerea (Vett.) I, Markg. Dbg., Pedicularis orthantha Griseb., Pinus peuce Griseb., Ranunculus psilostachys Griseb., Scorzonera purpurea L. subsp. peristerica, Sedum erythraeum, Sempervivum marmoreum, Sempervivum octopodes, Silene ventricosa Adam., Viola velutina Form. Viola orphanidis Boiss. and others). Two of these are local endemics restricted to Pelister Mountain (Alchemilla peristerica Pawl. and Dianthus myrtinervius Griseb). Two other species are subendemics, first described from Pelister but later found at other locations (Crocus pelistericus Pulev. and Sempervivum octopodes).Another feature of the National Park is that the distributions of several plant taxa within the territory of Macedonia are restricted to this site:  Viola parvula, Tozzia alpina subsp. carpathica  and  Dianthus stenopetalus, while  some species are present on only one other locality besides Pelister in Macedonia - Viola doerfleri, Athyrium distentifolium, Knautia magnifica and others. The folowing species - Viola velutina, Soldanella macedonica, Blechnum spicant, Huperzia sellago, Centaurea deustiformis, Gentiana acaulis, Gentiana lutea subsp. symphiandra, Trifolium pilczii, Ranunculus incomparabilis and Cryptogramma crispa - have restricted distributions within the Republic of Macedonia.One plant species present within the Park (Crocus pelistericus Pulevic) is included within the National CORINE list. Another two species, Alchemilla peristerica and Dianthus myrtinervius, are included on the IUCN Global Red List (1997).The richness of faunal diversity on Pelister Mountain is also impressive. Several invertebrate groups that play an important role in any natural ecosystem that should be protected and managed are worth mentioning.Within the phylum Mollusca (Molluscs), the class Gastropoda (Snails) is represented by 18 terrestrial species (Gastropoda, Pulmonata), including five Balkan endemics (Semilimacella reitteri, Allaegopis skanderbegianus, Vestia minima, Macedonica frauenfeldi, Campilea (Faustina) balcanica). Representatives of the classes Copepoda (Copepods), Ostracoda (Ostracods) and Branchiopoda (Branchiopods), within the subphylum Branchiata (Branchiate arthropods), are the most thoroughly studied, not only within the Pelister Park, but also within the Macedonian invertebrate fauna.  The Branchiate arthropods are linked with freshwater ecosystems, and 44 taxa have been recorded in the frame of the National Park.From the class Branchiopoda, a rich population of the Balkan relict-endemic taxon, Chirocephalus diaphanus carinatus, is present. From the class Copepoda, two calanoid copepods, Arctodiaptomus niethammeri (=Arctodiaptomus spectabilis) and Arctodiaptomus osmanus, characteristic of the waters of glacial lakes (Golemo & Malo Ezero), represent rare Caucasian zoogeographical elements that are present only on Pelister and Galichica Mountains within the whole European continent.The Cyclopoid copepod, Cyclops ankyrae, is a Balkan endemic with a disjunctive distribution area. Its presence is limited to two localities, a restricted location in the vicinity of Istanbul (Turkey) and Pelister.Another relict-endemic species from the order Harpactoida (Harpacticoid copepods), Arcticocampus macedonicus, is restricted to the waters of the two glacial lakes on Pelister. From the class Ostracoda, a total number of 11 species are recognized, four of which are local endemics restricted to Pelister Mountian. The species, Psychodromus peristericus (=Iliodromus peristericus) and Eucypris diebeli, have been described from the springs within the National Park, and are known only from these springs. The class Insecta (Insects) is not completely investigated within the National Park, but there are some data for several different taxonomic groups. From the order Coleoptera, two families (Carabidae and Curculionidae) have been investigated. The total number of Carabidae is 61 taxa, of which 7 taxa (11,5%) are local endemics (Cychrus semigranosus peristericus, Nebria aetholica peristerica, Nebria macedonica, Tapinopterus comita, Tapinopterus monastirensis, Trechus cardioderus athonis and Trechus goebli goebli) and 16 taxa (26,2%) are Balkan endemics. The family Curculionidae is represented by 35 species, including two Balkan endemics (Phyllobius lateralis and Phyllobius pinicola).The most attractive insect group, Lepidoptera, that is, the Daily butterflies (Rhopalocera), is represented by 91 species, of which two are Balkan endemics (Colias caucasica and Erebia epiphron). The first species is present mainly in the higher open areas within the National Park, at elevations above 1600 m. The diversity of grasshoppers (Orthoptera) is represented by 43 taxa, of which six are Balkan endemics (Psorodonotus fieberi, Poecilimon gracilis, Metrioptera oblongicolis, Modestana ebneri, Poecilimon jonicus jonicus, Poecilimon orbelicus). With regard to Vertebrates (Vertebrata), the fauna of the National Park is represented by all four classes and the one superclass which is included in this subphylum.From the superclass Fishes (Pisces), the most important species within the Park are the two salmonoid endemic species. On the east side of the Pelister Mountain, Salmo pelagonicus has been recorded in two rivers (Rotinska and Caparska), while on the west side of the mountain, outside of the National Park boundaries, Salmo pelistericus is present in the Brajchinska River. There are no recent data about ecological and population status of these endemic fish species.The fauna of Amphibians (Amphibia) is represented by 10 species. The diversity of Reptiles (Reptilia) within the Park is represented by a total of 15 species (one tortoise, eight lizards and six snakes). From a zoogeographical point of view, the most conspicuous feature of Pelister herpetofauna is the lack of dominance of any particular species. The next striking feature is related to the presence of numerous endemic and subendemic taxa typical for the Balkan Peninsula, as well as the positions of the populations at the bourndary of their distributional area and the proximity of areas of intergradation between the closely related taxa.The class of Birds (Aves) is also well investigated in the National Park. Recently, the total number of birds was established at 91 species. Nine of these are included in the CORINE list, and 25 species are included in the Directive for Protection of Wild Birds - Council of Europe (seven species in SPEC1, three species in SPEC2 and 15 species in SPEC3). The special position of Pelister Mountain between Lake Prespa to the west and the Pelagonia valley to the east, both of which are relatively open to weather from the south, as well as its connection with a continuous mountain chain to the north, expose Pelister to varying climatic influences, modified by its complex mountain relief. Such are the major abiogenic factors contributing to the great mammal diversity of its territory.The mammal fauna on the Pelister Mountain is represented by 50 taxa. The level of diversity richness of the Pelister mammal fauna can be better understood if we compare this number with the total number of Macedonian mammal fauna (82), which gives a figure of 61%.     Only a few species which are of special value for the Pelister Park will be mentioned. The Balkan mole (Talpa stankovici) was described from Pelister, based upon specimens collected from the humid meadows in the vicinity of the village Magarevo (type locality of the species). Abundant populations of the species are currently still present on the type locality, as well as in the meadows of the village Nizhe Pole, the humid alpine pastures - rich with humus - below Golemo Ezero and the humid meadows between the villages, Kurbinovo and Brajchino, on the western side of the mountain. The Balkan mole is a Balkan endemic species, with its range of distribution restricted to the zone west of the Vardar River, from Shara Mountain on the north to Mount Olympus on the south.The Bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) on Pelister Mountain is represented by the subspecies, Clethrionomys glareolus macedonicus. The subspecies is described on the basis of specimens collected from the locality "Kopanki". The known range of the Pelister subspecies is restricted to Pelister Mountain. The Pelister bank vole is most abundant in mixed woodlands on open terrain with dense low vegetation. Besides the type locality, the subspecies has been recorded at the localities Begova Cheshma, Jorgov Kamen, Viroi (below the peak of Pelister), Palisnopje and the village, Brajchino, on the western side of the mountain.The Balkan pine vole (Microtus felteni) is described from Pelister on the basis of specimens collected on dry meadows from a location near the village of Trnovo,. The range of distribution of the Balkan pine vole is restricted to the mountains of western Macedonia, which indicates that this vole is Macedonian endemic species. On Pelister Mountain, the species is most abundant within the Molika Pine forest belt, on open dry terrains. The Lesser mole rat (Nannospalax leucodon) is represented by the subspecies, Nannospalax leucodon macedonicus, whose distributional area is restricted to the mountains of western Macedonia. On Pelister Mountain, the Lesser mole rat inhabits open dry terrains with rich humus soil, from the piedmont areas to the high mountain zone, especially in alpine pastures.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Declaring a Portion of the Forested Areas on Pelister Mountain as a National Park (Official Gazette og SRM 38/48 with its modification 16/65)

OTHERCHARACT:
Within the borders of the National Park Pelister, numerous habitats and plant communities are present. The dominant habitat type is the broadleaved forests (Beech and Oak forests), covering 28% of the total surface of the Park. Coniferous forests (Macedonian Pine and King's Boris' Fir forests) comprise 13%, while alpine and sub-alpine grasslands, 23%. Significant areas of the site consist of rocky terrain (15%), and smaller surfaces are covered by bogs, humid and dry grasslands.The National Park Pelister is the oldest National Park in the Republic of Macedonia, proclaimed in 1948. The main reason for its establishment was the presence of a large area of Macedonian Pine (Pinus peuce), a Balkan endemic, as well as the presence of two glacial lakes - remnants of the Glacial Period.From a phytogeographical point of view, Pelister Mountain represents a mosaic of various floral elements (Scardo-Pindus, Moesian and Moeso-Scardo-Pindus, Sub Mediterranean, Eastern-Submediterranean, Subatlantic-Submediterranean, Middle-European, Alpine-Carpathian and Arcto-Boreal). The park area also represents a natural arboretum, containing 93 forest species, which is almost 30% of Macedonian dendroflora. The vegetation of Pelister Mountain is represented by more than 25 plant assemblages, nine of which are forest communities and the rest, various types of grasses. The most important are the following: assn. Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em. 1965assn. Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em. 1965assn. Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum Em. (1962)1985assn. Digitali virifilorae-Pinetum peucis Em. (1960)1962assn. Gentiano luteae-Pinetum peucis Em. (1960)1962assn. Bruckenthalio-Juniperetum Ht. 1938assn. Orphanideo-Cirsietum apendiculati Ht. 1936assn. Diantho myrtinervii-Festucetum Ht. 1938assn. Geranio-Poetum violaceae Ht. 1935assn. Genisto-Nardetum Micev. 1985 Pelister Mountain belongs to the Dinaric Mountain tectonic group. These mountains were formed during the alpine orogenesis and are considered to be young mountains. With the exception of Pelister, which is situated in the southwest, all other mountains included in this group are located in the central position of the country. Within the confines of the Park, besides the highest peak (Pelister-2601 m), there are also nine other noteworthy peaks, with elevations higher than 2000 m.The most important relief structures are "stone rivers," which are a well-known impressive phenomena within the Balkan mountains, although their genesis has not been strictly and precisely defined (Stojadinovic, 1962; 1970). These "stone rivers" consist of huge quantities of broken rocks and blocks that are located at elevations from 1300 to 2000 msl. As a result of the influence of glacial erosion, several cirques are present, two of which are filled with water. These are Golemo Ezero (Big Lake) and Malo Ezero (Small Lake).Within the boundary of the Park, there is only one settlement - the village of Malovishte - with 121 inhabitants and 42 households.


DOCUMENTATION:
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International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen uber mazedonische Fledermause (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glavac, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Jaksic, P., 1998. Male genitalia of Butterflies on Balkan Peninsula with a check-list, Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. Ed.:1-144. BratislavaKalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Karaman, S., 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Derzeit am Institut  Z. Enforschung und Bekampfung D. Malaria, Trogir (Dalmatien) Hrvatska stamparija, Split. Pp.: 1-90.Karaman, S., 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B., 1994. The taxonomy of blind moles (Talpa caeca and T. stankovici, Insectivora, Mammalia) from south-eastern Europe. Bonn. zool. Beitr., 45: 1-16.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohralik, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horacek, I.; Vohralik, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matevski, V., Kostadinovski, M., 1996. Pregled na rastitelni vidovi cij locus classicus se naoga vo granicite na trite nacionalni parkovi vo Republika Makedonija. Balkanska Konferencija "Nacionalnite parkovi i nivna uloga vo zastitata na biodiverzitetot na Balkanskiot Poluostrov", 89-98Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.Micevski , B., 2000. Corine Biotopes - Macedonia/LIS files.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoNaumovski, M., 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Soska, Th.,  1938/39. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von Sudserbien. II. Glas. SND, 20(7):178-191. Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Valorizacija na prirodnite vrednosti na ornitoloshkiot lokalitet Demir Kapija, Elaborat. Ministerstvo za zhivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje, 2003. pp. 74. Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
From the aspect of vegetation, Demir Kapija is characterized by a great floral richness of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species and communities. For a large number of them, the northern distributional boundary on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia is reached within this area (assn. Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orientalis Oberd. Ht. 1954; Saxifraga hederacea, Dracunculus vulgaris, Punica granatum, etc).Several plant species were originally described from within the boundaries of this natural monument (Locus typicus), such as the following local endemic species: Heptaptera macedonica [IUCN Global Red List (1997)], Centaurea formanekii, Centaurea demirkapiensis, etc.Several plant species which originated from neighbouring Balkan areas are very rare on the territory of Macedonia (Centaurea demirkapiensis, Centaurea formanekii, Saxifraga hederacea, Arenaria filicaulis, Stachys macedonica, Lilium cheldreichii, Lilium candidum, Ramonda nathaliae, Adianthum capillus veneris, Alyssum foliosum, Arabis verna, Corrigiola litoralis, Parietaria lusitanica, Punica granatum, Quercus coccifera, Ephedra major subsp. procera, Paeonia peregrina, Cerinthe retorta, Cachrys alpina, Centaurea campylacme, Centaurea graeca, Cionura erecta, Heptaptera macedonica, Rumex cristaus.). Nevertheless, they are recorded in the gorge of Demir Kapija; for some of them, this is the only location within the country. The importance of this site may also be evidenced by the presence of the plant species, Ramonda nathaliae, which is included on the IUCN Global Red List (1997). The great faunal diversity and heterogeneity observed within this site can be explained due to its geographic position and various climatic influences to which it is exposed. The Demir Kapija Gorge is the first continental barrier for numerous Mediterranean species and the most northern border of their distribution (Rana balcanica, Pseudopus apodus). Thus, a mixture of Mediterranean, sub-Mediterranean, middle-European, steppic and boreal faunal elements are present on the site. Birds are represented by a total of 147 species, which is 46% of Macedonian avifauna. Furthermore, the largest nesting colonies of the Griffon and Egyptian Vulture are present on this site.The total number of amphibians and reptiles within the subject area consists of 30 species. It is surprising that this area shows such high level of herpetological diversity. Such richness is higher than that of northern European countries (Finland, Norway, Denmark, Sweden, Poland, the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, Great Britain), and is approximately the same level as Middle European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Austria, Switzerland).With regard to mammals, the most striking feature of the site is the presence of 10 Emerald bat species with abundant populations.

DESIGNATION:
Decision on Proclaming Demir Kapija Gorge as Natural Monument, made by the State Institute for Protection of Cultural Monuments (Decision no. 03-167-2/60)

OTHERCHARACT:
The most significant plant community, that is, habitat type, within the Natural Monument "Demir Kapija" consists of the broadleaved Oak and Hornbeam forests which cover 26% of the total area of the site. Evergreen broadleaved forests (Heleno-Balcanic Pseudomaquis) and dry grasslands each represent 15% of the total area.Demir Kapija is the longest and most striking gorge of the Vardar River. It starts at the confluence of the Boshava Rover with the Vardar River, and extends southward to the village Udovo, for a total length of 19,5 km. The entrance into the gorge is an especially impressive canyon, 0, 9 km in length, with various karstic outcrops on its slopes. The gorge passes through limestone and volcanic rocks that divide the Tikvesh valley on the northwest from the Gevgelija-Valandovo valley on the southeast. Within the gorge, the riverbed first passes over limestone, then over basaltic and granitic layers. The attractiveness of the Demir Kapija Gorge is a result of the narrow Vardar riverbed, only 60 m wide, as well as the adjacent vertical limestone cliffs, which rise to 250 m.  Within the gorge, the Gradishka River is the only large tributary and enters from the east side (with total length of 13 km). Notwithstanding the fact that the Vardar River within the gorge is extremely narrow, a few islets are nevertheless present. From local geological aspect, the area of Demir Kapija belongs to the Vardar geotectonic zone. As a result of its internal composition, presence of igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks, as well as the composition of its tectonic structures, it may be distinguished from other tectonic units not only within the country but also within the entire Balkan Peninsula. The Vardar zone represents a trench-like structure between the Pelagonian zone on the west and Rhodope massif on the east. From the north, it starts at the junction of the Sava and Danube Rivers continuing southwardly to the Halkidiki Peninsula.  The evolution of the Vardar zone was geologically complex, starting from the most ancient geological periods and extending to the neotectonic phases. In this manner, the tectonic composition of this zone came to include formations of the Precambrian (Prebaical), Caledonian and alpine orogenic complexes. However, the older complexes were intensively modified during the alpine tectogenesys. They are currently present only fragmentally. Northward and southward from the entrance of the gorge, characteristic limestone deposits from the Upper Jurassic period are present. These limestone rocks are the result of the process of transgression that was present within the wider area of the Vardar zone. The limestone rocks are white with karstified crevices, and possess numerous caves and other karstic formations. The age of the limestone rocks is confirmed by the presence of a rich marine fossil fauna, dominated by bivalves, but also including representatives of other faunal groups (gastropods, cephalopods and corals).      The numerous caves present within the gorge are not sufficiently investigated. The largest cave, "Bela Voda," has a total length of 955 m. Margarita Lake, with a surface area of 8 x 12 m and depth of between 4 and 8 m, is situated at the end of the lower cave channel. Of the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:assn. Querco cocciferae-Carpinetum orientalis Oberd.. Ht. 1954assn. Phyllireo-Carpinetum orientalis Em 1957assn. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 1946assn. Syringo-Buxetum Tomas. 1959assn. Pruno webii-Juniperetum excelse Em 1962assn. Juglando-Platanetum orientalis Em & Dzekov 1961assn. Campanulo-Inuletum aschersonianae Ht. 1949assn. Veronico cymbalariae-Cardaminetum graecae Matevski & Carni 2003


DOCUMENTATION:
Adamovic, L., 1904. Beitrage zur Flora von Macedonien und Altserbien. DAWW, &4:115-150. Apostolski, K., Petrovski, N., Popovska, O. & M. Sidorovski, 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Banzhaf, W. 1931. Ein Beitrag zur Avifauna Macedoniens. Journ. F. Orn. 79, 319-323.Beazley, M., 2001. Guide to Freshwater Fish of Britain and Europe. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. London. Pp. 1-192.Bornmuller, J., 1925. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J., 1926. Beitrage zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmuller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbucher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S & G. Dzukic., 1974. Reptilia. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Danko, S. & C. Szilard 1971. Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Macedonien, mit besonderer Brrueckksichtigung der Greifvogel. Orn. Mitt., 23(1): 9-18.Dimovski, A. & S. Matvejev 1955. Ornithologische Forschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arch. Sci. Biol. 7(1/2): 121-138.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Elaborat za zashtita na Tikveshkoto Ezero kako strog priroden rezervat. Republichki Zavod za zashtita na prirodnite retkosti - Skopje, 1993. pp. 27. Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Fehringer, O. 1920. Vogelzug in Macedonien Fruehjahr 1918. Orn. Monatsber. 28: 55-57.Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Journal. F. Orn., 70: 89-123; 286-324.Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Geiger, H., S. R. Kratzer & H. Stopper 1974. Voegelkundliche Fruehjahrsbeobactungen in Macedonien. Orn. Mitt., 26(7): 133-141.Georgiev, S., 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp.:1-177.Gengler, J. 1920. Balkanvoegel. Ein ornithologisches Tagebuch. Altenburg.Geroudet, P. 1967. La Buse feroce, Buteo rufinus, au defile de Demir Kapija. Larus, 19: 156-157. Zagreb.Glegg, W. E. 1924. A list of the birds of Macedonia. Ibis, 46-86.Goetz, L. 1956. Photographieren der Voegel waehrend meiner Reise in Jugoslavien. Larus, 8: 138-142. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1983. Observations de Gypete barbu (Gypaetus barbatus aureus) dans la Macedoine du nort-ouest. Larus, 33/35: 135-140. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1986. Notes sur la nidification et la comportement du Vautour moine (Aegypius monachus) dans le Zoo de Skopje. Larus,  36/37: 231-238. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1989. The Egyptean Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Macedonia. Meyburg, B.-U. & R.D. Chanellor- Raptors in Modern world, 331-333. WWGBP - Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1990. Bradan: Gypaetus barbatus L. Svijetlost, Saraevo. 126 p.Grubac, B. 1991a. Status and Biology of the Beadred Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus aureus) in Macedonia. Birds of prey Bull. 4, 101-117, Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1991b. Situation actuele des Vautures en Macedoine. I. Congreso Intern. Sobre Aves Carroneras, Priego (Cuenca), Mayo 1990. Aedanat - Coda Jevna, 139-145. Madrid.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures (Aegypiinae) in Central Balkans. - II International Congress on Carrion Birds, Canizares (Spain), 1-4 May, 1997.Grubac, B. 1998. Population status and conservation of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In: Tewes, E., J. J. Sanchez, B. Heredia, & M. Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.). International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen uber mazedonische Fledermause (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glavac, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Karaman, S., 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Derzeit am Institut  Z. Enforschung und Bekampfung D. Malaria, Trogir (Dalmatien) Hrvatska stamparija, Split. Pp.: 1-90.Karaman, S., 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Kosanin, N., 1921. Biljni pokrivac planina zapadne i juzne Makedonije. Glasn. Geog. dr., 6:62-74, Beograd. Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohralik, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horacek, I.; Vohralik, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.Micevski , B., 2000. Corine Biotopes - Macedonia/LIS files.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoNaumovski, M., 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Plan za upravuvanje na Nacionalniot Park Pelister (Vtora predlog verzija). Drushtvo za prouchuvanje i zashtita na pticite na Makedonija, 2004, Skopje. pp. 225.Soska, Th., 1938/1939. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von Sudserbien, III. Glasnik SND, 20(7):167-191. Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
A high level of floral heterogeneity and diversity is present within the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero." The strong influence of the modified sub-Mediterranean climate is directly reflected in the composition of the floral elements, which exhibit a large number of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean species and assemblages. This area is the type locality where two Macedonian endemic species (Centaurea grbavacensis and Verbascum macedonicum) were described. These two species, together with the relict plant, Ramonda nathaliae, are included in the IUCN Global Red List (1997).Within the area of the Reserve, the presence of rare Macedonian plant species give a special flavour to the site (Arbutus andrachne, Campanula formanekiana, Thymus parnassicus, Galium setaceum, Chaenorhinum rubrifolium, Helianthemum hymettium, Galium kerneri). This site is the only location within Macedonia where the species, Ruta graveolens, may be found. The species, Lilium candidum, Dictamnus albus, Eryngium wiegandii, Periploca graeca, Crocus cancellatus, Blackstonia perfoliata, Colchicum bivonnae, Juniperus excelsa, Daphne laureola and Potentilla velenovsky, are representatives of Mediterranean and sub-Mediterranean floral elements.Besides floral diversity, the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" is characterized by a high level of faunal heterogeneity and diversity. This manifests itself in the presence of 38 Emerald bird species, as well as seven mammal species, seven species of amphibians and reptiles and four fish species also listed in Resolution No. 6. Additionally, there are 18 animal species with international legal and conservation status within this site.

DESIGNATION:
Law on Declaring the Ornithological Reserve "Tikvesh" in the gorge of Crna River as Strict Nature Reserve (Official Gazette of RM 35/97)

OTHERCHARACT:
The dominant habitat types within the Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" are represented by broadleaved Oak and Hornbeam forests, with 32% of the total site area and the dry grasslands with 30%. Other significant habitat types include rocky terrain and standing water, both represented by 10%.The Strict Nature Reserve "Tikveshko Ezero" is situated within the Tikvesh valley, 30 km south-west of the town of Kavadaraci. This valley was created by intensive tectonic processes that began in the Lower Tertiary (Oligocene) and continued until the Upper Tertiary. In the Lake Phase (Pleistocene), two separate lakes were present in the Tikvesh valley (Tikveshko and Raecko) and they communicated with each other through Drenovska Gorge. The lithostratigraphic structure of the terrain is characterised by the presence of rock layers originating from the Triassic and Upper Cretaceous periods within the Mesozoic era, and the Paleogene and Neogene periods within the Cenozoic era. Within the Paleogene sediments that are present west of the village, Dragozhel, fossil fauna of bivalves, gastropods and corals originating from the Upper Eocene Epoch have been recorded. The most striking feature of this area is the presence of rocky masses, which are the result of Tertiary volcanic activities in the wider area. Diluvial sediments are dominant in this reserve, while alluvial sediments are present along the rivers, especially on the river banks. Within the confines of this Strict Nature Reserve, there are two main water bodies: Tikveshko Lake (an artificial lake) and Crna River.    The most conspicuous plant communities present on this site include:assn. Quercetum trojanae macedonicum Em. & Ht.(1950) 1965assn. Phyllireo-Carpinetum orientalis Em 1957assn. Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 1946assn. Phyllireo-Juniperetum excelsae Em. 1962 (1985)assn. Campanuletum formanekianae Ht. 1938      all.  Saturejo-Thymion Micev. 1970


DOCUMENTATION:
Banzhaf, W. 1931. Ein Beitrag zur Avifauna Macedoniens. Journ. F. Orn. 79, 319-323.BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S & G. Dzukic., 1974. Reptilia. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Daniel, F., 1964. Die Lepidopteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II. Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 2: 1-75.Danko, S. & C. Szilard 1971. Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Macedonien, mit besonderer Brrueckksichtigung der Greifvogel. Orn. Mitt., 23(1): 9-18.Dimovski, A. & S. Matvejev 1955. Ornithologische Forschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arch. Sci. Biol. 7(1/2): 121-138.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Drovenik, B. & H. Peks., 1994. Catalogus Faunae Carabiden der Balkanlander (Coleoptera: Carabidae). Coleoptera Schwanfelder Coleopterologische Mitteilungen, Schwanfeld. 1: 1-103.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Em, H., Dzekov, S., 1969. Molikata i molikovata suma na Pelister. Zbornik na simpoziumot za molikata, 2-6.9.1969, 49-62, Bitola. Fehringer, O. 1920. Vogelzug in Macedonien Fruehjahr 1918. Orn. Monatsber. 28: 55-57.Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Forschungsreise auf dem macedonischen Kriegsschauplatz. Journal fur Ornithologie 70:89-123; 286-324.Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Geiger, H., S. R. Kratzer & H. Stopper 1974. Voegelkundliche Fruehjahrsbeobactungen in Macedonien. Orn. Mitt., 26(7): 133-141.Gengler, J. 1920. Balkanvoegel. Ein ornithologisches Tagebuch. Altenburg.Glegg, W. E. 1924. A list of the birds of Macedonia. Ibis, 46-86.Goetz, L. 1956. Photographieren der Voegel waehrend meiner Reise in Jugoslavien. Larus, 8: 138-142. Zagreb.Grisebach. A., 1843-44. Spicilegium florae Rumelicae et Bithynicae. Brunsvigae. Gruba?, B. R. 1986-1987. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos) in South-eastern Yugoslavia. Larus 38-39:95-135.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures (Aegypiinae) in Central Balkans. - II International Congress on Carrion Birds, Canizares (Spain), 1-4 May, 1997.Grubac, B. 1998. Population status and conservation of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In: Tewes, E., J. J. Sanchez, B. Heredia, & M. Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.). International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen ?ber mazedonische Flederm?use (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin. Heath, M. F. & Evans, M.I. 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. 2: Southern Europe. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 8).Hieke, F., 1981. Die Carabidae Einer Sammelreise nach Mazedonien (Insecta: Coleoptera). Acta. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 16(3): 71-101.Horvat, I., 1960. La vegetation alpine de la macedonie dans L aspect des recherches contemporaines. Acta mus.mac.scient.nat. Skopje, 6:163-203. Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Ilic, A. 1942. Die Brutvoegel in der Umgebung von Bitolj (Manuscript)Jovanovi?, V. S., 1999. Contribution to the knowledge of taxonomic differentiating characteristics of Deroceras reticulatum  (M?ller, 1774) and Deroceras turcicum (Simroth, 1894) (Agriolimacidae, Gastropoda) from the mountains Baba and Bistra , R. Macedonia. Arch.biol. Sci., Belgrade 51 (4):219-223.Kalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Karaman, B., 1987. Les Odonates du Lac de Prespa (Macedoine, Yugoslavie) I partie: La composition qualitative et L'analyse zoogeographique de la Faune. Ann. Fac. Sci. Nat., Biol. Skopje. 37-38: 97-110.Klimesch, J., 1968. Die Lepidopteren fauna Mazedoniens. IV. Microlepidoptera. Posebno Izdanie. Mus.Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 5: 1-203.Kosanin, N., 1921. Biljni pokrivac planina zapadne i juzne Makedonije. Glasn. Geog. dr., 6:62-74, Beograd. Kovacevic, Z., 1971. Otiorrhynchus vrste i njihovo rasprostranjenje u Jugoslaviji (Coleoptera-Curculionidae. Acta Inst. Protect. Plant. Facult. Agr., Zagreb, 1971. pp. 1-103.Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B., 1994. The taxonomy of blind moles (Talpa caeca and T. stankovici, Insectivora, Mammalia) from south-eastern Europe. Bonn. zool. Beitr., 45: 1-16.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatevski, V., Kostadinovski, M., 1996. Pregled na rastitelni vidovi cij locus classicus se naoga vo granicite na trite nacionalni parkovi vo Republika Makedonija. Balkanska Konferencija "Nacionalnite parkovi i nivna uloga vo zastitata na biodiverzitetot na Balkanskiot Poluostrov", 89-98Matvejev, S., 1967. Orthopteroidea (Insecta). Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana III/6:1-47.Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.McGregor, P. J. C. 1906. Notes of Birds observed at Monastir, Turkey in Europe. Ibis 8(6): 285-307. London.Micevski, B. & L. Stojanovski, 1991. Biogeographical and ecological characteristics of the Ornithofauna in the Pinus peuce forest biotope in the Pelister National Park (Macedonia). Larus, Vol 43, pp.: 81-88. Zagreb.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1994. Visokoplaninska vegetacija na planinata Bistra. MANU, 1-91.Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., Matevski, V., 1985. Thymus ciliatopubescens (Hal.) Hal. var. bistrae Micevski et Matevski var. nov. vo florata na SR Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 6(1-2): 21-25Micevski, K., Matevski, V., 1986. Taksonomske i horolo?ke osobenosti roda Thymus L. planine Bistre u SR Makedoniji. Biosistematika, Beograd,12(1): 23-29. Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPeters, G. & H. Hackethal, 1986. Notizen uber die Libellen (Odonata) in Mazedonien. Acta. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 18 (5): 125-158.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Petkovski, S., 1991. Anostraca, Notostraca & Cladocera. In: B. Sket & al. Bogatstvo in raziskanost jugoslovanske favne: nizji nevretencarji (Metazoa, Invertebrata, ex. Insecta). Plenarni referat na 2. Kongresu biosistematikov Jugoslavije, Biol. vestn., Ljubljana, 39 (1,2): 37-52.Petkovski, S., 1998. Fauna na Branchiopoda (Anostraca, Notostraca, Spinicaudata, Haplopoda, Ctenopoda, Anomopoda) vo Makedonija. In: Fauna na Makedonija 5, Zav. izvestaj. Mac. 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QUALITY:
Exceptionally rich flora and vegetation diversity exists in the area of the NP Mavrovo. Within its boundaries, classical finds (locus classicus) of high number of species are situated (Achillea corabensis, Crepis macedonica, Dianthus macedonicus, Erysimum korabense, Solenanthus scardicus, Viola gostivarensis, Viola ivonis and others). This abundancy can be further supplemented by several other species described on the Albanian side of the Mountain of Korab, also recorded on the Macedonian side of this mountain massif (Draba korabensis, Festuca korabensis, Sesleria korabensis, Ranunculus degenii and others). The following species are enrolled on the IUCN Global Red List (1997): Achillea corabensis, Alkanna noneiformis, Coeloglossum viride, Colchicum pieperianum, Eryngium serbicum, Fritillaria macedonica, Gentiana lutea  subsp. symphyandra, Narthecium scardicum, Oxytropis purpurea, Ramonda serbica, Ranunculus degenii, Sempervivum kosaninii, Silene schmuckeri, Vicia montenegrina, Viola elegantula, Solenanthus scardicus.The area of the NP Mavrovo hosts unique finds of the following species on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia: Draba korabensis, Festuca korabensis, Sesleria korabensis, Dianthus barbatus, Potentilla  palustris, Cerinthe glabra, Saxifraga moschata, Matricaria caucassica, Senecio transsilvanicus, Ranunculus wettsteini, Valeriana bertiscea, Tragopogon orientalis, Trifolium spadiceum, etc.The fauna characteristic of Balkan-Middle-European Broadleaved Woodlands dominates on this site, with significant portion of Taiga Type Coniferous Forests on higher altitudes. At the same time, along the Radika River flow, Mediterranean faunal elements are present. A large number of endemic species, mainly from the invertebrate groups: Gastropods (Gastropoda), Oligochaetes (Oligochaeta), Isopods (Isopoda), Millipedes (Diplopoda), Grasshoppers (Orthoptera), Beetles (Coleoptera) is registered on this site. The importance of the site could be presented through a single case with the Fairy shrimp Branchipus intermedius that was firstly described on the Carpathian Mountains in Romania.  The species is extinct from the type site, because of degradation of natural habitats, and currently, the only location where it still exists is the site "Tri Bari", within this ASCI site. Therefore, the species is included in the European Red List within the category "Critically Endangered". The only close relative of this species, the Fairy shrimp Branchipus blanchardi, inhabits exclusively certain temporary pools on the French Alps. Within this area, stable populations of 25 vertebrate species with European threatened status, exist. In addition to the species included in tables 3.2.a. and 3.2.b, three bird species (Table 3.3) breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).The Corncrake (Crex crex) is most likely present with population sufficient to meet A1 criterion for declaration of another Important Bird Area in Europe (Heath & Evans, 2000) within the borders of this site.

DESIGNATION:
The Law on the People's Assembley of the People's Republic of Macedonia for proclamation of National Park Mavrovo (Official Gazettee of NRM No. 10/49) - covering an area of 11.750 ha.By Means of the Law amending the Law on the establishment of the National Park, on 3 July 1952 the current National park with an area of 73.088 ha was proclaimed.

OTHERCHARACT:
National Park Mavrovo is situated in the western part of Macedonia, covering the southern parts of Shar Planina Mt., western and central parts of Bistra Mt., the entire Macedonian part of Korab Mt. and Deshat Mt. and larger part of Krchin Mt. Significant section (83%) of the Radika River catchment area runs within the Park borders. The terrain of the Park, from geotectonic point of view belongs mostly to western-Macedonian zone, and very small part to Cukali-Krasta zone.With regard to geological composition, most diverse rocks of Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic are found within the Park borders. The Paleozoic is represented with filitoids, conglomerates and sand rocks, quartz, limestone shists, marbles etc. The Mesozoic rocks are represented with sediments, mostly limestone, conglomerates, sand rocks, carnacks, gypsum and magmatic rocks. Approximately 2/3 of the Park surface is occupied by these rocks. The Cenozoic sediments take small part and are mostly represented with Quarter deposits (prolluvial, delluvial, alluvial, moraines etc.). The geologic diversity and tectonic complexity have led to the occurrence of different relief types within the Park. The dominant structural formations are the horsts (mountains) and ridges, or valleys (Mavrovo, Debar), followed by folds (synclinals and anticlines), etc.From among the exogenic types, the fluvial and the karst relief dominate the landscape. Among the fluvial formations, the most impressive are the river valleys with gorges and canyons, the river terraces, the numerous rapids of river Radika and the waterfalls of its tributaries (Tresonechka, Rostushka, Dlaboka River, all being right tributaries of Radika).The karst relief is found on large areas, especially on Bistra Mt. Dozens of small karst fields can be found here, all above 1000 meters altitude, and also many waterwheels, grid and less frequently corrugated crevices (as micro formations). Underground karst formations also exist: caves in the Barik Gorge, in the valley of river Tresonechka, near reservoir Mavrovo etc. It is interesting to note the occurrence of karst developed in gypsum at mountain Krchin, mostly in form of crevices, and a little cave named Alchija near v. Kosovrasti also existed, but was recently destroyed. As all mountains in this region are high (above 2000 meters asl.) and with significant amount of precipitation (1000-1400 mm), during the Pleistocene they were subject to local glaciations, which left behind traces in form of circs, rolls, moraines etc. Most circs can be found on Korab Mt., then on Deshat and somewhat less on Bistra, Shar Planina and Krchin. Small lakes can be found in some of these circs today.


DOCUMENTATION:
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Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Daniel, F., 1964. Die Lepidopteren fauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. II. Bombyces et Sphinges. Posebno Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 2: 1-75.Danko, S. & C. Szilard 1971. Ornithologische Beobachtungen in Macedonien, mit besonderer Brrueckksichtigung der Greifvogel. Orn. Mitt., 23(1): 9-18.Deli?, S. 1948. Ornithological excursion on ?ar Planina. Larus 2:102-105.Matvejev, S. D. & Vasic V. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae: Aves.  1973. Ljubljana, Academia Scienciarum et Artium Slovenica. Dimovski, A. & S. Matvejev 1955. Ornithologische Forschungen in der VR Mazedonien. Arch. Sci. Biol. 7(1/2): 121-138.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Forschungsreise auf dem macedonischen Kriegsschauplatz. Journal fur Ornithologie 70:89-123.Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Geiger, H., S. R. Kratzer & H. Stopper 1974. Voegelkundliche Fruehjahrsbeobactungen in Macedonien. Orn. Mitt., 26(7): 133-141.Gruba?, B. R. 1986-1987. The Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos chrysaetos) in South-eastern Yugoslavia. Larus 38-39:95-135.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures Aegypiinae in Central Balkans. Paper presented at Actas del II congreso internacional sobre aves carroneras.Fehringer, O. 1920. Vogelzug in Macedonien Fruehjahr 1918. Orn. Monatsber. 28: 55-57.Fehringer, O. 1922. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Journal. F. Orn., 70: 89-123; 286-324.Gengler, J. 1920. Balkanvoegel. Ein ornithologisches Tagebuch. Altenburg.Georgiev, S., 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp.:1-177.Geroudet, P. 1967. La Buse feroce, Buteo rufinus, au defile de Demir Kapija. Larus, 19: 156-157. Zagreb.Glegg, W. E. 1924. A list of the birds of Macedonia. Ibis, 46-86.Goetz, L. 1956. Photographieren der Voegel waehrend meiner Reise in Jugoslavien. Larus, 8: 138-142. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1986. Notes sur la nidification et la comportement du Vautour moine (Aegypius monachus) dans le Zoo de Skopje. Larus,  36/37: 231-238. Zagreb.Grubac, B. 1989. The Egyptean Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in Macedonia. Meyburg, B.-U. & R.D. Chanellor- Raptors in Modern world, 331-333. WWGBP - Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1990. Bradan: Gypaetus barbatus L. Svijetlost, Saraevo. 126 p.Grubac, B. 1991a. Status and Biology of the Beadred Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus aureus) in Macedonia. Birds of prey Bull. 4, 101-117, Berlin, London & Paris.Grubac, B. 1991b. Situation actuele des Vautures en Macedoine. I. Congreso Intern. Sobre Aves Carroneras, Priego (Cuenca), Mayo 1990. Aedanat - Coda Jevna, 139-145. Madrid.Grubac, B. 1997. The present status of vultures (Aegypiinae) in Central Balkans. - II International Congress on Carrion Birds, Canizares (Spain), 1-4 May, 1997.Grubac, B. 1998. Population status and conservation of the black vulture (Aegypius monachus) in the former Yugoslavian Republic of Macedonia (FYR Macedonia). In: Tewes, E., J. J. Sanchez, B. Heredia, & M. Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.). International Symposium on the Black Vulture in South Eastern Europe and Adjacent Regions (Dadia, Greece, 15-16 September 1993), 63-68.Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen ?ber mazedonische Flederm?use (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Heath, M. F. & Evans, M.I. 2000. Important Bird Areas in Europe: Priority sites for conservation. 2: Southern Europe. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 8).Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Jaksic, P., 1998. Male genitalia of Butterflies on Balkan Peninsula with a check-list, Lepidoptera: Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea. Ed.:1-144. BratislavaKalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Kajevska, A., Ili?, D. & Velevski M. 1996. Results from the ornithological survey of ?ar Planina Mt. '95 Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc. 1:63-66.Karaman, S., 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Derzeit am Institut  Z. Enforschung und Bekampfung D. Malaria, Trogir (Dalmatien) Hrvatska stamparija, Split. Pp.: 1-90.Karaman, S., 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Kosanin, N., 1921. Biljni pokrivac planina zapadne i juzne Makedonije. Glasn. Geog. dr., 6:62-74, Beograd. Kratzer, R. 1973. Voegelbeobachtungen in Mazedonien. Orn. Mitt. 25(6): 124-125.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B., 1994. The taxonomy of blind moles (Talpa caeca and T. stankovici, Insectivora, Mammalia) from south-eastern Europe. Bonn. zool. Beitr., 45: 1-16.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Limbrunner, A. 1988. Mazedonien fuer Ornithologen. Orn. Mitt. 40(5): 113-123; 40(6): 141-150.Makatsch, W. 1950. Die Vogelwelt Macedoniens. Akad. Verl. Gesselsch. Geest & Portig K.-G., Leipzig, 452 pp.Marinkovic, S., G. Susic, B. Grubac, J. P. Soti & N. Simonov. 1985. The Griffon Vulture in Yugoslavia. Conservation Studies on Raptors, 131-135. Techn. Publ. 5, ICPB, Cambridge.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matevski, V., Kostadinovski, M., 1996. Pregled na rastitelni vidovi cij locus classicus se naoga vo granicite na trite nacionalni parkovi vo Republika Makedonija. Balkanska Konferencija "Nacionalnite parkovi i nivna uloga vo zastitata na biodiverzitetot na Balkanskiot Poluostrov", 89-98Matvejev, S. D. & V. F. Vasic 1973. Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/3 Aves. Acad. Scient. Et Art. Slovenica, Ljubljana.118 p.Matvejeva, J., 1982. Ruderalnata vegetacija na SR Makedonija. Odd.biol. nauki, MANU, 1-70, Skopje.Micevski , B., 2000. Corine Biotopes - Macedonia/LIS files.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 1994. Visokoplaninska vegetacija na planinata Bistra. MANU, 1-91.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoNaumovski, M., 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Soska, Th.,  1938/39. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von S?dserbien. II. Glas. SND, 20(7):178-191. Stresemann, E. 1920. Avifauna Macedonica. Die Ornithologischen Ergebnisse der Forschungsreisen, unternommen nach Macedonien durch Prof. Dr. F. Doflein und Prof. L. Mueller-Mainz, in den Jahren 1917 und 1918. Muenchen, 452 p.Trilar, T. 1985. Excursion on ?ar Planina. Acrocephalus 26, no. 6:59-65.Vasic, V., B. Grubac, G. Susic & S. Marinkovic. 1985. The Status of Birds of Prey in Yugoslavia, with particular reference to Macedonia. In: Conservation Studies on Raptors, 45-53, Technical Publication 5, ICBP, Cambridge.Valorizacija na prirodnite vrednosti na ornitoloshkiot lokalitet Demir Kapija, Elaborat. Ministerstvo za zhivotna sredina i prostorno planiranje, Skopje, 2003. pp. 74. Velevski, M., Dimitrovska, E. & Kar?icki, V. 2002. A contribution to the avifauna of ?ar Planina Mt, northwestern Macedonia. Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc. 2:153-160.Walter and Gillet,  1998. IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
Very rich flora and vegetation diversity exists on the area of Shar Planina. From among the plant communities present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:ass. Empetro-Vaccinietum balcanicum Ht. 1935ass. Bruckenthalio-Juniperetum Ht. 1938ass. Thlaspi-Plantaginetum atratae  Ht. 1936ass. Festucetum paniculatae Horv.1937ass. Peucedano-Festucetum paniculatae Ht. 1937ass. Genisto-Nardetum Micevski 1984ass. Geranio-Poetum violaceae Ht. 1935ass. Jasioni-Caricetum curvulae Ht. 1937ass. Diantho scardici-Festucetum Ht. 1938ass. Onobrychido-Festucetum (Horv.)Mic.1994ass. Senecio-Festucetum bosniacae (Ht. 1949) Micev. 1994ass. Edraiantho-Elynetum Ht. 1936ass. Cariceto-Helianthemum balcanicum Mic. 1994ass. Edraiantho-Helianthetum alpestris Ht. 1935ass. Triseto-Rumicetum thyrsiflori Micev. 1994ass. Orphanideo-Cirsietum apendiculati Ht. 1936ass. Geo coccinei-Deschampsietum Ht. 1935ass. Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em 1965ass. Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em 1965ass. Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum Em (1962)1985ass. Fagetum subalpinum scardo-pindicum (Ht. 1938) Em 1961ass. Querco-Ostryetum carpinifoliae Ht. 1938ass. Castanetum sativae macedonicum (Rudski 1938)  Nik.51ass. Fago-Abietetum meridionale Em 1973ass. Abieti-Piceetum scardicum Em (1958)1985ass. Piceetum excelsae subalpinum Em (1958)1985ass. Caricetum macedonicae Ht. 1936ass. Drypetum spinosae Ht. 1931ass. Saxifrago-Potentilletum speciosae Ht. 1937Within its boundaries, classical finds (locus classicus) of more then 30 species of Angiosperms are situated - Alkanna scardica, Alyssum corymbosum, Alyssum scardicum, Asperula doerfleri, Campanula sphaerotrix, Cirsium apendiculatum, Crocus scardicus, Dianthus scardicus, Draba doerfleri, Lilium albanicum, Pedicularis grisebachii, Pedicularis leucodon, Saxifraga scardica, Scrophularia aestivalis, Sedum flexuosum, Sideritis scardica, Silene waldsteinii, Stachys scardica, Thymus albanus, Verbascum scardicolum, Viola latisepala, Viola schariensis  etc.The following taxa from the IUCN Global Red List (1997) can be found on this site: Acer heldreichii  subsp. visiani, Eryngium serbicum, Narthecium scardicum, Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis, Pinus peuce, Potentilla doerfleri, Ranunculus degenii, Sempervivum kosaninii, Silene schmuckeri, Soldanella pindicola, Viola elegantula. The area of Shar Planina hosts the unique finds of the following species on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia: Viola schariensis, Diphasium alpinum, Ranunculus montenegrinus, Listera cordata, Pulsatilla vernalis, Gentiana ciliataComplex and heterogeneous fauna is present in this site due to the fact that it occupies very large altitudinal belt - starting from Mediterranean faunal elements present at the lowest parts of the mountain up to Arctic-Alpine elements in the high mountain zone. From 25 invertebrate endemic species registered on this site, 21 or 84% belong to the complex of relict Palaeo-Balkan mountain faunal elements. The rest four species (16%) that inhabit lower altitudes belong to the complex of thermophilic Mediterranean elements, characteristic for the Sub-Mediterranean Oak Woodlands. They have penetrated on this site within the interglacial phases of the Pleistocene Age. Taking into consideration the fact that this site occupies relatively large area, the populations of certain Emerald species (from Resolution 6), as well as for numerous other important faunal species are stable and this site is main core area for preservation of their basic genetic fund. In addition to the species included in tables 3.2.a. and 3.2.b, three bird species (Table 3.3) breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).The Corncrake (Crex crex) is most likely present with population sufficient to meet A1 criterion for declaration of another Important Bird Area in Europe (Heath & Evans, 2000) within the borders of this site.

DESIGNATION:
No protection status on a national level.Parts of Sar Planina (12000 ha) are designated as Important Bird Area in Europe (site 001 for Macedonia, Heath & Evans, 2000).

OTHERCHARACT:
Shar Planina Mt., being one of the longest and highest mountains, dominates not only in the most north-western parts of the country, but wider. Along its ridge, starting from locality Shorun on the south to the Kachanik Gorge to the north, the borderline with Serbia is aligned. 912,8 km2 of the massif belong of the Republic of Macedonia. From geological point of view, the mountain represents a very complex and diverse area that regionally belongs to the Western-Macedonian geo-tectonic unit. According to its stratigraphic affiliation, rocky masses of the mountain massif could be globally selected as Palaeozoic, Permian-Triassic, Mesozoic and Cainozoic. The complex of Palaeozoic rocks is dominant, as it makes up 2/3 of the massif. Metamorphosed rocks, made of various schist, marble intercalation, sandstone-quartzite conglomerates, dominate within the complex, but the igneous rocks are also present. Thus the complex of Palaeozoic crystalline rocks and clastite makes up the nucleus of the Shar Planina mountain geologic construction with the association of smaller, or larger granitic intrusions, gabbros, diabase, quartz-porphyry and thick and heterogeneous Mesozoic sediments and igneous rocks. The Permian-Triassic complex of rocks covers the Pelythic-Psamithic insufficiently metamorphosed rocks and limestone with synchronized breakthrough and intrusions of volcanic and igneous rocks. The creations of this complex make up the edging parts of the Shar Planina massif. The complex of Mesozoic rocks covers a large portion, especially its northern and north-western edge. The sedimentary, less-metamorphosed and volcanic rocks of the Triassic and Volcanic Age could be found in this complex too. The Triassic creations are presented with limestone, dolomite, green schist, diabase and clasts.Quarternary sediments on Shar Planina Mountain (Cainozoic complex) are presented with more genetic types. These are significantly distributed along the terrain. The moraine deposits, formed in the cirques and glacial valleys in the high-mountain parts of the massif are the most significant; the glacial fluvial sediments are also determined and could be found in the river valleys in form of less stratified gravel of coarse grains.The complex and rich geologic diversity of the mountain provides the appearance of phenomenon of various genetic and morphologic characteristics. The basic mountain mass was formed by repeated tectonic movements of endogenous powers, and additionally modified by numerous exogenous processes. The glacial, fluvial, karstic, gravitational and periglacial processes had the greatest impact on the Shar Planina Mountain today's sculpture. The crevices and waterwheels appear the most frequently, and the gorges in limestone have got the greatest significance, not only because of the geomorphologic significance, but also because they represent the refuge residence of the fragile ecosystem. The caves could be found very often (Duvska Gorge, Osljak), of which, some were used as ascetic cells during The Middle Ages.In the relief of Shar Planina Mt., the extended undulated plateaus should be pointed out as oldest forms. They are noticed especially in the spring areas of almost all watercourses at ca. 2000 m asl. From these initial plateaus large number of peaks higher than 2400 m asl are rising: Titov Vrv (2.747 m), Borislaec (2.662 m), Ezerska Chuka (2.604 m), Baba Asanica (2.533 m), Kobilica (2.526 m), Crni Vrv (2.578 m), Vraca (2.582 m), Ljuboten (2.499 m) etc. Many peaks are built by limestone rocks, and in their foothills strong springs come out, forming the surface watercourses.The Shar Planina Mountain is the water-richest mountain in the Balkan Peninsula. The silicate ground contributed to the surface flow and the formation of thick river network, and the inheritance of the initial glacial relief provided a disagreement of cross-profile with frequent appearance of bends, waterfalls and cascades.The periglacial geomorphologic process also contributes to the diversity of phenomena and forms in relief. Intensive frost deterioration and long lasting snow and neve (firm snow) caused numerous phenomena of the stone glaciers, stone currents, and the sea of stones, large salifluctuated tails, glacier cirques and niches.Many of the cirques are filled with water, and 39 glacial lakes can be found on the entire mountain, 27 of them being on Macedonian territory. On the Balkan Peninsula, Shar Planina is the second richest mountain with lakes, following Rila Mt. in Bulgaria. Among the most known lakes are Bogovinjsko, Golem and Mal (Large and Lesser) Gjol, Karanikolichko, Gorno and Dolno (Upper and Lower) Delbeshko, Crno (Black) and others.


DOCUMENTATION:
Apostolski, K., Petrovski, N., Popovska, O. & M. Sidorovski, 1956. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zavod za ribarstvo na NRM. Skopje.Beazley, M., 2001. Guide to Freshwater Fish of Britain and Europe. Octopus Publishing Group Ltd. London. Pp. 1-192.BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S & G. Dzukic., 1974. Reptilia. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. Ljubljana IV/2:1-32.Doflein, F., 1921. Mazedonien. Erlebnisse und Beobachtungen eines Naturforschers im gefolge des deutsches heeres. Jena, Verlag von Gustav Fischer, 1-592.Dzukic, G., 1987.  Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia 12, Ljubljana.Dzukic, G., M. L. Kalezic, S. Petkovski & V. Sidorovska, 2001. General Remarks on batracho- and herpetofauna of the Balkan Peninsula. 75 Years Maced. Mus. Nat. Hist. p. 195-204.Dimovski, A. S. 1967. Biogeographical and ecological characteristics of Skopje Valley Ann. Fac. Nat. Sci. and Math. Skopje Univ. 20:5-70.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Gaston, K.J. & David, R., 1994. Hotspots around Europe. Biodiversity Letters, 2: 108-116.Georgiev, S., 1998. Kluc za odreduvanje na ribite (Osteichthyes) i zmijorkite (Cephalaspidomorpha) vo Republika Makedonija. Anfa, Skopje. pp.:1-177.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Hackethal, H. & Peters, G.,1987. Notizen ?ber mazedonische Flederm?use (Mammalia: Chiroptera). Acta Mus. maced. sci. nat., 18(6/152): 159-176.Ikonomov, P. 1986.  Plekopterite na Makedonija (Insecta: Plecoptera), taksonomija i distribucija. Acta. Mus.Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 18:81-124.Kalezic, M., Dzukic, G., Mesaros, G. & Crnobrnja-Isailovis, J. (1997): The cresred newt (Triturus cristatus superspecies) in ex-Yugoslavia: Morphological structuring and distribution patterns. - Univ.Thought, Nat.Sci., 4(1): 39-46.Karaman, S., 1924. Pisces Macedoniae. Derzeit am Institut  Z. Enforschung und Bekampfung D. Malaria, Trogir (Dalmatien) Hrvatska stamparija, Split. Pp.: 1-90.Karaman, S., 1928. Prilozi ihtiologije Jugoslavije. I. Glas. Skop. Naucn. Drus. 6(2).Karaman, G. 1974. Crustacea, Amphipoda. Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov., Ljubljana, 3(3):1-43.Karaman, M. 1976.  Desetonogi rakovi-Decapoda (Crustacea: Malacostraca). Fauna na Makedonija II. Mac. Mus. Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp. 1-61. Klimesch, J. 1968.  Die Lepidopteren fauna Mazedoniens. IV. Microlepidoptera. Posebno Izdanie, Mus.Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 5:1-203.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski,  1999. Mammals of Macedonia. In: The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego, pp.:1-484.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski, 1990a. New records of mammals from Macedonia (Mammalia) Fragmenta balc. Mus. maced. sci. nat., 14(13/306): 117-129.Krystufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J. & S. Petkovski, 1992. Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Mayer, E., Micevski, K., 1982. Zur taxonomischen bewertung von Eryngium wiegandii Adamovic. Acta Bot. Croat., 41: 181-186.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1990. Noviteti od rodot Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) vo florata na SR Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 7(1-2): 31-46.Micevski, K., 1991. Prilog za zapoznavanje na rodot Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) vo SR Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 7(1-2): 47-56.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski , B., 2000. Corine Biotopes - Macedonia/LIS files.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K., Matevski, V., 1980. Thymus skopjensis Micevski & Matevski spec. nov. vo florata na Republika Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 1(2): 35-38, Skopje Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoNaumovski, M., 1995. Ribite vo Makedonija. Zaki, Skopje. pp.: 1-162.Petkovski, S & V. Sidorovska, 2001. Biodiversity  Assessment  for  Macedonia.  Chemonics  International  Inc., Washington, D.C. & USAID/Macedonia. pp: 1-61.Petkovski, S. & B. Krystufek, 1998. Cicaci na Makedonija. Zavrsen Izvestaj. Mus. Mac.Sci. Nat., Skopje. pp.:1-170.Petkovski, S., V. Sidorovska and G. Dzukic. 2000/2001.  The Biodiversity richness of the Macedonian snake fauna (Reptilia: Serpentes). Ekologija i zastita na zivotnata sredina, Skopje, 7(1/2):41-54. Petkovski, S., B. Micevski, T. Petkovski, V. Sidorovska, J. Sapkarev, S. Stankovic, V. Krpac, B. Mihajlova and S. Hristovski. 2003.  Fauna. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Spatial Planning, Skopje, FYR of Macedonia. 217 pp.Pinker, R. 1968.  Die Lepidopteren fauna Mazedoniens. III. Geometridae. Posebno Izdanie. Mac. Mus. Sci. Nat., Skopje, 4:1-72.Schaider, P. and P. Jaksic. 1989.  Die Tagfalter von Jugoslawisch Mazedonien Diurna (Rhopalocera und Hesperiidae). Selbsverlag Paul Schaider, Ratoldstrasse 36, Munchen. pp. 1-82.Sket, B. 1967.  Crustacea, Isopoda (aquatica). Catalogus faunae Jugoslaviae. Acad. Sci. Art. Slov. 3(3):1-21.Soska, Th.,  1938. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von S?dserbien. I. Glas. SND, 18(6):223-238. Thurner, J. 1964.  Die Lepidopterenfauna Jugoslawish Mazedoniens. I. Rhopalocera, Grypocera und Noctuidae. Posebni Izdanie. Mus. Mac. Sci. Nat., Skopje. 1:1-159.Velevski, M. 2002. Composition and characteristics of the avifauna in some biotopes of Vodno Mt. Diploma work, Faculty of Natural Sciences. 83 pp. Manuscript.

QUALITY:
The more prominent flora associations growing on this area include:ass.  Syringo-Buxetum Toma?evi? 1959ass. Humili-Ostrietum carpinifoliae Lj. Mic. 1980ass. Quercetum trojanae macedonicum Em et Ht (1950)1959ass. Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum Oberd. 48 em. Ht. 59ass.  Orno-Quercetum cerris macedonicum Em 1964ass. Seslerio-Ostryetum Ht. et H-i? 1950ass. Juniperetum excelsae-foetidissimae Em 1962ass. Micromerio-Violetum kosaninii Ht. 1936ass. Scolopendrio-Tilietum Riz.The gorge of Treska River, from flora point of view, is among the most interesting gorges in the Republic of Macedonia. There are classical finds there (locus classicus) of the following plants: Eryngium wiegandii, Centaurea campylacme, Saxifraga grisebachii, Aristolochia pallida subsp. macedonica and others. Several species can be found on this area that are included on the IUCN Global Red List (1997): Centaurea grbavacensis, Genista nissana  and Ramonda nathaliae.The Treska River Gorge represents an exclusive natural refuge for numerous relict flora and fauna elements that have been sheltered on this site during the Pleistocene glaciations. Concerning the fauna, 24 relict- endemic invertebrate species are present on this site, with distribution range restricted exclusively on this site. In addition to the birds species listed on Resolution No 6 (1998) and regularly occurring migratory birds not listed on Resolution No 6  (included in tables 3.2.a. and 3.2.b), three bird species: Picus viridis, Carduelis cannabina, Miliaria calandra (Table 3.3) breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).

DESIGNATION:
Decision of the Assembley of the City of Skopje No. 08-925-1/94 on proclamation of Matka Canyon for Monument of Nature

OTHERCHARACT:
The accumulation Matka in its largest part includes the region of Golema or Shishevska Gorge of Treska River, which divides mountains Suva Gora and Osoj to the west from Suva Planina and Vodno to the east. In this part, the gorge is with steep slopes which on some parts rise to altitude of 1000 meters above the river bed (lying on 330-400 m a.s.l.)  The gorge was formed with intensive break trough of the river Treska in the marbles, which was enabled by the local fold structures and separate tectonic rising and sinking in the Skopje Basin. The process of karstification is characteristic for this part of the gorge, which has resulted in absence of surface major tributaries of Treska. In turn, more springs caves and deeps exist, created by the corrosive activity of the underground watercourses. A large underground watercourse had been created due to the sinking of Patishka River underground, downstream of Patishko village. Suva Gora and Osoj are fully karstified, and built of marbles in geological terms. They are barren on the surface, without vegetation and with numerous surface karst forms, such as crevices, waterwheels, etc. The waterwheels are very dense at places, which attributes to specific appearance of the area.Suva Planina and Vodno are in the eastern parts of Matka and are very similar to Suva Gora and Osoj in their geotectonic characteristics. All mentioned morphological structures are within the northern edge section of the Pelagonian anticlinorium.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Hedysarum macedonicum Bornm. MTBV, Hef. 36:43-44.Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dimovski, A. (1966): Herpetofauna na Skopska kotlina.  II. Faunisti?ki del. - Godi?en zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 16 (4): 179-188.Dimovski, A. (1971): Zoocenolo?ki istra?uvanja na stepskite predeli vo Makedonija Zoocenological survey of the steppe habitats in Macedonia. - Godi?en zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 23: 25-43.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Gavrilovi?, V., Cvetkovi?, D.D., D?uki?, G. & Petkovski, S. (1999): Comparative morphological study of Rana balcanica and Rana ridibunda. - Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1 (1999): 205-210.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Ko?anin, N., 1926.  Les especes nouvelle s dans la flore de la Serbie du sud (Macedoine). Glas SKA, 69(54):19-29, Beograd.  Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kry?tufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner  Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Mitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Micevski, K.,1965. Halofitska vegetacija Ov?eg Polja. ACTA, Musei macedonici scientiarum nat., 10(3):67-90Micevski, K., 1970. Nov endemi?en sojuz vo vegetacijata na Makedonija-Artemision maritimae Micevski fed.nov. God.zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 22:157-166. Micevski, K., 1971. "Stepska" vegetacija vo Makedonija. God.zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 23:131-150 Micevski, K.,1985. Alyssum bargalense Micevski spec. nov. vo florata na Makedonija. Fragmenta Balcanica, 12-10(271):105-112.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski V., 2000. Natural monuments in Proeva, N.: NATURAL and cultural monuments. Ministry of information, 9-26, Skopje.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. 2005. Unpublished data

QUALITY:
The dominant habitat types within the Bogoslovec - Ov?e Pole are represented by Dry grassland (65%), Salt Marshes, Salt pastures, Salt Steppes (7%), and Broad-leaved deciduous woodland with 18%.From among the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:!15.115 Continental glasswort swardsclass Thero-Salicornietea Pignatti 1953 emend. R. Tx. 1955ass. Suaedetum maritimae balcanicum Micev. 1965ass. Crypsidetum aculeatae balcanicum Micev. 1965!15.A Continental salt steppes and saltmarshesClass Festuco-Puccinellietea So? 1968Association Puccinellion convolutae K. Micevski 1965ass. Camphorosmetum annuae balcanicum Micev. 1965ass. Puccinelietum convolutae Micev. 1965ass. Hordeo-Trifolietum parviflori Micev. 1965ass. Camphorosmetum monspeliacae Micev. 1965ass. Pholiureto-Plantaginetum balcanicum Micev. 1965Association Artemision maritimae K. Micevski 1970ass. Hedysaro-Convolvuletum Micev.1970ass. Eurotietum ceratoides Micev. 1970ass. Artemisio-Camphorosmetum Micev. 1970      !41.7 Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woodsClass Querco-Fagetea Br. Bl. Et Viligar 1937  Order Quercetalia pubescentis Br. Bl. (1931) 1932     Association Ostryo-Carpinion orientalis Ht. 1954 emend. 1958ass.Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud.39 ap.Ht. 46  Association Quercion frainetto H-t 1954ass. Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum Ober.48 em. Ht. 59The area of Bogoslovec is located in the central part of Macedonia. The following local endemities grow in this area: Salvia jurisicii and Alyssum bargalense. They have been first reported on this area and scientifically described as new ones. Certain number of sites of species with area-restricted distribution on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia can also be found here, some of them being as follows: Hedysarum macedonicum, Galium rhodopaeum, Anchusa macedonica, Camphorosma annua, Allium maritimum, Hesperis tristis, Spergularia media, Stachys milani, Suaeda maritima, Alyssum hirsutum, Coriandrum sativum, Brassica elongata ssp. integrifolia, Potentilla tridentula, Neotortularia torulosa, Rochelia disperma, Onobrychis hypargyrea, Astragalus parnassi, Morina persica and others.The most striking features of the fauna of Bogoslovec today are its richness and heterogeneity: Mediterranean species goes hand-in-hand with species typical for steppes and semi-desert areas. From a bio-geographical point of view, two main Faunal Complexes of Species are present on this site: Eremial and Arboreal. The Eremial complex of fauna elements includes species that originate from the Black Sea-Caspian Region adapted to survive in dry steppe-like and semi-desert conditions and species from the Aegean-Anatolian semi-desert areas. The Arboreal Complex is mainly represented by the Mediterranean sub-complex of fauna elements, encompassing species connected with broadleaved woodlands.Within the wetland ecosystems (streams, springs, temporary pools, wetlands and the Bregalnitza River, the Class Amphibia is represented by nine species, which is 60% of the total number of 15 species on the whole territory of Macedonia.The class Reptilia (reptiles) within the Bogoslovec Region is represented by 17 species, which is 53% of the total number (32) on the whole territory of Macedonia. The species: Testudo graeca ibera (Spur-Thickhead Tortoise), Lacerta trilineata (Three-lined Lizard), Podarcis taurica (Balkan Wall Lizard), Ablepharus kitaibellii kitaibellii (Greek Snake-eyed Skink), Coluber caspius caspius (European Whip Snake), Typhlops vermicularis (European Blind Snake), Coluber najadum dahlii (Dahl's Whip Snake), Elaphe situla (Leopard Snake), Elaphe quatorlineata (Four-lined Snake), Telescopus fallax (Cat Snake) and Eryx jaculus turcicus (Turkish Sand Boa), are with range generally extending from the steppes and semi-desert areas around Caspian and Black Sea region through  the semi-desert areas of the Aegean-Anatolian region and usually their European boundary reaches as far as Macedonia. The class Mammalia (Mammals), within the site Bogoslovec is represented by 33 species, which is 40% of the mammal fauna of Macedonia. From biogeographical aspect the mammals of Bogoslovec have wider European distribution range. Small portion of species that originate from the Black Sea-Caspian Region and are typical for the steppes, semi desert and dry grassland habitats is also present on this Site: Marbled Polecat (Vormela peregusna) Lesser Mole Rat (Nannospalax leucodon). The most striking feature of the mammal fauna of Bogoslovec is their threatened status. From the total number of 33 species, eight are Globally Threatened Species, seven of which belong to the II Category of the Habitats Directive.

OTHERCHARACT:
The Bogoslovec area spreads at 475 km2. This area is about 10 km west from Stip, between Bregalnica River at south and the tributary Azmak at north. Its central part is dominated by the mountain Bogoslovec. The highest peak is Sv. Jovanski Rid (earlier known as Bogoslovec), reaching a height of 775 meters, slightly lower is Tiski Vrv (peak) at 747 meters. From geological point of view, this mountain has been built of old Palaeozoic metamorphosed magmatic rocks: quartz-phenocrits, quartz-phenocrit tuffs and daze slates, penetrated by serpentine and diallage rocks. The hill of Bogoslovec was well-known for asbestos exploitation till the middle of the previous (20th) century. The hill is bare, with no forest vegetation, except few tree trunks scattered around. Apart from this, the area is rather scarce in surface water resources. On the northern part only, the area is cut through with the brook Bogoslovski which then enters into Azmak. However, there are many dry dales, dales, minor dales, etc. Intensive soil erosion has been noted. The area is rarely populated, it can be considered even abandoned after the closure of the mine resulting in inhabitants migration.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Blondel, J. & Aronson, J. (1999). Biology and wildlife of the Mediterranean region. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Hedysarum macedonicum Bornm. MTBV, Hef. 36:43-44.Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Dimovski, A. (1971): Zoocenolo?ki istra?uvanja na stepskite predeli vo Makedonija. - Godi?en zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 23: 25-43.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kry?tufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Lindtner, V., 1938/1939. Eine neue Tulpe der Flora S?dserbien-mit einem Vorfruhlings-Aspect des Orlovo Brdo (Krivolak). BSS Sk. 20(7):137-140. Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner  Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K., 1970. Nov endemi?en sojuz vo vegetacijata na Makedonija-Artemision maritimae Micevski fed.nov. God.zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 22:157-166Micevski, K., 1971. "Stepska" vegetacija vo Makedonija. God.zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 23:131-150 Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski V., 2000. Natural monuments in Proeva, N.: NATURAL and cultural monuments. Ministry of information, 9-26, Skopje.Mitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. 2006. Unpublished dataVogrin, M. 1990. Ornitolo?ka opa?anja is osrednje Makedonije. Acrocephalus, no. 45:47-52

QUALITY:
The dominant habitat types within the Orlovo Brdo are represented by Dry grassland, Steppes (Continental salt steppes and salt marshes, Dense perennial grasslands and middle European steppes) with the 95% of the total site area and Broad-leaved deciduous woodland with 4%.From among the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important will be mentioned:ass.  Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 46ass.   Paliuro-Prunetum webbii Em 1976ass.  Brachypodio-Onobrychietum pindicolae K. Micevski 1971ass.  Astragalo-Morinetum K. Miceski 1971ass.  Hedysaro-Convolvuletum Micev.1970ass.  Eurotietum ceratoides Micev. 1970The climate conditions in the area are fairly unfavourable. Basic substrate here is marl or marly sandstone, with a very thin soil layer, which is eroded more than rarely, due to precipitation amounts. Small, degraded oases of oak tree forests or their degraded stadia can still be found in the dales.Extremely interesting flora grows here, with diverse flora items prevailing (mainly Sub Mediterranean, Balkan-Middle East, Mediterranean ones), with especially high number of endemic, relict, steppe, Mediterranean and Sub Mediterranean species. The following local endemities grow in this area: Hedysarum macedonicum, Heptaptera macedonica, Astragalus cernjavskii, Tulipa marianae and Ferulago macedonica. They have been first reported on this area and scientifically described as new ones.A certain number of areas of species with area-restricted distribution on the territory of the Republic of Macedonia can also be found here, some of them being as follows: Cardopatium corymbosum, Aster villosus, Krascheninnikovia ceratoides, Galium rhodopaeum, Potentilla tridentula, Vicia hybrida, Malcolmia africana, Cachrys alpina, Zacyntha verrucosa, Astragalus sinaicus, Convolvulus holosericeus, Onobrychis pindicola, Onobrychis hypargyrea, Astragalus parnassi, Centaurea orphanidea, Morina persica and other.By zoogeographical origin on the territory of Orlovo Brdo Mediterranean complex of faunal elements, which encompasses species connected with Mediterranean broadleaved woodlands, is dominating. A large portion of faunal elements that originate from the Black Sea-Caspian Region adapted to survive in dry steppe-like and semi-desert conditions is also present within this site. The presence of numerous vertebrate species included within the list of Resolution 6, as well as other important globally threatened species give a special quality and importance to this site.

OTHERCHARACT:
The Site Orlovo Brdo is situated in the central part of the Republic of Macedonia abut 5 km east of Negotino, between Slana River at west, Seopski Potok (stream) at east and the river Vardar at south.  It spreads over an area of  20.7 km2.It is a hilly area that spreads in Meridian direction at 160-534 meters height above the sea level. The highest point is the Peak Orlov Bair (534 m). This area is a western branch of Konecka Mountain that has been separated from the core mountain structure by the valley of Seopski potok (stream). In geotectonic terms, it is a part of the Vardar Zone built by Eogene sand and sea sediments. This area is one of the driest in Macedonia with only 400-510 mm precipitation per year. The temperatures are very high (mean annual temperature is 14?C), especially in summer. Due to the low precipitation amount, this area is dry with rare vegetation and is subject to erosion processes. Because of these reason, a lot of valley dales, rockslides, etc. can be found in this area.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Crivelli, J. &  Catsadorakis, G. (1997). Lake Prespa, northwestern Greece. A unique Balkan Wetland. Hydrobiologia, 351, i-xiii, 1-196.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an S?dosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.M?nchen, 21:339-740.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Gavrilovi?, V., Cvetkovi?, D.D., D?uki?, G. & Petkovski, S. (1999): Comparative morphological study of Rana balcanica and Rana ridibunda. - Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1 (1999): 205-210.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kry?tufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Rudski, I., 1943:Prilog za poznavanju flore okoline Strumice. Ohridski zbornik, II, 136:205-238.Stojanov, N., 1921. Floristi~ni materijali od Belasica. Godi{. SU (FMF), 15-16:1-133.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. (2006): unpublished data

QUALITY:
The dominant habitat type is the Broad-leaved deciduous woodland (Beech forests, Thermophilous and supra-Mediterranean oak woods, Thracio-Macedonian oriental hornbeam thickets, Chestnut woods and Alder woods) covering 96% of the total surface area of the Site. Alpine and sub-Alpine grassland comprises 3 %. From among the plant communities present in this site, the most important will be mentioned, namely:ass.     Bruckenthalio-Juniperetum Ht. 1938ass.     Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em 1965ass.     Calamintho grandiflorae-Fagetum Em 1965ass.     Fagetum subalpinum scardo-pindicum (Ht. 1938) Em 1961ass.    Ostryo-Quercetum silicicolum Rizovski 1984ass.     Alnetum viridis Br.-Bl. 918ass.    Querco-Carpinetum orientalis macedonicum Rud. 1939 ap. Ht. 46ass.     Castanetum sativae macedonicum (Rudski 1938)  Nik.51The area of Smolare is located in the NE parts of the mountain Belasica. The following local endemic, relict and rare species grow in this area: Viola stojanovii (Locus classicus, IUCN Red List, 1998), Hypericum dimoniei, Alnus viridis,  Sempervivum erythraeum,  Spiraea chamaedryfolia, Vaccinium vitis-idaea, Origanum heracleoticum, Phyllitis scolopendrium, Sedum pallidum, Sedum tuberiferum and others.From a stand-point of fauna richness and diversity, the quality and importance of the ASCI site "Smolarski vodopadi" is not connected only with the Smolare River and the aquatic fauna present within and along the river. A large portion of the Mountain Belasica is also encompassed within the borders of the site. The mountain itself represents a significant refugial center for various faunal complexes. The heterogeneity of the fauna is confirmed by presence of faunal elements that primarily originate from the Palaeo-balkan mountain fauna, Aegean-Anatolian semi desserts, Ponto-Caspian steppes, Sub-Mediterranean-Balkan Broadleaved woodlands, Balkan-Middle-European Broadleaved woodlands, European Coniferous forests and even Arctic-Alpine faunal elements.

DESIGNATION:
Decision for proclamation of the Smolare Waterfall for Monument of Nature, Municipality of Novo Selo, No.07-684 from 24.06.2002Law on proclamation of the site Smolarski vodopad (Smolare Waterfall) as protected area in the category Monument of Nature (Official Gazette of RM no. 35/2006)

OTHERCHARACT:
The site Smolarski Vodopadi (Smolare Waterfalls) is situated in the farthest south-eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia, on the northern slopes of the mountain Belasica. The site is located next to the village Smolare and few km south-east of the City of Strumica. This part of the mountain Belasica is characterized with a considerable steepness of the mountain sides because of their tectonic predisposition. A prove of this are few thermo-mineral springs alongside the splitting line, as well as several waterfalls on the right tributaries of the river Strumica, that run down over the mountain slopes. In geological terms, this part of the mountain Belasica is composed of different slates, gneisses, and other Precambrian and old Palaeozoic rocks. The northern splitting line cuts these rocky masses frequently, in parallel direction. In the area of the Smolare site itself, the fault enters naturally in the course of Smolare River. This has induced formation of major tectonic waterfall, of a height of 38 meters, ate around 500 meters above the sea level. Owing to the favourable climate conditions, and to significant amounts of precipitation on the northern side of Belasica (800-1000 mm), the Smolare River and the waterfall itself are abundant in water, especially during spring and autumn periods.  This causes intensive river erosion and gradual withdrawal of the waterfall back to the springs the Smolare River. In addition to the waterfall, this area is characterised with abundant forest coverage, favourable climate, exceptionally pleasant landscape view over the Strumica Valley, etc. All the above described features attributes great importance to the site, especially in the context of tourism development.


DOCUMENTATION:
Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Gavrilovi?, V., Cvetkovi?, D.D., D?uki?, G. & Petkovski, S. (1999): Comparative morphological study of Rana balcanica and Rana ridibunda. - Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1 (1999): 205-210.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kry?tufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., ?arni, A., Kostadinovski, M. , 2005. New data regarding the flora in Republic of Macedonia. 8 Simpozijum o flori jugoist. Srbije i susednih podru?ja, 64, Ni?.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, B. (2002): Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources. BSPSM's Special Edition, 2, 72 pp.Micevski, K.,1963. Tipolo?ki istra?uvanja na blatnata vegetacija vo Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 14:79-130Micevski, K.,1964. Tipolo?ki istra?uvanja na vegetacijata na nizinskite livadi vo Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 15:121-174Micevski, K.,1982. Florata i vegetacijata na SR Makedonija i problemot na nivnata za?tita. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 3(1):77-92.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K.,1988. Osmunda regalis L. i njena pripadnost mo?varnoj vegetaciji Jugoslavije. Zbor.referata nau?. skupa "Minerali, stijene, izumrli i ?ivi svijet BiH, Sarajevo. Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Stojanov, N., 1921. Floristi?ni materijali od Belasica. Godi?. SU (FMF), 15-16:1-133.Velevski, M. (2006): Unpublished data.

QUALITY:
Within the borders of the site Monospitovsko-Bansko Blato, dominant habitat types include Bogs, Marshes, Water fringed vegetation, Fens, covering 92% of the total surface of the site. From among the plant communities present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:ass. Scirpo-Caricetum oederi  K. Micevski 1959ass. Dichostylo-Fimbristyletum dichotomi H-i? 1954ass. Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 1926ass. Oenantho-Roripperetum amphibiae Lokhmayer 1950ass. Cyperetum longi K. Micevski 1957ass. Scirpo-Alopecuretum cretici K. Micevski 1957ass. Osmundo-Thelipteretum K. Micevski 1988ass. Sparganio-Glycerietum fluitantis Br. Bl. 1957ass. Periploco-Alnetum glutinosae Rudski 1938Rather interesting relict vegetation thrives here on rich humus ground, with the king fern - Osmunda regalis - being a predominant species, creating the most beautiful and breathtaking populations on the Balkan Peninsula.This area cultivates one plant species listed in the Resolution No. 6 (1998) of the BERN Convention (Marsilea quadrifolia). Beside that one, there are some other plant species with highly area-restricted distribution in the other parts of the Republic of Macedonia, such as: Osmunda regalis, Thelipteris palustris, Tamarix smyrnensis, Sisyrinchium bermudiana, Isoetes phrygia, Glinus lotoides, Amarnthus spinosus, Alopecurus creticus, Ammannia verticillata, Cladium mariscus and others.During the first half of the last Century, problems related to eradication of the disease malaria in Macedonia were  solved mainly through drainage of marshes. Moreover, the process of melioration of marshes was not stopped until the end of XX century. The recent status of the marsh ecosystems in Macedonia has drastically changed compared to the past. In general, only a small portion of the former marsh ecosystems has been preserved, not resembling the previous opulent appearance of these aquatic biotopes exceptionally important for biodiversity. The above is also the case with the Bansko-Monospitovo Site, where the degraded marsh still hosts numerous globally important fauna species, through  with reduced abundance of their populations.

OTHERCHARACT:
This area is situated in the south-eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia, between the northern slopes of the mountain Belasica and the village Monospitivo. This is one of the lowest areas of the Strumica ravine, positioned at about 205-210 meters above the sea level. There is a large swamp there which used to be rather larger; however, owing to the land-reclamation activities, its area has significantly decreased. It spreads at area of 14.5 km2, east-west length of 5 km and north-south of 3.5 km.Monospitivsko Blato is a typical swamp that is in fact residue of the former Strumica Neogene lake, parts of which have been preserved in the lower area of the Strumica depression. The swamp drains through the water course Vodocica (with canal net) to the river Strumica. It is characterized by rich and diverse flora and fauna.


DOCUMENTATION:
Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dimovski, A. (1981): Vodozemci i vle?ugi na Nacionalniot park Gali?ica. - Makedonska akademija na naukite i umetnostite, Prilozi II (1/2): 63-74.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em., H., 1964. Za zaednicata na evlata (Alnus glutinosa Gaert.) vo Makedonija. Godi?.Zborn.Zemj.?umar.Fak., 17:263-268.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Gavrilovi?, V., Cvetkovi?, D.D., D?uki?, G. & Petkovski, S. (1999): Comparative morphological study of Rana balcanica and Rana ridibunda. - Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1 (1999): 205-210.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, B. (2002): Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources. BSPSM's Special Edition, 2, 72 pp.Micevski, K.,1978. Retki i nepoznati vidovi za florata na Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 31:151-165.Micevski, K.,1982. Florata i vegetacijata na SR Makedonija i problemot na nivnata za?tita. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 3(1):77-92.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Mitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. (2006): Unpublished data.

QUALITY:
Belchishta marsh, unlike other large vegetated wetlands in Macedonia, has been relatively undisturbed by humans or catastrophic natural processes in modern history.  Prior to World War II, other large Macedonian wetland systems were partially or completely drained or otherwise altered for the control of malaria and for increased agricultural production.  In addition, due to the multiple permanent springs that feed the wetland, the site has not been adversely affected by the prolonged drought, which has affected other areas over the last two decades. For these reasons, Belchishta wetland is unique in Macedonia and deserves to be protected as a natural heritage site.The dominant habitat types within the borders of this site are Mediterranean swamp alder woods (55%), Common clubrush beds, Common galingale beds, Small reed beds of fast-flowing waters and Sub-Mediterranean humid meadows (35%) of the total surface of the Locality. From among the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:37.61ass. Cynosuro-Caricetum hirtae K. Micevski 195753.12ass. Scirpo-Phragmitetum W. Koch 192653.4ass. Sparganio-Glycerietum fluitantis Br. Bl. 195744.913sojuz Alnion glutinosae (Malckit 1929) Meijer Drees 1936This Emerald site is situated in ravine Debarca, in the gorge of Sateska River. There is a large marsh with interesting relict vegetation on rich humus ground, with the Sticky Alder (Alnus glutinosa). This site fosters one plant species listed on the IUCN Global Red List (Malus florentina). Beside that one, there are some other plant species with highly area-restricted distribution in the other parts of the Republic of Macedonia, such as: Catabrosa aquatica, Salvia tenorii, Carex echinata, Lemna trisulca, Ranunculus trichophyllus, Scutellaria galericulata, Hypericum tetrapterum and others.The Belchishta marsh is the main breeding site for certain amphibians within the larger surrounding area, since the basic rocks of the wider region are calcareous. Abundant populations of the amphibians: Macedonian Crested Newt (Triturus carnifex macedonicus), Lake Frog (Rana ridibunda), Green Toad (Bufo viridis), Common Tree Frog (Hyla arborea), and Agile Frog (Rana dalmatina), as well as of the reptiles: European pond terrapin (Emys orbicularis) and Dice Snake (Natrix tessellata) are existing on this site. The wetland is used as feeding site of numerous waterfowl and mammals.

OTHERCHARACT:
Belchishta Wetland (marsh) is situated in the south-western part of the Republic of Macedonia, in the ravine Debarca, near the villages of Belchishta and Novo Selo, about 20 km north from the city of Ohrid. The ravine is surrounded with middle high and high mountains, Karaorman at west, Ilinska Planina at east and northernmost branches of Galicica Mountain at south. The ravine Debarca is drained by the waters of Sateska River. The lower part of the ravine is swamped and it represents a remnants from the former big neogen lake. It is fed by at least nine permanent springs. The site Belci?ko Blato (marsh) is positioned at 764 m height above the sea level. The swamp spreads at east-west length of 6 km and north-south of 4 km. The total area of the site is 16.2 km2. The climate of the area has both Mediterranean and Continental influences. Generally, summers are hot and winters cold. The average annual temperature is approximately 9-10° C, with average annual precipitation lying between 730 and 890 mm.  Precipitation occurs primarily in November and May. July and August are usually without rain. The region is somewhat mountainous, with agriculture typically occurring in the small associated valleys.  The western portion (perhaps half) of the wetland is a forested zone dominated by common alder, Alnus glutinosa. The remainder is either open water dominated by duckweed, Lemna sp., or a freshwater marsh characterised by sedge, Carex sp., broad-leaf cattail, Typha latifolia, water mint, Mentha sp., and common reed, Phragmites australis, with scattered willows, Salix alba and Salix sp.


DOCUMENTATION:
Adamovi?, L., 1904. Beitrage zur Flora von Macedonien und Altserbien. DAWW, &4:115-150.BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.D?uki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1978. O nekim osobenostima borovih ?uma Makedonije. I. Reliktne crnoborove zajednice.-Mitt.Ostalp.-din.Ges.f.Veget.-Innsbruck.Em, H., 1981. O nekim osobenostima borovih ?uma Makedonije. II.Prilozi, MANU, Odd.za biol. i medic. nauki, 2(1-2):5-16, Skopje.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an S?dosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.M?nchen, 21:339-740.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.  Gavrilovi?, V., Cvetkovi?, D.D., D?uki?, G. & Petkovski, S. (1999): Comparative morphological study of Rana balcanica and Rana ridibunda. - Contributions to the Zoogeography and Ecology of the Eastern Mediterranean Region, 1 (1999): 205-210.Griffiths, H., (1998). Conservation and Balkan Biodiversity. In: Abstract Book, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan Fauna. Ohrid, September 1998.  Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kry?tufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner  Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMicevski, K., 1981. Knautia karoli-rechingerii Micevski spec. nov. u flori Makedonije. Acta bot. Croat., 40: 233-243.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1990. Noviteti od rodot Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) vo florata na SR Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 7(1-2): 31-46.Micevski, K., 1991. Prilog za zapoznavanje na rodot Centaurea L. (Asteraceae) vo SR Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 7(1-2): 47-56.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.

QUALITY:
The dominant habitat type on this site is the Coniferous woodland (Balkano-Pontic fir forest, South-eastern European Scots pine forest, Western Balkan Pinus nigra forests) covering 43% of the total surface of the Site. Broad-leaved deciduous woodland (Beech forests, Thermophilous and supra-Mediterannean oak woods) comprise 23 %, Mixed woodland 22% and Dry grassland 5%. From among the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:ass. Cynosuro-Caricetum hirtae K. Micevski 1957ass. Trifolietum nigrescentis-subterranei K. Micevski 1957ass. Trifolion cherleri K. Micevski 1970 ass. Poion violaceae Ht. 1937 ass. Festuco heterophyllae-Fagetum Em 1965 ass. Orno-Quercetum petraeae Em 1968 ass. Fago-Abietetum meridionale Em 1973 ass. Abieti-Fagetum macedonicum Em (1962)1985ass. Fago-Pinetum silvestris (Ht. et Em 1963) Em 1981 ass. Fago-Pinetum nigrae (Ht. et Em 1963) Em 1981 This area is characterized with highly interesting endemic and relict flora, and a majority of our local endemities grow here side by side, on lime ground and on ground where antimony and arsenic are in abundance (Viola arsenica, Viola allscharensis, Asyneuma cordiifolium, Knautia caroli-rechingeri, Thymus alsarensis, Centaurea leucomala, Centaurea kavadarensis, Onobrychis degenii and other). All of these endemities were first reported and described at this area, i.e. the Alsar site is their Locus classicus. The violet Viola arsenica which can be found on this area only is of particular interest, as a sort of a specific bio-indicator of the geologic substrate type, as well as of the degree of presence of toxic elements, since the above mentioned endemism grows only on grounds composed of antimony and arsenic. The same applies to the Alsar violet (Viola allchareinsis) which grows exclusively on this area and belongs to the group of Macedonian local endemities. Few species listed in the World Red List (IUCN Red List, 1998) also grow in this area (Ramonda nathaliae, Alkanna noneiformis, Alkanna stribrnyi, Eryngium serbicum, Centaurea wettsteinii and Onobrychis degenii). Beside the presence of 8 mammal species, 10 birds, 2 amphibians, 3 reptiles and 3 invertebrates from the List of Resolution No.6, as well as globally significant species (7 amphibians, 15 reptiles 2 birds and 8 mammal species), the territory of this ASCI site is characterized with the presence of other significant fauna species that belong mainly to two faunal complexes. The species of the first complex of fauna elements are distributed on lower altitudes and closely related with the Sub-Mediterranean Balkan broadleaved woodlands, where the oak woodlands are dominating (see ASCI site "Markovi Kuli"). The second complex of fauna elements is present within the frames of natural habitats that belong to the Balkan-Middle-European broadleaved woodlands, where the beech woodlands are dominating (on altitudes higher than 800 meters). Typical representatives of this complex of fauna elements are the following species: Macedonian Crested Newt (Triturus carnifex macedonicus), Fire Salamander (Salamandra salamandra), Agile frog (Rana dalmatina), Common Tree Frog (Hyla arborea), Slow Worm (Anguis fragilis), Blue Tit (Parus caeruleus),  Robin (Erithacus rubecula), White-backed Woodpecker (Dendrocopos leucotus), Tawny Owl (Strix aluco), Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus), Edible Dormouse (Glis glis), Common dormice (Muscardinus avellanarius), etc.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site Alsar  is situated in the furthest south part of the Republic of Macedonia, about 40 km south of Kavadarci and occupies the eastern slopes of the Mountain Kozjak (Mariovo). This area, covering an area of 652 km2, is at east marked with the ending western branches of the Mountain Kozuf. The central part of the area is split with Majdanska Reka (Bistra), tributary to Bistrica. This river is characterized by rapid mountain running, many rapids and small waterfalls and steep valley sides. At the valley sides, there are clearly visible remains of river terraces, and fluvial areas on the higher parts, where rural settlements can be found. The Mountain Kozjak, the range of which spreads on the western side of the area and follows Dinar direction NW - SE. The highest peak of the Mountain is the Baltova Cesma (1822 meters), while distinctive bend is Tribor (1442 meters). Through this bend, the Tikvesh (or Boshava) area is connected with Mariovo. The higher mountain part of the area on west is built mostly of gneisses, while the lower eastern part is composed of Triassic limestone structures. Thus, karst relief has been created here, especially underground karst formations that have been insufficiently explored.The site has very rich and heterogeneous geological composition and with arsenic and antimony mine, where unique thulium minerals have been found.Due to the average height of around 1100 meters, mountain climate dominates in this area with high precipitation amounts (900-1000 mm). This area has been covered by deciduous and evergreen wood spices and is very rich in water resources, particularly minor springs reaching a yield of 10 l/sec. The population is insignificant and the village of Rozden can be mentioned as the only prominent (still inhabited) rural settlement.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornm?ller, J., 1919/20. Zur Gattung Moehringia. Fedde Rep., 16:183-186Bornm?ller, J., 1923/24. Zur Verbascum -Flora Mazedoniens.  Fedde Rep., 19:97-99.Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195 Bo?i?, L. 2001. Long-legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus. From the ornithological notebook. Acrocephalus 22, no. 108:183.Velevski, M. 2006. Unpublished dataBrelih, S. & D?uki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.D?uki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Gasc, J-P., Cabela, A., Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J., Dolmen, D., Grossenbacher, K., Haffner, P., Lescure, J., Martens, H., Martinez Rica J., Maurin, H., Oliveira, M., Sofianidou, T., Veith, M. & Zuiderwijk, A. (1997). Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles in Europe. Societas Europaea Herpetologica & Museum National d' Histoire Naturelle (JEGB/SPN), Paris, pp. 1-496.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena.   Kry?tufek, B.; Vohral?k, V.; Flousek, J.; Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner  Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMicevski, K., 1973. Helianthemo-Euphorbietum thessalae Micev. ass. nova vo vegetacijata na brdskite pasi{ta vo Makedonija. God.zbor. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 25:149-155.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski V., 2000. Natural monuments in Proeva, N.: NATURAL and cultural monuments. Ministry of information, 9-26, Skopje.Mitchell, A.J. -Jones, G. Amori, W. Bogdanovicz, B. Krystufek, P.J.H. Reijnders, F. Spitzenberger, M. Stubbe, J.B.M. Thissen, V.Vohralik & J. Zima (1999). The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, San Diego. Pp: 484.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.

QUALITY:
The area of Markovi Kuli - Treskavec is in the vicinity of Prilep. The dominant habitat type within the site Markovi Kuli are represented by Dry grassland and Pelagonide campion siliceous cliffs (79%) and Broad-leaved deciduous woodland (20%).From among the plant communities that are present on this site, the most important shall be mentioned:ass.   Asplenio-Silenetum lerchenfeldianae Ht. 1936ass.   Sclerantho-Biserruletum pelecinae Matev. et Kostad. 1998ass.   Helianthemo-Euphorbietum thessalae K. Micevski 1973ass.   Quercetum frainetto-cerris macedonicum Oberd. 48 em. Ht. 59A number of our endemities (Moeringia minutiflora (IUCN Red List), Silene viscariopsis (IUCN Red List), Asplenium macedonicum, Verbascum adenantum, Dianthus prilepensis and Potentilla velenovskyi) thrive on this interesting silicate (granite) geologic ground. They were first reported and described in this area, i.e. the site of Markovi Kuli - Treskovec is their Locus classicus. Certain plant species that can be found in the neighbouring Balkan countries and which have area-restricted distribution like: Anogramma leptophylla, Cetunculus minimus, Geranium macrostylum, Hierochloe australis, Isoetes phrygia, Juncus capitaus, Juncus tanageia, Lithospermum glandulosum, Radiola linoides, Ranunculus lateriflorus and others, have been reported in this site. Within the frame of this ASCI site, besides the stable populations of 6 mammal species, 11 birds, one amphibian and 3 reptile species that are included in the list of Resolution No. 6, there is also presence of other globally significant species (6 mammals, 4 birds, 5 amphibians, 8 reptiles). The quality and importance of this site is manifested through the high concentration of specific complex of faunal elements that are closely related to natural habitats of the Sub-Mediterranean-Balkan broadleaved woodlands, in which the woodlands of Oak and Oriental Hornbeam are dominant. The main distribution range of these habitats, as well as the complex of faunal elements connected with them, is Asia Minor and the sub Mediterranean part of Balkan Peninsula, on altitudes between 300 - 800 m a.s.l. Typical representatives for this complex of faunal elements, and for the ASCI site, are: Hermann's Tortoise (Testudo hermanni), Snake-eyed Skink (Ablepharus kitaibelii), Sombre Tit (Parus lugubris), Syrian Woodpecker (Dendrocopos syriacus), Goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), Eastern Hedgehog (Erinaceus concolor), Yellow-necked Fieldmouse  (Apodemus flavicolis), etc.

DESIGNATION:
Decision of the National Institute for protection of monuments of culture on the proclamation of rocks formation of Markovi Kuli a Monument of Nature (Decision no. 04-514-2/67) from 1967.  Decision for proclamation of the site Markovi Kuli as protected area in a category Monument of Nature (Official Gazette of RM no.49/2006)

OTHERCHARACT:
The Mountain Zlatovrv spreads in the central part of the Republic of Macedonia and in the north-eastern part of the Pelagonia Valley, northwards of the town Prilep. At north, north-east and east it is surrounded by the Mountain Babuna, at west and south by Prilepsko Pole and the igneous metamorphic complex of Selecka Maounatin. Most of these mountains are famous by their specific geomorphological occurrence of dilluvial relief - the site of Markovi Kuli (King Marco's Towers). This site (with its marked borders) spreads at 36.6km2 at a height of 700-1422 meters above sea level. It spreads mostly in NW-SE direction (Dinar spreading); at north, it is separated by Gligoriska River, at south with the small Dabnicka River. This area is composed of several highlands. The central part is dominated by Zlatovrv (1422 meters), and by Lipa (1392 meters) at east, by Zelenik (993 meters) and Kukul (980 meters) on south.In geological terms, this area is composed mostly of gneisses, cut through by minor Palaeozoic granite stones (granite, granodiorites). The different resistance of these mixed stone complexes has determined the appearance of selective erosion and deputation that has resulted in diverse stone figures, holes, bumps, etc. Apart from the geological structure, the denudation forms have been also influenced by the climate (thermal decay, precipitation and rinse), as well as by vegetation (biogene degradation), animals and even human factor. It is worth mentioning that the high diversity of shapes of denudation on such a small area is rarity not only at the level of Macedonia, but broader, which is why this site deserves appreciation and preservation.The climate is characterized with big temperature oscillations (daily, seasonal), and with low amounts of precipitation up to  600 mm. Because of these reasons, this area is poor in surface water resources and tree vegetation. Beside the nature values, this area is abundant in anthropogenic (cultural) values, including many churches and monasteries (Treskavec), that testifies of prehistorical and ancient population of the area.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. (2004). Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Dimovski, A. (1966): Herpetofauna na Skopska kotlina.  II. Faunisti?ki del. - Godišen zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 16 (4): 179-188.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Südosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.München, 21:339-740.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Košanin, N., (1911): Vegetacija planine Jakupice u Makedoniji. Glas. SKA, 85:184-242. Košanin, N., (1911): Eine interessante Pflanze von Jakupica in Makedonien. MBL, Jahrg. 10:115-118.Košanin, N., (1928): Aus der Flora Südserbiens. I. Crocus-Arten. BIJBU, 1(1):90-95, Beograd. Košanin, N., (1921): La distribution geografique des deux especes de Ramondia du Balkan. Glas. SKA, 101 (43):44-49.Košanin, N., (1926):  Les especes nouvelle s dans la flore de la Serbie du sud (Macedoine). Glas SKA, 69(54):19-29, Beograd. Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. (2004). A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMicevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. Dimitrovska E. Boži? L. Kar?icki V. & Pop-Trajkov M. (2002). A Contribution to the avifauna of Jakupica Massif, Central Macedonia. Bull. Biol. Stud. Res. Soc., 2:161-169.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
Mt Jakuica is located in the central and northern parts of the Republic of Macedonia.The following local endemities, relictes and rare species grow in this area: Viola kosaninii, Colchicum macedonicum, Thymus karadzicensis, Pedicularis ferdinandii, Saxifraga karadzicenzis, Dianthus jakuicensis, Sempervivum macedonicum, Carduus lindtneri, Verbascum pachyurum (Locus classicus), Ramonda nathaliae, Narthecium scardicum, Orchis coryophora, Rhododendron myrtifolium, Amaranthus crispus, Daphne cneorum, Aquilegia aurea, Thelipteris phegopteris, Pyrola chlorantha, Herniaria nigrimontium, Salix alpina, Aquilegia nigricans, Thymus boissieri, Androsace villosa, Hypericum linarioidesand others.In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", three bird species included in the table " Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna" breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).

DESIGNATION:
No protection status on a national level.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Südosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.München, 21:339-740.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1987. Thymus rohlenae Vel. i Thymus grisebachii Ronn. vo florata na SR Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 8(1-2):57-64, Skopje Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K.,1974/75. Lycopodiaceae vo florata na Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 27-28:169-173.Micevski, K.,1977. Dve novi Caryophyllaceae od Makedonija. Fragmenta Balcanica, X-4(224):29-39,Micevski, K.,1983. Rodot Aconitum L. vo florata na Makedonija. God.Zb., Biol., 36:119-126.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table " Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Džuki?, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Südosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.München, 21:339-740.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Ikonomov, P. (1986):  Plekopterite na Makedonija (Insecta, Plecoptera). Taksonomija i distribucija. - Acta Mus.maced.sci.nat. Skopje, 18 (4): 81-124.Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague  Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1985. Thymus balcanus Borbas vo florata na SR Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 6(1-2): 41-49, Skopje.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K.,1991. Noviteti vo familijata Labiatae vo florata na Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 9(1-2):17-37.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmuler, J. (1923/24e): Fritillaria Macedonica Bornm. (spec. nova Repert. Spec. Nov. Regni. Veg., 19: 201-202Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Cernjavski, P., 1943. Prilog za floristicko poznavanje sire okoline Ohridskog Jezera. Ohrid. Zborn., 35(2): 11-88.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Košanin, N., (1928): Aus der Flora Südserbiens. I. Crocus-Arten. BIJBU, 1(1):90-95, Beograd. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Macedonian Ecological Society (2006): Balkan green belt as ecological corridor for Bear, Wolf and Lynx: case study Jablanica-Mali e Shebenikut - part Jablanica. Final report, SkopjeMicevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1990. Novitäten in der Gattung Dianthus L. (Caryophyllaceae) in der Flora der SR Makedonien. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 8(1-2): 31-46.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski, V., 1991. Cirsium erisithales (Jacq.) Scop. (Compositae) vo florata na Republika Makedonija. God. zb., Biol., Skopje, 43-44: 185-190. Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.

QUALITY:
Mt Jablanica is located in the western part of the Republic of Macedonia. The following local endemities, relictes and rare species grow in this area: Fritillaria macedonica, Hieracium heteromixtum, Dianthus jablanicensis, Soldanella dimoniei, Cirsium erisithales var. spinosum (Locus classicus), Ramonda serbica, Narthecium scardicum, Minuartia baldaccii, Aubrieta thessala, Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis, Soldanella pindicola, Pinus peuce, Viola eximia, Solenanthus scardicus, Botrychium lunaria, Crocus cvijicii,  Lilium albanicum,  Trifolium pilczii and others.In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".

OTHERCHARACT:
GEOGRAPHIC POSITION, BORDERS AND DIMENSIONSJablanica Mt. is situated on the north-west from Ohrid Lake, or to the west of the river Crn Drim valley, between Ohrid (south) and Debar valley (north). Eastern parts of the mountain belongs to the Republic of Macedonia, while its western parts are in Albania, between the valley of the river Skumbini and spring areas of the river Okstunit. Rectilinear length of the mountain is 45 km in meridian direction. Its maximal width is 25 km, and 7.5 km of them are in Macedonia. Total area of the mountain (Macedonian part (the contour 700 m, the river Crn Drim as an eastern border and the national border with Albania as a western border) is 235.85 km2.Jablanica Mt. occupies about 160 km2 of surface above 1000 m altitude on Macedonian territory. Sixty-four km2 of them are above 1500 m altitude. The surface above 2000 m altitude on this mountain (Macedonian territory) is 7.83 km2, while 11.45 km2 on Albanian territory. Total surface above 2000 m altitude is 19.28 km2. Hypsometric belt above 1800 m covers 25.71 km2 of surface and represents 16.1 % of total surface above 1000 m.GEOLOGIC COMPOSITIONPaleozoic, the oldest stratigraphic unit in western parts of Macedonia, is represented by Devonian phyllitoid schists on Jablanica Mt., which are not on the surface on the highest parts of the mountain (above 1800 m), but they represent a basis for the Triassic complex. Triassic sediments and Jurassic magmatic rocks are significantly spread between river Belichka Reka on the south and river Jablanichka on the north. Triassic sandstones and clays, which lay directly on Paleozoic metamorphic rocks, can be seen superficially on the south from the glacial lake Vevchanska Lokva, towards the stream Belichka Reka and to the south-east from the summit Strizhek (2.233 m). The carbonate facies, presented by squamate limestone and massive carbonates, is the most abundant on Jablanica Mt above 1800 m altitude. They are continuation of the aforementioned Triassic facies. Peridotite-serpentine and gabrodiabases mass, which penetrate through Triassic sediments, are connected with Jurassic magmatism on Jablanica Mt. Peridotiteserpentine magmatits appear along the valley of Belichka Reka as isolated tectonic bodies. There is an 8 km long conglomerate mass in the highest parts of Jablanica Mt. that starts from spring area of Belichka Reka. Conglomerates are built of hard oval stones with different mineral composition (diabase, gabro, limestone). The oval stones are with different dimensions and cemented with carbonate-clay glue. They are considered as late Jurassic, because of the facts that they lay upon Triassic carbonates and Jurassic magmatits and inside them late Jurassic microfauna found on the Albanian territory of Jablanica Mt.GEOMORPHOLOGIC FEATURESJablanica Mt. has mild arch-like shape with meridian direction, curved to west. The main mountain ridge is stretched between right source area of the river/stream Belichka Reka (1850 m) on the south and the river Lakavichka Reka (1410m) to the north. This mountain-ridge is about 10 km long and it represents the state border between Macedonia and Albania. The highest peak Crn Kamen (2.257 m) is located in the southern part of the main ridge, while the most prominent summit Strizhek (2.233 m) in the north-eastern part. In the northern part, the ridge ends with the summit Kamenjar (2.055 m). Few small ridges stretch to the east from the main ridge. Between them an impressive glacial cirques are situated. Belica ridge stretches to the south from the pervious one, from the summit Chumin Vrv 2.125 m asl., up to Mokra Gora (1.622 m) in Albania through the pass Kjafa San (931 m). To the north of the main ridge the mountain crest is more dispersed. The summits Raduch (2.083 m) and Strmnica (1.904 m) can be distinguished on the north of Lakavichka Reka and furthermore, to the valley of the river Crn Drim, the summit Veternik (1.348 m) is characteristic as well.KARSTIC RELIEFThe carbonaceous bedrock, that stretches above forest belt (sub-alpine and alpine zone), is covered by grassy vegetation, i.e. bare rocky ground can be rarely found on the main ridge. This is one of the main reasons that karstic micro-relief forms are less present in the central part of the mountain, between spring area of river Belichka and the summit Strizhak. The shkrapi (grooves, grikes) are "carved" on compact rocky mass. They mainly belong to the reticular type. Apart from the central part, surface karst forms with numerous appearances of shkrapi, doline and karstic valleys, is characteristic for the southern part of the mountain (to the south from Belichki Rid, 1.945 m asl.). Dolines are especially abundant on the southern part of Jablanica - from Belichki Rid (1.945 m) to Mechkina Dupka and on the northern part of the mountain - to the west of the summit Strmnica (1.904 m). Underground karstic forms (above 1800 m altitude) are not present on Jablanica Mt. There are certain indications about their presence, but this requires additional surveys.GLACIAL RELIEFCirques are the most numerous glaciations' marks on Jablanica. There are five typical cirques registered on the mountain, as well as few smaller and less expressed ones. On the eastern slope, between Chumin Vrv and Strizhek, five dominant cirques are situated one after another in meridian direction. Presently, they represent the basic morphoplastic of the highest parts of the mountain. Also, a smaller glacier valley that stretches approximately in east-west direction is located on Jablanica Mt. It starts from the opening of the Gorno Labunishta Cirque and ends with well preserved frontal moraine at Branica locality (1.732 m). The most prominent cirques are:o Vevchani Cirque, situated on the south of the peak Crn Kamen; in the middle of the cirque, at 1963 m altitude, glacial lake Vevchansko Ezero (Lokva) (126 x 64 m) was created during post-glacial period.o Large Podgorci Cirque, situated on the north of the previous one; the largest glacial lake on Jablanica (Podgorechko Ezero) was formed in the bases of this cirque.o Small Lower Labunishta Cirque and Upper Labunishte Cirque are situated on the north of the Podgorci Cirque; they were filled with water during post-glacial period and presently they represent two glacial lakes - Labunishki Ezera; they are significantly covered with wetland vegetation (Carex spp.).o The spring area of the river Belichka Reka, between Crn Kamen and Chumin Vrv, has a characteristic of less expressed cirque due to the significant recent (fluvial) dissection. The recent frame of the cirque occupies 1.31 km2 of surface. Climate conditions and the height of Jablanica Mt have resulted in appearance of local (mountainous) glaciations. Besides many cirques, these glaciations had no power to create more important glaciers. From this reasons, only few smaller glacier valleys are registered on Jablanica Mt.PERIGLACIAL RELIEFPeriglacial zone generally represents the space between the upper natural timber line and the snow border (alpine zone). The main characteristic of periglacial zone (Fig. 3) is absence of fluvial and glacial elements, i.e. domination of frosty and snowy processes.Fossil (Pleistocene and Holocene) and contemporary periglacial meso- and microfelief forms can be found on Jablanica Mt, mainly above 1800 m altitude. Of the fossil mesorelief forms, a few nivational cirques and two rocky glaciers were registered. The following contemporary relief phenomena are dominant on Jablanica: girland forms, ploughing blocks and rare phenomenon of polygonal rocks.CLIMATE FEATURESNorthern lower parts of Jablanica are under strong sub-Mediterranean influence penetrating through the river Crn Drim. The largest part of the mountain (approximately the middle altitudes between 900 and 1300 m asl.) are characterised by modified continental climate (warm continental) and the highest mountain parts have mountainous climate. HYDROGRAPHIC FEATURESThe most important hydrographical phenomena, two main karstic springs (Shum and Vevchani springs) and glacial lakes are described, as they are the most characteristic for this mountain.CARSTIC SPRINGSShum - Struga. The karstic spring Shum is situated on the foothills of Jablanica, on the east from Struga, at 700 m altitude. The main spring sources from a 40 m long cave. Temperature of the spring water is 10.5°C. A part of the water (about 500 l.s-1) is used for water-supplying of Struga and some other settlements. Long time ago, the inhabitants of the village Dolno Zagrachani have changed the spring into lake (500 m2). Present shape of the Shum Lake was created in 1955. Total flux of the spring Shum is 2 m3.s-1. The importance of this spring is not just because of its natural value, but it also poses extraordinary economic and social value. Thus, the neighbouring watershed should be protected.Vevchani springs. Vevchani springs are situated at the eastern foothill of Jablanica composed of Mesozoic carbonates. The main spring with capacity of 1.5 m·s-1 originates from a cave channel. The water comes out of fissures that are disposed linearly, upside-down, 100 m in length and altitudinal variation of 10 m. During the arid period (July-September), the higher springs dry up, while the flux of the lower springs decrease. The glacial lakes on Jablanica have preserved their hydrographic activity till today.GLACIAL LAKESPodgorci Lake (Podgorechko Ezero) is the largest glacial lake on Jablanica. It occupies 3.999 m2 of surface and has maximum elongation in northeast-southwest direction. The distance in west-east direction is 266 m, while in north-south direction is 175 m. The maximum depth is 3.9 m (10 m from the western shore).Vevchani Lake (Vechansko Ezero/Lokva) is the second largest glacial lake on Jablanica. It covers 2.810 m2 of surface. The length of the lake in east-west direction is 126 m, while its maximum width is 64 m. Its perimeter varies considerably since this lake does not have either springs or outflows. The perimeter of the lake is 645 m at maximum level of the lakes surface, while at minimum level is only 348 m. The maximum depth is about 10 m (based on our own measurement).Gorno and Dolno Labunishko Lake (Gorno and Dolno Labunishko Ezero) cover small surfaces. Gorno Labunishte Lake covers 960 m2 of surface and its perimeter is 274 m. The lower lake is smaller and almost round, without source and outflow, while the upper lake has irregular shape and has permanent source and a stream outflows from its southeaster side. The main characteristic of both lakes is that they are significantly covered by vegetation (sedges - Carex spp.), reflecting their aging. In the recent history an artificial canal was constructed at both lakes from the inhabitamts of the village Labunishte. Because of this channel, the water level has decreased and the lakes are disappearing.Reference: Macedonian Ecological Society (2006): Balkan green belt as ecological corridor for Bear, Wolf and Lynx: case study Jablanica-Mali e Shebenikut - part Jablanica. Final report, Skopje


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Südosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.München, 21:339-740.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. (2004). A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMicevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Rudski, I., 1943:Prilog za poznavanju flore okoline Strumice. Ohridski zbornik, II, 136:205-238.Stojanov, N., 1921. Floristi~ni materijali od Belasica. Godi{. SU (FMF), 15-16:1-133.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)"and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species, breeding in the site are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna" are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).

DESIGNATION:
Smolare waterfall site, which is a part of the Mountain Belasica, is protected on a national level as Natural Monument (IUCN cat. III).


DOCUMENTATION:
Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Em, H., 1964. Za zaednicata na evlata (Alnus glutinosa Gaert.) vo Makedonija. Godiš.Zborn.Zemj.Šumar.Fak., 17:263-268.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Micevski, K., 1967. Blatnata vegetacija kaj Negore?ka Banja i nejzinoto zna?enje za singenezata na blatnata vegetacija vo Makedonija. God. zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 19: 31-45.Micevski, K., 1982. Florata i vegetacijata na SR Makedonija i problemot na nivnata zaštita. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 3(1):77-92.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana

QUALITY:
This Emerald site is situated in the southern part of the Republic of Macedonia, near the city of Gevgelija. There is a large swamp with interesting relict vegetation on rich humus ground, with the Phragmites communis, Cyperus longus, Molinia coerulea and others. Some plant species with highly area-restricted distribution in the other parts of the Republic of Macedonia can be found on this site, such as: Molinia coerulea, Cladium mariscus, Ophioglossum vulgatum, Periploca graeca  etc.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLifeBornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dimovski, A. (1966): Herpetofauna na Skopska kotlina.  II. Faunisti?ki del. - Godišen zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 16 (4): 179-188.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. (2004). A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Mayer, E., Micevski, K.,1982. Zur taxonomischen bewertung von Eryngium wiegandii Adamovic. Acta Bot. Croat., 41:181-186.Micevski, K.,1969. Stachys iva Griseb. i Stachys horvaticii Micevski spec.nov. u flori Makedonije. Acta Bot. Croat., 28:449-454. Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K.,1991. Noviteti vo familijata Labiatae vo florata na Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 9(1-2):17-37.Micevski, K.,1993. Silene paeoniensis Bornm. und Stachys babunensis Micevski spec. nov. in der Flora red Republik Makedonien. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 13(1-2):29-32.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species, breeding in the site, included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna, are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dijksen, S. & Dijksen A. 1984-1985. Some observations of birds in the Ohrid Lake area (Yugoslavia) in May 1980. Larus 36/37:253-264.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Fremuth, W. Bino T. Bego F. Jorgo G. Micevski B. Anastasovski V. Tzvetkov T. Hristov I. Schneider-Jacoby M. & Shumka S. 2000. Four years of simultaneous wintering waterbird census at the Ohrid and Prespa Lakes 1997-2000. Paper presented at Proceedings of the International Symposium "Sustainable development of Prespa Region", at Skopje.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Micevski, B. 1996. Ohrid Lake winter ornitofauna (Faunistical and Structural Characteristics). God. Zb., Biol. 49:85-93.Micevski, B. Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources.  2002. Skopje, BSPSM. Micevski, B. Avifauna of Ohrid Lake.  2003. Skopje, BSPSM. Micevski, K.,1963. Tipološki istražuvanja na blatnata vegetacija vo Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 14:79-130Micevski, K., 1969. Vodna vegetacija na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientarum Naturalium, 4 (94): 61-80.Micevski, K.,1982. Florata i vegetacijata na SR Makedonija i problemot na nivnata zaštita. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 3(1):77-92.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in the tables "Birds listed on Resolution No. 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", three bird species, breeding in the site, included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna" are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004).

DESIGNATION:
Protected on a national level as Natural Monument (IUCN cat.III) with theLaw on proclamation of the Ohrid, Prespa and Doyran Lakes as protected areas in the category  Natural Monument (Official Gazette of RM no. 45/1977)


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Fremuth, W. Bino T. Bego F. Jorgo G. Micevski B. Anastasovski V. Tzvetkov T. Hristov I. Schneider-Jacoby M. & Shumka S. 2000. Four years of simultaneous wintering waterbird census at the Ohrid and Prespa Lakes 1997-2000. Paper presented at Proceedings of the International Symposium "Sustainable development of Prespa Region", at Skopje.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Jakovljevi?, S., 1934: Vegetation macrophytique du lac de Prespa. BIJBU, Belg., 3 (1-2):35-55.Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Krystufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. (2004). A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., ?arni, A., Kostadinovski, M. , 2005. New data regarding the flora in Republic of Macedonia. 8 Simpozijum o flori jugoist. Srbije i susednih podru?ja, 64, Niš.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, B. Inventory of Macedonian wetlands as natural resources.  2002. Skopje, BSPSM. Micevski, B. 1992. Structural and faunistical characteristics of the avifauna of Lake Prespa (Macedonian part).. God. zb., Biol. 45:51-55.Micevski, B. Avifauna of Lake Prespa.  1998. Skopje, Vest. Micevski, K.,1963. Tipološki istražuvanja na blatnata vegetacija vo Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 14:79-130Micevski, K.,1964. Tipološki istražuvanja na vegetacijata na nizinskite livadi vo Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 15:121-174Micevski, K., 1969. Vodna vegetacija na Ohridskoto i Prespanskoto Ezero. Acta Musei Macedonici Scientarum Naturalium, 4 (94): 61-80.Micevski, K.,1982. Florata i vegetacijata na SR Makedonija i problemot na nivnata zaštita. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 3(1):77-92.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkov, S., 1910: Vodnata i vodoraslata flora na j.zapadna Makedonija. Plovdiv. Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Tutin, T.G. et all., 1964-1980: Flora Europaeae, I-V. Cambridge.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", six bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".

DESIGNATION:
The site is protected on a national level as Natural Monument (IUCN cat. III) with the Law on proclamation of the Ohrid, Prespa and Doyran Lakes as protected areas in the category Monument of Nature (Official Gazette of RM no. 45/1977)Ornithological locality "Ezerani" on Prespa Lake is protected as Strict Nature Reserve (IUCN cat. I) with the Law on proclamation (Official Gazette of RM no. 37/1996).


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Krystufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Macedonian Ecological Society (2007): Osogovo Mountains in the Balkan Green Belt. Project report.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K.,1974/75. Lycopodiaceae vo florata na Makedonija. God.zb. PMF-biol., Skopje, 27-28:169-173.Micevski, K.,1978. Tipološki istražuvanja na vegetacijata na livadite i pasištata vo Maleš i Pijanec. MANU, posebni izd., 9-41.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna"

OTHERCHARACT:
GEOGRAPHIC LOCATION, BORDERS AND AREA Osogovo Mountain Massif (Osogovo Mountains) is located in the Northeast part of the Republic of Macedonia, and small part of them (28.2 %) lies in Bulgaria. It is highmountain morphostructure, because highest peak Ruen is on 2252 m altitude, and furthermore 5 peaks are above 2000 m. According to the altitude of highest peak, that is 9th mountain in the Republic of Macedonia and highest mountain structure in the east part of the country. Macedonian side of the massif is bounded by Kriva River on the north, Kratovska River, Povisnitsa, Zguri pass (878 m), Kundinska River, Dobrevska River and Zletovska River on the west, and Kocani plain, Bregalnica valley and Ribnica River on the south.In exactly defined morphologic extent (up to mentioned river valleys and proper isohypses), Osogovo Mountain Massif (Osogovo Massif) coveres an area of 1102.24 sq. km, or 4.3 % of Republic of Macedonia. With this area, it is the second large mountain in the country, after mountain massif Jakupica (Solunska Glava, 2540 m). Geology (lithology) of the Osogovo mountain massif is relatively homogenous, and generally represented by Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline rocks. This is especially fact for the central part of the massif, which is composed by gneisses, mica schist's, chlorite schist's, muskovite schist's and quartzgraphitic schist's. In the west and east side of the massif, these Precambrian and Paleozoic crystalline rocks are intruded and covered by younger magmatites (intrusive and effusive): paleozoic granitoid rocks, mesozoic gabro, tertiary andesites, dacites, quartzlatites, ignimbrites etc.GEOMORPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Basic geomorphological features In morphological view, the main characteristic of Osogovo is its massiveness and asymmetry, with dominant fault tectonic elements in contrast to folds. From the two higher peaks Ruen (2252 m) and Carev Vrv (2085 m), seven mountain ridges are dispersed in radial directions, dissected with deep valleys. Main ridge (53 km long) is KostadinicaLisec ridge, who continues over Carev Vrv to the Sokol ridge and east of Ruen peak (in Bulgaria) as a Choveka ridge. This major ridge is not in a straight line, but has zigzag path caused by differences in domination of fluvial erosion from Kriva Reka on the north and Bregalnica on the south. Normally to previous, shorter but higher is Ruen ridge (32 km), with meridional direction. Other smaller ridges are Kalin Kamen (13 km), Lopen (24 km), D'lgidel and Kitka (22 km). Because of rock erodibility, all mentioned ridges are wide, rounded, flattened and formed with successive dissection of old denudation flats. From geologically harder parts of the ridges, arise many rounded peaks with low relative altitude above the ridge. In Macedonian part of Osogovo Mountain, aside of Ruen (2252 m) and Carev Vrv (2085 m), another 4 peaks are above 2000 m: Mal Ruen (2203 m), Kalin kamen (2043 m), Sokol (2038 m), and Petlovo Brdo (2013 m). These high peaks are built in granitoid rocks and quartz latites. Furthermore, some 50 peaks are between 1000 and 2000 m altitude. On the ridge parts builted by erodible rocks, or where fluvial erosion deeply advanced from two opposite sides of ridges, shallow passes are formed. Only few passes have some morphological significance: Sokol (1824 m) between Ruen and Carev Vrv, Nezilovo pass (1355 m), between Lisets (1526 m) and Breza (1561 m). In same time they have communication significance. Palaeorelief With field research on the massif, three types of palaeorelief (fossil landforms) were confirmed: palaeovolcanic, fluvialdenudation surfaces and coastal surfaces. Palaeovolcanic relief Palaeovolcanic relief is located on the western Mountain side, as a part of KratovoZletovo palaeovolcanic region. It is represented by near 20 volcanic cones and calderas, highly eroded by postvolcanic fluvialdenudation processes. Only Plavica cone (1297 m) and Lesnovo cone (1167 m) are better preserved, as well as their calderas on the top (Milevski, 2006). These two volcanic centers, together with UvoBukovets cones, Zdravci Kamen, Zivalevo and other volcanic necks, belongs to the older volcanic phases, Oligocene in age (Serafimovski, 1993). Younger centers (MiocenePliocene in age) are located in the south part of palaeovolcanic area, from Zletovo to Spancevo village. They are Preslap (1117 m) and Rajcani (867 m) cones with some remnants of calderas (later with double caldera). Here, volcanic activity was violent with dense layers of tuffs and breccias. Denudation terraces Fluvialdenudation surfaces of planation are significant for the recent morphology of Osogovo Massif. There are six identified surfaces, stairslike placed one below other. The highest is fluvialdenudation surface of 1900-2000 m, which we called initial. Lower ones are surfaces of 1780-1840 m, 1570-1620 m, 1420-1480 m, 1250-1300 m and 1100-1180 m. Although fluvialdenudation surfaces are highly eroded, they are very important for the mountain massif, because major ridges were dissected remnants of these surfaces. In that sense, special meaning for the Mountain morphology has initial surface (1900-2000 m), then denudation surface of 1570-1620 m, and denudation surface of 1250-1300.Coastal terraces Beside denudation surfaces, third segment of palaeorelief on Osogovo Massif are coastal terraces. They were formed with coastal process, during gradual regression of Neogene's lakes, existed in neighbor depressions. Hence, formation of the lakes in neighbor depression were caused by midMiocene and upperMiocene delineation and sinking of the tectonic blocks, as well as with influence of wet climate characteristic for this period. Coastal terraces itself (preserved in the recent relief), were formed during periods of stable lake levels trough PliocenePleistocene successive regression. On the Macedonian side, there are not evidence of glaciations on the Ruen or on the Carev Vrv area. But in source area of Kriva River, NE of Carev Vrv, terrain has semirounded amphitheatric cirquelike morphology (altitude 18002040 m). Unfortunately this area is highly eroded by later solifluction processes, so it is difficult for reconstruction. However, instead of typical valley glaciations there are some evidence of small ice cap around Carev Vrv (2085 m), with one moraine (altitude 1990 m) on the highest part of Kitka ridge. The formation of this ice cap is predisposed by suitable initial relief, because Carev Vrv and surrounding areas are "flattened" remnants of initial fluvialdenudation surface, highly uplifted. Periglacial phenomena are much clearer expressed than glacial. There are several large nivation cirques around Carev Vrv, one of which is closely in morphology to real glacial cirque. In same area has noted 7 larger solifluction tongues. On the west side of Mal Ruen peak, tenths ploughing blocks are registered as well as rock polygons and girland soils. All mentioned phenomena are located on altitude between 17002085 m. In aspect of their formation, larger forms (nivation cirques, solifluction slides) were formed during last glacial (wurm), and smaller one, show some Holocene activity. CHARACTERISTIC GEOMORPHIC LOCALITIES ON THE OSOGOVO MOUNTAIN On the Osogovo mountain massif many interesting localities with specific and unique geologic, geomorphic, and hydrographic characteristics can be identified. In that sense, several are presented like most significant, and they are: "Carev Vrv "Ruen "Valley of Kratovska Reka "Gorge of Zletovska Reka "Ratkova Skala "Lesnovo Cone "Kundino Lake "SasaKosevica "Stanecki waterfall Apart of mentioned localities, there are several others really significant and interesting, like valley of Stanecka River, gorge of Orizarska River, upper part of Zletovska River etc. Locality Carev Vrv is located around the samename dominant peak (2085 m), and generally occupy area in vicinity of this peak, with uppermost parts of Kalinkamen ridge on the north, Kostadinica ridge on west, Sokol ridge on east and Kitka ridge on southeast. Carev Vrv itself has central position on the Osogovo mountain massif, merging main mountain ridges, and in the same time represent significant hydrographic node. In south direction of Carev Vrv, relief is characterized by an impressive denudation flat Kitka (1900 to 2000 m), which is remnant of an earlier mountain stage. On the top of this flat are present: initial girland soils (solifluction terraces); rockfields formed by weathering of granite rocks; shallow nivation depressions; one bigger moraine, possibly with glacial origin. On the east side, toward Kamenicka valley, there are several nivation cirques, shallow nivation depressions and avalanche corridors. Locality Ruen occupy uppermost part of Osogovo Mountain together with highest peak Ruen (2252 m), descending on the west to the 1700 m altitude (up to the macadam road ToranicaSasa). This is a typical highmountain landscape with characteristic morphology and presence of periglacial landforms make by icesnow processes. Most interesting landforms are around Mal Ruen peak: rockseas, rockstreams and ploughing blocks, formed with weathering and under slight (time to time) sliding processes. Locality Valley of Kratovska River is on west side of Osogovo Mountain, occupying valley of Kratovska Reka between Zivalevo and Gorno Kratovo village. From palaeovolcanic landforms, truly dominant is volcanic neck Zdravci Kamen, west from Kratovo. Upstream of Kratovo, valley of Kratovska Reka is really attractive with steep sides (somewhere like a canyon), because of their incision in hard volcanic rocks. Northeast up to the dominant peak Lisec (1526 m), terrain is characterized by strong erosion in crystalline rocks. Locality Gorge of Zletovska River is situated on the west side of Osogovo Mountain, representing valley of Zletovska River between inflow of their left tributaries Emiricka River on the north and Esterec River on the south. Significance of this locality is because of several interesting geomorphic phenomena: deep river valley with gorgelike and canyon like steep sides, covered by rockfalls and taluscones, rocknecks and small denudation landforms; several waterfalls, steps and slopes in the riverbed of Zletovska River and their tributaries etc. In this area, really interesting is riverbed of Zletovska River itself. Its have high longitudinal slope, correlated with frequent occurrences of steps and waterfalls. Among these, biggest waterfall (on entire Zletovska River) is near Jamiska River inflow which is 12 m high, and with large, 3 m deep basin in the bottom. Locality Ratkova Skala is situated in southwest part of Osogovo Mountain, between Ratkovica village on north and Sinkovica region on south. Landscape has interesting physionomy, different from other parts. The valley of Stalkovica River in length of 1.5 km is canyonlike, with up to 400 m deep vertical sides and escarpments. Highest escarpments are on right (north) valley side, were propagated in length of 1.2 km, and on the left side are smaller, with 130 m in altitude and 0.5 km in length. Locality Lesnovo palaeovolcanic cone is situated in the west part of Osogovo Mountain, between Probistip town and Zletovo village. This is one of best preserved palaeovolcanic cones in Kratovo-Zletovo palaeovolcanic region, as well as in Republic of Macedonia, covering an area of 12 km2, and diameter of 4 km. Most impressive is northern neck Ilin Krst (1127 m), which was possible main volcanic center from which greatest amount of lava and volcanoclastic material was expel. On the south and east side there are another three dominant necks: Sv. Troica (1012 m), Nuseva Cuka or Gorno Brdo (1025 m) and Gumicki Rid (1048 m). Locality Kundino Lake is situated on the west part of Osogovo Mountain, between Probistip town and Plavica (1297 m). This locality has several interesting objects like large palaeovolcanic cone and caldera of Plavica, couple of secondary volcanic cones (necks), then many denudation landforms as rills, gullies, badlands etc., and maby the most interesting is small natural lake called Kundino Lake. Today Kundino Lake has periodic character and much more resemble marsh with dense vegetation of cane and grass. Locality Sasa-Kosevica is situated on the east part of Osogovo Mountain, and spatially covers significant part of Kamenicka River valley from Sasa village on the north to the Kosevica Village on the southeast. This locality is significant because it represent an area of excessive erosion and accumulation, which is consequence of appropriate natural factors (among them soft rock lithology, forced tectonic, slopes, aspects) and great human impact. Excessive erosion caused formation of few large alluvial fans along the valley bottom, especially near Sasa village. Some of them have more than 500 m length, and 300 m width. Locality Stanecki waterfall is situated in north part of Osogovo Mountain near Stanci village, on the 1000 m - 1300 m altitude. Most interesting object here is erosive waterfall of Kozja River, positioned on 1160 m a.s.l. Its overall height is 14 m, and is highest permanent waterfall on the Osogovo Mountain. In vicinity of the waterfall is an interesting phenomenon of large builder accumulation, probably created by denudation. HYDROGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS Ground waters and springs The region of Osogovo Mountain has mean annual sum of precipitations of about 700 mm, which is roughly average in the Republic of Macedonia. Number of springs on the Osogovo Mountain is high, especially on the east side, composed by crystalline rocks, but springs are poor, and frequently they functioned periodically or temporary. Most of the springs are in higher areas, near Carev Vrv and Ruen, on the passes, river terraces, in the areas with dense vegetation etc. River network River network on the Osogovo Mountain is represent by 780 permanent, periodic and temporal watercourses, with overall length of 1870 km and average length of 2.4 km per watercourse. In this area, only 5 rivers are longer than 20 km, as follow: Zletovska River (55.5 km; 33.8 km up to Zletovo v.); Kriva River up to the inflow of Kratovska River (54.3 km); Kocanska River (36.2 km); Orizarska River (34.3 km) and Kamenicka River (23.9 km). Lakes On the Osogovo Mountain are located several artificial lakes and one small natural lake. Larger artificial lakes are Kalimanci and Gratce. In near future, in the inner part of Osogovo Mountain will be form one larger artificial lake "Knezevo" as a element of hydro system "Zletovica". After construction of the 75 m high rockfill dam, the lake will be 3.5 km in length, area of 0.7 km2, and overall volume of 23.5 millions m3. Beside mentioned larger artificial lakes on the Osogovo Mountain, there are few small accumulations as well as micro accumulation, built for local needs for irrigation, fishery, and cattle supply etc. In the southwest part of Osogovo Mountain, there is one small natural lake: Kundino lake, which is almost totally destroyed by human impact. CLIMATEThe climate of this area is characteristical due to the influence of the altitude, orographic, pedological and biogeographical factors (that are concidered as permanent factors), as well as influence of the variable climatic factors expressed by influence of the movements of the air massess and frequencies of the atmospheric frontal systems, intensity and type of precipitation, and changes in the termical and higrical conditions, as well as air currents.Due to the specific physico-geographical and orographical conditions in the mountainous parts of the northeastern regions of Macedonia and Osogovo Region, following climatic types occur (according to the changes of the meteorological-climatic elements related to the altidude), as well as due to changes of the meteorological-climatic variables dependent of the latitude and longitude:1. Area with continental-submediteranean climate (altitude to 600 m asl).2. Area with warm continental climate (altidudes between 600-900 m asl)3. Area with cold continental climate (900-1100 m)4. Area with submontane-continental climate (1100-1300 m asl)5. Area with montane-continental climate (1300-1650 m asl)6. Area with subalpine climate (1650-2250 m asl)7. Area with alpine climate (altitudes above 2250 m)The expression of these climatic areas (regions) is not equal everywhere depending on the altitude. It changes depending the exposition of the mountain ridges, dominate air currents, insolation, altitude, local conditions (soil type, pedological and biogeographical conditions etc). On Osogovo Mts. the borderline between the continental pluviometic regime and the modified-continental pluviometric regime passes. This distribution have influence on the ecological conditions, annual fluctuation of the average hydrological conditions, hydrological cycle, as well as to the surface and underground waters, plant communities, pedogenetic processes and all conditions of the Osogovo Mts.Reference:Macedonian Ecological Society (2007): Osogovo Mountains in the Balkan Green Belt. Project report.


DOCUMENTATION:
Bornm?ller, J., 1925. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1926. Beitr?ge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornm?ller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrb?cher, 61:1-195Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Krystufek, B. Vohral?k, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. Zborn. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K., Matevski, V., 1984. Diantho-Cistetum incani Micevski et Matevski ass. nov.vo vegetacijata na SR Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 5(2):11-16, Skopje Micevski, K.,1971. Tunico-Trisetetum myrianthi Micev.ass.nov. vo vegetacijata na brdskite pasi?ta vo Makedonija. God.Zborn., PMF-biol., Skopje, 24:59-65.Micevski, K.,1971. Astragalus physocalyx i Astragalus ponticus Pall., novi vidovi za florata na Makedonija i Jugoslavija. God.Zborn. PMF-biologija, Skopje, 24:67-72.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K., Matevski, V., 1983. Retki i slabo poznati rastenija vo florata na Makedonija I. God. Zborn. Biol. fak., 36:149-153, Skopje Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.

QUALITY:
The site Churchulum-Paljurci is located near Bogdanaci in the south parts of the Republic of Macedonia. Only one plant species listed on Resolution No 6 (1998) (Astragalus physocalyx) is present on this site. Following  relicts and rare species grow in this area: Isoetes phrygia,Erigeron bonariensis, Hymenocarpos circinatus, Inula graveolens, Helianthemum aegyptiacum, Echium platagineum, Cistus incanus, Tagetes minuta, Vicia articulata, Briza maxima, Anthemis macedonica, Lupinus angustifolius, Dracunculus vulgaris, Ornithopus compressus, Quercus coccifera, Romulea bulbocodium, Punica granatum, Alkanna tinctoria, Asphodelus microcarpus and others.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Krystufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMicevski, K.,1969. Stachys iva Griseb. i Stachys horvaticii Micevski spec.nov. u flori Makedonije. Acta Bot. Croat., 28:449-454. Micevski, K.,1970. Astragalus sericophyllus Griseb. emend. K. Micevski und Astragalus mayeri K. Micevski spec. nov. in der flora von Mazedonien. Fragm. Balc. 7(17)22:157-166 Micevski, K.,1976. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na Centaurea marmorea Bornm. et Soška vo florata na Makedonija. Prirodonau?en muzej na Makedonija, Posebno izdanie, 7:81-87.Micevski, K.,1978. Centaurea kozjakensis, nov vid od Sect. Phalolepis (Cass.) DC od Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. za prir.mat.nauki, MANU, 9(1):53-58.Micevski, K.,1978. Polimorfizam kaj vidovite od Sect. Phalolepis (Cass.)DC na rodot Centaurea (Asteraceae) vo Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. za prir.mat.nauki, MANU, 10(2):55-65.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski, V., 1998. Genista subcapitata Pan?. vo florata na Republika Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 19(1-2):17-22.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Soška, Th., (1933):Beitrag sur Marmorflora der Umgebung von Prilep. BIJBU Belg., 2 (3):176-182.Stojanoff, N., (1928): Thracische und macedonische Herbarmaterijalen des Verstorbenen prof. Dr. Theodor Nikoloff. Spis.BAN, 37(18):49-209.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Krystufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992) Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matevski, V., 1986-87. Thymus tosevii Vel. - kompleksot vo florata na SR Makedonija. God. zb. na PMF, Biol., 39-40:31-38, Skopje.Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Micevski, K.,1977. Erysimo-Trifolietum Micev. ass.nov. vo vegetacijata na Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. za prir.mat.nauki, MANU, 9(1):75-82.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski K., Matevski V. 2001. Dianthus ernesti-mayeri Micevski & Matevski spec. nov v flori Republike Makedonije. Razprave, IV. Razreda,  SAZU, 42 (3):153-158, Ljubljana, Slovenija.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoPetkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", four bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004)  are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dimovski, A. (1966): Herpetofauna na Skopska kotlina.  II. Faunisti?ki del. - Godišen zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 16 (4): 179-188.Dzukic, G., Kalezic, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezic, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Krystufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Mayer, E., Micevski, K.,1982. Zur taxonomischen bewertung von Eryngium wiegandii Adamovic. Acta Bot. Croat., 41:181-186.Micevski, K.,1978. Reliktnost i endemizam vo florata i vegetacijata na Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. za prir.mat.nauki, MANU, 79-93.Micevski, K.,1982. Ephedra major Host. u flori Makedonije. Glas. Rep. Zavoda za{t. prirode, Titograd, 15:55-62.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K.,1991. Noviteti vo familijata Labiatae vo florata na Makedonija. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 9(1-2):17-37.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K., Drenkovski, R.1968. Rasprostranuvanje na Kitaibelia vitifolia Willd. vo Makedonija. Fragmenta Balcanica, 4-14(149):137-140.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoMicevski, K., Matevski V., 2000. Natural monuments in Proeva, N.: NATURAL and cultural monuments. Ministry of information, 9-26, Skopje.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Soška, Th., (1938/39): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von Südserbien. II. Glas. SND, 20(7):35-58. Soška, Th., (1939): Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Schluchtenfloren von Südserbien, III. Glasnik SND, 20(7):167-191. Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", seven bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".

DESIGNATION:
Within the area of the Emerald site Katlanovo-Taor, two sites are proclaimed on a national level according to the old national categorization. The process of re-evaluation and re-proclamation of these sites according to the IUCN categorization is ongoing. 1. Decision for proclamation of Katlanovsko Blato (Katlanovo Marsh) as protected area in the category IV Area Outside Nature Reserves containing Certain Plant and Animal Species from 8 July 1980.2. Decision of the Parliament of the City of Skopje for proclamation of Katlanovski predel (Katlanovo landscape) as protected area in the category III Site of Special Natural Characteristics from 13 May 1991.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Crivelli, J. (1996). The Freshwater fish endemic to the Northern Mediterranean Region. Tour du Valat Publication. pp. 1-171.Dimovski, A. (1971): Zoocenolo?ki istra?uvanja na stepskite predeli vo Makedonija. (Zoocenological survey of the steppe habitats in Macedonia) - Godi?en zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 23: 25-43.Dzukic, G. (1987): Taxonomic and biogeographic characteristics of the Slow-worm (Anguis fragilis Linnaeus, 1758) in Yugoslavia and on the Balkan Peninsula. - Scopolia (Ljubljana), 12: 1-47.Dzukic, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Dzukic, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kry?tufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Kottelat, M. & J. Freyhof (2007). Handbook of European freshwater fishes. Kottelat, Cornd, Switzerland and Freyhof, Berlin, Germany, pp. 646.  Kry?tufek, B. Vohral?k, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kry?tufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petrov, B. 1979. Some questions of of the zoogeographical division of the western Palaearctic in the light of the distribution of mammals in Yugoslavia. Folia Zool., 28: 13-24.Scheider, P. & Jaksic, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.Velevski, M. 2005. Unpublished data


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Bornmüller, J., 1925. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, I. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 59:294-504, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1926. Beiträge zur Flora Mazedoniens, II. Engl.Bot.Jahrb., 60:1-125, Leipzig.Bornmüller, J., 1928. Beitrag zur Flora Mazedoniens III. Engler's Bot.Jahrbücher, 61:1-195 Em, H., 1978. O nekim osobenostima borovih šuma Makedonije. I. Reliktne crnoborove zajednice.-Mitt.Ostalp.-din.Ges.f.Veget.-Innsbruck.Em, H., 1981. O nekim osobenostima borovih šuma Makedonije. II.Prilozi, MANU, Odd.za biol. i medic. nauki, 2(1-2):5-16, Skopje.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Erben, M., 1985. Cytotaxonomische Untersuchungen an Südosteuropaischen Viola-Arten der Section Melanium. Mitt.Bot.München, 21:339-740.Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Herzog, Th.,1922. Botanische Studien eines Frontsoldaten in Macedonien.ABZ, 24-25:8-23.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Matevski, V., 1991. Prilog kon taksonomijata i horologijata na nekoi vidovi od rodot Thymus L. (Lamiaceae) Sect. Marginati (A. Kerner) A. Kerner Subsect. Marginati vo florata na Makedonija. MANU, Prilozi, 9(1-2):52-63, SkopjeMatevski, V, Sekovski, Ž., Kostadinovski, M., 1994. Novi podatoci za horologijata na  Silene paeoniensis Bornm. vo florata na Republika Makedonija. Ekol.Zašt.Život.Sred. 2(1):17-19, Skopje.Matevski, V, Sekovski, Ž., Kostadinovski, M., 1994. Prilog za horologijata na Sideritis lanata (L.) Boiss. i Sideritis raeseri Boiss. & Heldr. vo florata na Republika Makedonija. God.zb.Biol., 48:43-48, SkopjeMatevski, V., Sekovski, Ž., Kostadinovski, M., 1993. Retki i slabo poznati rastenija vo florata na Republika Makedonija. God.zb.Biol., 46:115-118, Skopje.Matevski, V., Sekovski, Ž ., Kostadinovski, M., 1994. Prilog za florata na Republika Makedonija, God.zb.Biol., 47:81-89, Skopje.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K.,1992. Astragalus mariovoensis Micevski spec. nov. aus der Gruppe Astragalus sericophyllus Griseb. in der Flora der R. Macedonien. Prilozi, Odd. biol.med.nauki, MANU, 12(1-2:33-38.Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Micevski, K. & V. Matevski, 1987. Teritorijalna podela endema u SR Makedoniji i problem njihove ugrozenosti. ANUBiH. Posebna izdanja.Odd. prir. nauka. 14:199-207.SarajevoSekovski, Ž., Šopova, M., Matevski, V., Dimeska G., 1999. Determiniranje na genotipot na vidovite vo populaciite na livadite i brdskite pasišta vo Mariovo. God.zb., Biol. 52: 109-118, Skopje.Stojanoff, N., 1928). Thracische und macedonische Herbarmaterijalen des Verstorbenen prof. Dr. Theodor Nikoloff. Spis.BAN, 37(18):49-209. Velenovsky, J., 1922. Reliquiae Mrkvickanae, 1-32, PragaWalter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Em, H., 1967. Pregled na dendroflorata na Makedonija. Spontani i subspontani vidovi. Soj.Inz.teh.Sum.ind. SRM, 125. Hayek, A., 1924-1933. Prodromus Florae peninsulae Balcanicae, I-III. Feddes Repert., Beih., Dahlem bei Berlin.Horvat, I., Glava?, V., Ellenberg, H., 1974. Vegetetion Sudosteuropas.VEB Jena. Micevski, K.,1964. Drosera rotundifolia in der Flora Mazedoniens. Bulletin Scientifique, 9(1/2):10, Zagreb Micevski, K.,1978. Tipološki istražuvanja na vegetacijata na livadite i pasištata vo Maleš i Pijanec. MANU, posebni izd., 9-41.Micevski, K., 1985. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(1):1-152Micevski, K., 1993. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(2):153-391Micevski, K., 1995. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(3):503-548 Micevski, K., 1998. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(4): 781-1113.Micevski, K., 2001. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(5): 1121-1430.Micevski, K., 2005. Flora na Republika Makedonija. MANU, 1(6): 1437-1715.Walter and Gillet, 1998: IUCN global red list from 1997.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Džuki?, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Džuki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Džuki?, G. & Kalezi?, M. (2004): The biodiversity of amphibians and reptiles in the Balkan Peninsula. - in: Griffiths, Kryštufek & Reed ed. "Balkan Biodiversity", 167-192 pp., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht/Boston/London.Kryštufek, B. Vohralík, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Horá?ek, I.; Vohralík, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Kryštufek, B. 2004. A quantitative assessment of Balkan mammal diversity. In: H.I. Griffithes, B.  Kryštufek, J.M. Reed (eds.) Balkan biodiversity. Pattern and process in the European hotspot. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht: 79-108. Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Matvejev, S. (1961). Biogeografija Jugoslavije, Monographies Vol. 9. Biol. Inst. Beograd, pp 232.Petkovski, S. (1986). The fairy shrimp Chirocephalus pelagonicus n.sp. (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from Macedonia. Fragm. Balc. Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat. Skopje 13 (3):15-26Petkovski, S. (1995). On the presence of the genus Tanymastix Simon, 1886 (Crustacea: Anostraca) in Macedonia. Hydrobiologia 298: 307-313. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Petkovski, T. K. 1976. Zwei neue und eine seltene Ostracoden - Art der Gattung Cypria Zenker aus Jugoslawien. - Acta Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat. Skopje 14 (7), 173-192Petkovski, T. 1983. Faune de Macedoine: Calanoida (Crustacea-Copepoda). Faune de Macedoine. Mus. Maced. Sci. Nat., Skopje, V: 1-182.Petkovski, T., Scharf, B. & Keyser, D. 2000. New and Little Known Ostracods of the Genus Heterocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) from the Balkan Peninsula. Limnologica by Urban & Fischer Verlag, 30 (2000): 45-57.Scheider, P. & Jakši?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.


DOCUMENTATION:
BirdLife International. 2004. Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLife International. BirdLife International Conservation Series No. 12.Brelih, S. & Dzukic, G. (1974): Catalogus Faunae Jugoslaviae. IV/2 Reptilia. - Academia Scientiarum et Artium Slovenica, Ljubljana, 33 str.Dimovski, A. (1971): Zoocenolo?ki istra?uvanja na stepskite predeli vo Makedonija. - Godi?en zbornik (Skopje), Biologija 23: 25-43.D?uki?, G., Kalezi?, M.L., Petkovski, S. & Sidorovska, V. (1998): Batrachofauna and herpetofauna of Balkan Peninsula: General remarks. - BIOECO, Second International Congress on the Biodiversity, Ecology and Conservation of the Balkan fauna, September 16-20. 1998, Ohrid, Plenary lectures 39-41.Kry?tufek, B. Vohral?k, V. Flousek, J. & Petkovski, S. (1992). Bats (Mammalia: Chiroptera) of Macedonia, Yugoslavia. In: Hor??ek, I.; Vohral?k, V. (eds.) Prague Studies in Mammalogy. Charles Univ. Press, Praha, pp. 93-111.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2002). Annotated Checklist of the Mammals of the Republic of Macedonia. Bonner zoologische Beitrage, Band 51(4): 229-254. Bonn.Krystufek, B. & S. Petkovski (2006). Mammals of Macedonia - Current State of Knowledge. Anniv. Proceed., Eighty years of achievement by the Maced. Mus. of Nat. Hyst., 95-104.Petkovski, S. (2003). Faunal diversity. In: Country Study for Biodiversity of the Republic of Macedonia (First National Report). Ministry of Environment and Phisical Planning. Skopje.p.217.Scheider, P. & Jak?i?, P. (1989): Die Tagfalter von jugoslawisch Mazedonien. - Verl. Paul Scheider, Ljubljana.

QUALITY:
In addition to the species included in tables "Birds listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)" and "Regularly occurring Migratory Birds not Listed on Resolution No 6 (1998)", two bird species breeding in the site are considered to be concentrated in Europe and with an Unfavourable conservation status in Europe (SPEC Cat 2, BirdLife International 2004) are included in the table "Other Important Species of Flora and Fauna".


DOCUMENTATION:
Thingstad, P. G., Günter, M., Aspholm, P. E., Vie, G.E.& Wikan, S. 2000. Vannfuglregistreringer i Pasvik naturreservat og omkringliggende våtmarksområder i 1998 og 1999. Resultater fra 1998 og 1999 og oppsummering fra perioden 1996 - 1999. NTNU, Vitensk.mus. Zoolog. Notat 2000-x: 1-127;  Systad, G.H., Strann, K.B. & Frisvoll, V. 2004. Biologisk mangfold Sør-Varanger kommune - NINA Oppdragsmelding 829;

QUALITY:
Furuskogen her er en nordvestlig utløper av den sibirske taiga, og utgjør et naturgeografisk grenseområde mellom øst og vest. Nasjonalparken omfatter ca. 119 km2, og ligger inn mot grensa til Finland og Russland, lengst sør i Sør-Varanger. Landskapet er flatt. Lave, skogkledde åser veksler med innsjøer, myrer og blokkmark. En betydelig del av arealet er vannareal. Våtmarkene har et svært rikt fugleliv og interessant natur- og kulturhistorie. Naturreservatet omfatter den mest urørte, gjenværende delen av Pasvikelvas opprinnelige vassdragsnatur. Med opprettelsen av Øvre Pasvik landskapsvernområde har man endelig fått vernet det ornitologisk viktige våtmarkskomplekset vest for Hestefossdammen.

DESIGNATION:
Transboundary protected areas with Russian Federation and Finland. Consists of 3 protected areas in Norway: Øvre Pasvik National Park (protected by law in 1970 and expanded in 2004), Øvre Pasvik Landscape protection area (protected by law in 2003) and Pasvik Nature reserve (protected by law in 1993). Pasvik Nature reserve has also status as a Ramsar site.

OTHERCHARACT:
Virgin pine forests with large amounts of mires and bogs, lakes and rivers. Western end of the Siberian taiga.


QUALITY:
Stabbursnes naturreservat ble opprettet i 1983. Formålet med fredningen er å bevare et våtmarksområde som har internasjonal verdi som raste- og trekkområde for en rekke arter av ender, gjess og vadefugl og å bevare store, velutvikla strandenger med arktiske arter og plantesamfunn. Selve Stabbursneset er et stort delta av sand og grus som Stabburselva har skylt ut i Porsangerfjorden ved slutten av og etter istida. Både nord og sør for neset finner vi store, flate strand- og fjærearealer. Sjøen utenfor er svært grunn, og naturrservatet omfatter en del av landets største sammenhengende gruntvannsområder (Vesterbotn). Det mest særprega ved vegetasjonen i området er de store flatene med strandeng (leirstrandvegetasjon med plantearter som tåler salt), med forekomst av mange arktiske plantearter og plantesamfunn. De største strandengene finner vi utenfor Valdatjæggi på sørsida av selve Stabbursneset, og på strandflatene nord for Stabburselvas utløp. Indre Porsangerfjord, med sitt system av store strand-, fjære- og gruntvannsområder, elveutløp, holmer, sund og tidevannsstrømmer, er et av de viktigste våtmarksområder for fugl i Norge. Stabbursnes naturreservat omfatter den viktigste delen av dette systemet.

DESIGNATION:
Stabbursnes Nature reserve protected by law in 1983.  Wetland reserve with status as a Ramsar site.

OTHERCHARACT:
Well-developed salt meadows which serves as a wetland system of international value as staging area for many wetland species. The salt meadows holds important arctic species and vegetation types.


QUALITY:
Palsmyr nær østenden av Altevatn mellom Gamasjåkka og Leinavatn. Palsmyr av nedbørsbetingete og jordvannsbetingete myrkompleks. Opptil 3 m høye palser i den N-lige halvdel av myra. Her finnes også de mest interessante elementene; rikmyrer med kant- og myrviddevegetasjon. Tuejord i SV. S-ligste registrering av brannull. Eneste registrering av finnmarkstarr i Troms. Østlige arter som finnmarkspors opptrer. Rikt fugleliv. Viktig beiteland for rein. Moltebærland. Myra er verneverdig i internasjonal sammenheng. (Telmamyr).

DESIGNATION:
Astujeaggi Nature reserve protected by law in 1983.

OTHERCHARACT:
Palsa mire complex of international importance. Monitoring site for climate change.


QUALITY:
Sammen med tilliggende fjellområder i Norge og Sverige er Junkerdal nasjonalpark et av Nordens største gjenværende villmarksområder. Landskapet gir livsgrunnlag til en svært artsrik flora med mange sjeldne planter. Hele området har vært svært viktig for å forstå innvandringen og utbredelsen av planter og dyr etter siste istid.Junkerdalsura er ei stor skogsli fra dalbunn til snaufjell med alt naturlig plante- og dyreliv og med alle de naturlige økologiske prosessene. Av spesielle kvaliteter kan nevnes at området domineres av rike barskogs- og lauvskogsutforminger og rike vegetasjonstyper, det har stor botanisk artsrikdom med floristisk og plantegeografisk interessante arter, det har varmekjære innslag, sjeldne, krevende, og sårbare/truede arter, og området har en av Nordens største kalkbjørkeskoger, samt at det utgjør en viktig del av en av Norges mest kjente plantelokaliteter.

DESIGNATION:
Junkerdal National Park protected by law in 2004 and Junkerdalsura Nature Reserve in 2000.

OTHERCHARACT:
Large and pristine mountain area with rich biodiversity, in particurlar the unique alpine flora. Junkerdalsura with rich forest types (calcareous birch forest) with rare and threatened plant species.


QUALITY:
Børgefjell nasjonalpark strekker seg fra 270 til 1699 meter over havet. Vann, elver, myrer, ur, heier, fjell og tinder er noe av det Børgefjell byr på. De mange små og store vatna gir Børgefjell sitt særtrekk. De største vatna er Simskardvatnet og Orvatnet. Området er et av de største gjenværende villmarkspregede områdene i landet og er et av de få stedene i landet hvor det fremdeles finnes fjellrev. Av de store rovdyrene våre er jerv og gaupe registrert som ynglende i Børgefjell, mens bjørn besøker området jevnlig som streifdyr. Børgefjellområdet har særlig stor verdi for våtmarksfugler (ender,vadere og andre) og for rovfugl og ugler. Samene har holdt til i Børgefjell iuminnelige tider som jegere, fiskereog reingjetere. Området inneholderderfor en rekke samiske kulturminner.

DESIGNATION:
Børgefjell National Park protected by law in 1963, revised and expanded in 2003. Austre Tiplingan Landscape protection area established in 2003.

OTHERCHARACT:
Børgefjell represents a unique wilderness area on the border between Nord-Trøndelag and Nordland counties. Mostly characterized by high alpine landscape, rich on lakes and watercourses, and of considerable zoological interest.


DOCUMENTATION:
Røv, N. 2006. Mapping and monitoring of seabirds and mammals in Froan. Final Report (in Norwegian with english abstract). NINA Rapport 202.

QUALITY:
The largest nature reserve in Norway, and among the largest coastal conservation areas in Europe. Typified with hundreds of islands, skerries and islets, with shallow marine waters in the extreme outermost coastal zone. In the landscape protection area there are larger islands with small farms as well. Extensive tidal zones with seaweed, kelp beds and to lesser degree sandy shores is also an important feature. The outermost parts of the area has naked skerries and rocky outcrops devoid of vegetation due to the rough seas, while the larger, more protected islands, has bogs and meadows. The site is one of Norway’s most important wintering, moulting and breeding areas for seabirds, and for breeding coastal seals.

DESIGNATION:
Froan protected areas have been protected by law since 1979.

OTHERCHARACT:
Typified with hundreds of islands, skerries and islets, with shallow marine waters in the extreme outermost coastal zone.


QUALITY:
Geitaknottene is by far the most omportant site for Great Crested Newt (Triturus cristatus) in Norway, probably the richest site in the World. The site also consists of Yddal Nature reserve which is one of the largest remaining coniferous forest areas in South-west Noreway without technical impacts. Many different forest types with high biodiversity and endangered species.

DESIGNATION:
Geitaknottene has been protected by law since 1997 and Yddal since 1999.

OTHERCHARACT:
Coniferous forests in a rocky landscape with hills and slopes. Large number of ponds and small lakes. From lowland forest to alpine areas.


QUALITY:
Largest Sand dune system in Scandinavia. Many redlisted species, in partucurlar plant species. International importance for staging and wintering waders and waterbirds. Kjørholmane important breeding site for seabirds and important for seals, in particurlar Grey seal. The Shag colony is the second largest in Norway. Several breeding species of gulls and auks.

DESIGNATION:
Many different protected sites with different level of protection. The total area consists of six different protected areas: Jærstrendene Landscape protection area; Jærstrendene Natural monument; Jærstrendene Plant protection area; Jærstrendene Wildlife protection area; Reime Plant protection area and Kjørholmane Nature reserve.

OTHERCHARACT:
Coastline with systems og sand dunes, pebbled beaches and heathland. Large part shallow waters including some seabird colonies.


QUALITY:
Nordre Øyeren is northern Europe's largest inland delta, formed by the three rivers Glomma, Nitelva and Leira. The two smaller rivers meets with Norway's largest river Glomma and flows into the lake Øyeren. The site is well-known for it's large amount of birds, especially during migration and winter. The site has Norway's largest numbers of wintering whooper swan. Nordre Øyeren is also a highly diverse freshwater ecosystem and is the area with highest diversity of fish species in Norway.

DESIGNATION:
Designated as two separate Nature reserves: Nordre Øyeren since 1975 and Sørumsneset in 1992. The site is also a Ramsar site.

OTHERCHARACT:
Inland water delta in the Glomma River system. The river flows into a lake, Øyeren, and have built up many square hectares of depostits of sand and gravel.


QUALITY:
Fokstumyra is Norways oldest larger protected ares, and was protectes as early as 1923 because of its rich birdlife. The site is wide and open marshland on Dovrefjell which is a border mountain between Southern and Middle Norway. The most important function of the site is breeding site for alpine wetland birds, but also serves as an important staging area. The expantion with Fokstugu Landscape protection area includes more alpine grassland and more botanical values to the site.

DESIGNATION:
Designated as two separate sites of protected areas: Fokstumyra Nature reserve since 1923, and expanded in 2002, and Fokstugu Landscape protection area in 2002. The Nature reserve is also a Ramsar site.

OTHERCHARACT:
The site consists og large open marshland with many lakes, ponds and streams. The area stretches up to alpine vegetation in the higher altitudes and with birch woodland in the lower.


QUALITY:
Stråholmen is a wetland area with numerous waterfowl species, and is especially important as resting and grazing area during migration. It is is also an important breeding area for rare and demanding bird species. Brackish ponds are habitats hosting an interesting insect fauna. Part of the shoreline is of international importance, and numerous rare plant species are found here.

DESIGNATION:
Stråholmen naturreservat (nature reserve) and Stråholmen landskapsvernområde (protected landscape) were both designated in 1990. The entire protected landscape has additional zoological protection of species.


QUALITY:
High numbers of different natural habitats are found in the area, notably on the main island of Bliksvær. The high species and habitat diversity result in unusual complex variations. The area is especially important to seabirds; as breeding, moulting and wintering area. Numerous interesting plant species are found here. The cultural landscape in the area is defined as nationally important.

DESIGNATION:
The area was protected in 1970; and part of this area was protected anew as a nature reserve in 2002.


QUALITY:
The area is important to seabirds; as breeding, moulting and wintering area. It is also an important resting area for migrating species. Some rare species of birds of prey breed in the area. Parts of the area are important cultural heritage sites, and the cultural landscape dominates in these areas.


QUALITY:
The area comprises the Island of Tautra and surrounding marine shallow waters. The island is characterized by a mosaic of intensively used agricultural lands and older, discontinued pastures. The marine shallows are very important to birds and especially important for waders during migration. Ruins of a Cisterciensian monastery constitute an important cultural heritage site within the area.

DESIGNATION:
Parts of the area was protected in 1984 and revised 1993. Total revision and additional protection in 2003.


QUALITY:
A uniqe estuari both in varaiation and size. Large tidal zones in a rolling coastal landscape. Important botany and zoologi, landscapes and quaternary geology. International importance for bredding, staging and wintering waders and waterbirds.

DESIGNATION:
Parts of the area was protected in 1988 and another area beside protecede in 1996.


SITENAME:
Rondane med Grimsdalen, Frydalen og Dørålen


SITENAME:
Saltfjellet-Svartisen med tilliggende landskapsvernområder og naturreservat


SITENAME:
Dovrefjell-Sunndalsfjella, Knutshø og tilliggende landskapsvernområder


DOCUMENTATION:
Protection Decree of Special Nature Reserve Gornje Podunavlje (Decree of the Government of the Republic of Serbia - 05 number 353-5996/2001 from 10.07.2001. Bulletin of RS nr.45 from 20.07.2001); Special Nature Reserve "Gornje Podunavlje"- Proposal for protection - Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia, Belgrade, 2001

QUALITY:
The site contains 19 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 42 the Bern convention species, 124 EMERALD other important species, and 35 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests, Pannonic willow galleries, south east European ash oak alder forests, steppe swamp alder woods, continental glasswort swards and suboceanic inland salt meadows in Serbia

DESIGNATION:
Part of the site was declared as Special Nature Reserve Gornje Podunavlje by Protection Decree - Bulletin of RS nr.45/2001. Protected areas belong to category IV of  IUCN protection Classification (Habitat and species managment area)

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Gornje Podunavlje is located in the North - western part of Backa, on the territory of the Municipalities of Apatin, Sombor and Odzaci. It is the largest marsh complex in the Danube upper basin in Serbia, covering a part of the lowland plain and the Danube stretch (from 1367 to 1433 km), with especially prominent features of the relief, hydrographic phenomena, well - preserved native plant communities of marshes and the diverse and rich flora and fauna. The Reserve is a significant transboundary area connected to the protected areas in Croatia and Hungary with which it forms the largest flooded area in the Middle Danube Basin.The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of  70-130 m. Approximate area is 20.000 ha. Different types aluvial and peatmoss substratum dominate in the area. Loes are also well presented in the site.The site contains 20 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests, Pannonic willow galleries, south-east European ash-oak-alder forests, steppe swamp alder woods. Also, Ponto-Pannonic mesophile hay meadows, continental glasswort swards and suboceanic inland salt meadows are well presented in the site. It contains a mosaic of different plant communities and habitat types from submerged water communities, water rafts and rooted floating vegetation, Pannonic riverbank dwarf and tall sedge communities, transition mires, riparian willow formations, continental meadows, Pannonic and sub?Pannonic thickets. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species.For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 43 the “Bern convention species”, and 135 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 35 species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Plants: Crataegus nigra, Trapa spp., Puccinelia limosa.Invertebrates: Carcharodus alceae , Pieris brassicae, Pieris rapae, Pontia edusa, Colias croceus, Colias  hyale, Gonepteryx rhamni, Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena thersamon, Neozephyrus quercus, Satyrium w-album, Satyrium ilicis, Satyrium acaciae, Cupido argiades, Cupido alcetas, Plebeius argus, Plebeius argyrognomon, Argynnis aglaja, Clossiana dia, Inachis io, Aglais urticae, Araschnia levana, Euphydryas maturna, Limenitis reducta, Lasiommata megera, Coenonympha pamphilus.Fishes: Neogobius fluviatilis, Neogobius kessleri, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Rutilus pigus, Zingel streber, Ctenopharyngodon idella


DOCUMENTATION:
Law on National Parks ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993); New study on expert basis for making a Law on National park is beeing developed. Spatial plan of  National park Kopaonik ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 95/2009).

QUALITY:
The site contains 19 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 32 the Bern convention species, 275 EMERALD other important species, and 128 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of moesian Fagus forests, mixed Abies-Picea-Fagus woodland and balkan range Picea abies forests, mountain dwarf Juniperus scrub and Vaccinium heaths in Serbia

DESIGNATION:
Part of site is declared a National Park (belongs to category II of IUCN protection Classification) by the Law of National Parks (by a decree of the Assembly of the SR Serbia on 26th of May 1993 published in  "Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993 from 31.05.1993.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Mountain Kopaonik is located in the central part of Southern Serbia, with the protected area covering its highest and best preserved parts on the territory of the Municipalities of Brus and Raska. The National Park "Kopaonik" is rich in geomorphological, geological and hydrological features, with a high degree of biological diversity and a great number of Balkan alpine endemics. It is the major and the most beautiful winter tourist centre in Serbia. On the highest peak of Nebeske Stolice there is a Mausoleum with the remains of Josif Pancic, the greatest Serbian botanist.The site is located in the region of South-West Serbia. Site belongs to continetal and alpine biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 615-2017 m. Approximate area is 31.000 ha. Different types of silicious rocks dominate in the area. Limestone and serpentine bedrock are well presented in the site.The site contains 17 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of moesian Fagus forests, mixed Abies-Picea-Fagus woodland and balkan range Picea abies forests in Serbia. Also, mountain dwarf Juniperus scrub and Vaccinium heaths, oro-moesian acidophilous grassland and balkanic montane Nardus stricta swards are well presented in the site. It contains a mosaic of different plant communities and habitat types from fens, mires and  rafts, calcareous grassland, dry acid and neutral closed grassland, different wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows, different decideous and coniferous montane and subalpine scrub habitats to communities on siliceous cliffs. Mosaic of different habitat types from water-fringe medium-tall grass beds, arid subcontinental steppic grassland, dry acid and neutral closed grassland, low and medium altitude hay meadows, middle european Salix alba forests to balkano-anatolian thermophilous  forests are presented in the site. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species.For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 28 the “Bern convention species”, and 277 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 128 species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Flora: Cardamine pancicii, Semperivium kopaonikense, Viola kopaonikensisInvertebrates: Carabus cavernosus, Carabus convexus gracilior, Carabus coriaceus hopffgarteni, Carabus montivagus blandus, Carabus scabriusculus bulgarus, Carabus curtulus koschanini, Carabus ulrichii pernix, Acanthocinus aedilis, Acanthocinus griseus, Acanthocinus reticulatus, Aegomorphus clavipes, Agapanthia kirbyi, Agapanthia villosoviridescens, Alosterna tabacicolor, Anastrangalia dubia, Anastrangalia sanguinolenta, Anoplodera sexgutata, Aredolpona rubra, Brachyleptura erythroptera, Brachyleptura fulva, Callimellum angulatum, Calosoma inqusitor, Carabus hortensis hortensis, Carabus intricatus intricatus, Carilia virginea, Cerambyx scopolii, Chlorophorus figuratus, Chlorophorus varius, Cicindela campestris campestris, Cicindela germanica, Cicindela sylvicola, Clytus arietis, Dorcadion pedestre, Dorcadion scopolii, Dorcatypus tristis, Hylotrupes bajulus, Isotomus speciosus, Leiopus nebulosus, Leptura quadrifasciata, Lepturobosca virens, Megopis scabricornis, Mesosa curculionides, Molorchus minor, Monochamus galloprovincialis, Monochamus saltuarius, Monochamus sartor, Oberea linearis, Oberea oculata, Pachyta quadrimaculata, Pachytodes cerambyciformis, Pachytodes erraticus, Paracorymbia cordigera, Paracorymbia pallens, Paracorymbia scutellata, Phytoecia pustulata, Pogonocherus fasciculatus, Procerus gigas, Pseudovadonia livida, Rhagium  bifasciatum, Rhagium inquisitor, Rhagium mordax, Rhamnusium bicolor, Rupela maculata, Saperda populnea, Saperda similis, Stenopterus rufus, Stenurella bifasciata, Stenurella melanura, Stenurella septempunctata, Tetropium castaneum, Tetropium fuscum, Tetrops praeusta, Toxotus cursor, Tragosoma depsarium, Xylosteus spinolae, Xylotrechus arvicola, Xylotrechus rusticus, Chlorophorus hungaricus, Coenonympha gardetta, Erebia ottomana, Lasiommata petropolitana, Leptidea duponcheli, Lycaena phlaeas, Pieris mannii, Polyommatus escheri, Argynnis pandora, Colias caucasica, Cupido minimus, Hipparchia delattini  , Melanargia larissa, Melitaea aurelia, Pieris brassicae, Pseudophilotes baton, Satyrium acaciae, Satyrium w-album, Satyrus ferula, Aglais urticae, Arethusana arethusa, Argynnis aglaja, Carcharodus alceae , Coenonympha leander, Coenonympha pamphilus, Coenonympha rhodopensis, Cupido osiris, Gonepteryx rhamni, Hesperia comma, Hipparchia syriaca, Inachis io, Lasiommata megera, Leptotes pirithous, Limenitis reducta , Lycaena alciphron, Lycaena candens, Lycaena thersamon, Meleageria bellargus, Meleageria coridon, Neptis rivularis, Pieris balcana , Pieris rapae, Plebeius argus, Plebeius idas, Pontia edusa , Pyrgus carthami, Satyrium ilicis, Spialia orbifer.


DOCUMENTATION:
Protection Decree of Special Nature Reserve Obedska bara, Bulletin of RS nr.56/94; Proposal for protection: Special Nature Reserve Obedska bara. - Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia, Belgrade 1993

QUALITY:
The site contains 17 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 41 the Bern convention species, 84 EMERALD other important species, and 27 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of submerged water communities, water rafts and rooted floating vegetation, Pannonic riverbank dwarf and tall sedge communities, transition mires, riparian willow formations, Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests, Pannonic willow galleries, south east European ash oak alder forests, steppe swamp alder woods in Serbia

DESIGNATION:
Part of the site was declared a Special Nature Reserve Obedska bara (belongs to category IV of IUCN protection Classification - Habitat and species managment area) by a Decree of the Government of the Republic of Serbia -05 number 110-3571/30-02  31.08.1994.Bulletin of  RS nr.56 from 09.09.1994.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Obedska Bara is located in the alluvial plain of the river Sava, with the protected area in the Municipalities of Ruma and Pecinci. It is the largest flooded area in Serbia, an authentic mosaic of forest, pond, marsh and meadow habitats, very rich in plant and animal life. The basic value of this area are wetland birds, thanks to which Obedska Bara was first protected as far back as 1874, which makes it one of the oldest protected areas in the world.The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 50-80 m. Approximate area is 10.000 ha. Different types aluvial and peatmoss substratum dominate in the area. Loes are also well presented in the site.The site contains 17 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of submerged water communities, water rafts and rooted floating vegetation, Pannonic riverbank dwarf and tall sedge communities, transition mires, riparian willow formations, Pannonic hygrophile ash-oak-hornbeam forests, Pannonic willow galleries, south-east European ash-oak-alder forests, steppe swamp alder woods. Also, Pannonic eutrophic humid grasslands, continental meadows and oak-hornbeam forests are well presented in the site. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species..For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 39 the “Bern convention species”, and 84 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 27 species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Plants: Urtica kiovensisInvertebrates: Coccinella septempunctata, Adalia bipunctata, Carabus cancellatus maximus, Carabus montivagus montivagus, Carabus ullrichi nastasi, Poecilus rebeli, Pterostichus serbicus, Platynus scrobiculatus serbicus, Osmoderma eremita, Carabus cancellatus intermedius, Carabus scabriusculus bulgarus, Cheilosia griseifacies, Lycaena phlaeas, Pieris rapae, Pontia edusa, Colias croceus, Colias  hyale, Gonepteryx rhamni, Plebeius argus, Brenthis daphne, Clossiana dia, Inachis io, Aglais urticae, Araschnia levana, Lasiommata megera, Coenonympha pamphilus.


DOCUMENTATION:
Scientific and expert basis for protection of mountain massif  Prokletije on territory of Republic of Serbia as National Park.- Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia, Belgrade 1999; Ecological basis for declaration of National Park Prokletije -  Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia, Belgrade 1996.

QUALITY:
The site contains 28 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 45 the Bern convention species, 27 EMERALD other important species, and 149 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of high oro mediterranean pine (Pinus heldreichii and Pinus puece) forests, Forsythia europaea thickets, Bruckenthalia heaths, Fagus forests, mixed Abies-Picea-Fagus woodland and Balkan Picea abies forests in Serbia

DESIGNATION:
Site is in a procedure of declaration of National Park (belongs to category II of IUCN protection Classification)

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Prokletije, as the largest mountainous massif of the Dinarides, occupies the Southwestern boundary of Serbia, the area of Metohija. Its impressive natural values are the diverse forms of relief with attractive glacial cirques and lakes, gorges, canyons and caves and the branched river network. Together with Sar Planina, it is one of the six European centres of biodiversity. The area is rich in cultural-historical herirage, the most significant of which are the medieval monasteries Pecka Patrijarsija and Visoki Decani from the 13th and 14th centuries, which are under UNESCO protection.The site is located in the region of Metohija in South-West Serbia. Site belongs to continetal and alpine biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 300-2656 m. Approximate area is 155.000 ha. Different types of silicious rocks dominate in the area. Limestone and serpentine bedrock are well presented in the site.The site contains 27 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of high oro-mediterranean pine (Pinus heldreichii and Pinus puece) forests, Forsythia europaea thickets, Bruckenthalia heaths, Fagus forests, mixed Abies-Picea-Fagus woodland and Balkan Picea abies forests in Serbia. Also, mountain dwarf Juniperus scrub and Vaccinium heaths, oro-moesian acidophilous and calcareous grassland and mediterraneo-montane Nardus stricta swards are well presented in the site. It contains a mosaic of different plant communities and habitat types from fens, mires and  rafts, calcareous grassland, dry acid and neutral closed grassland, different wet tall-herb and fern fringes and meadows, different decideous and coniferous montane and subalpine scrub habitats to communities on siliceous and limestone cliffs. Mosaic of different habitats from water-fringe medium-tall grass beds, arid subcontinental steppic grassland, dry acid and neutral closed grassland, low and medium altitude hay meadows, middle european Salix alba forests to thermophilous  decidous forests are presented in the site. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species.For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 28 the “Bern convention species”, and 231 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 149 species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Plants: Alkanna scardica Griseb., Alyssum markgrafii Schulz., Aquilegia blecicii Podobnik, Astragalus fiale Deg., Carduus ramosissimus Panc., Centaurea alba L. subsp. ipecensis (Rech.fil.)Dostal , Centaurea kosaninii Hay., Cephalaria pastricensis Deg. & Doerfl., Crepis bertiscea Jav., Crepis macedonica Kitanov., Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries)Soo subsp. bosniaca, Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries)Soo subsp. cordigera, Dactylorhiza maculata (L.)Soo subsp. Transsilvanica, Dactylorhiza mayalis (Reich.) P.F. Hunt.  subsp. mayalis*, Dactylorhiza sacciferra (Brongn.)Soo, Draba bertiscea Lak. & Stev. , Draba korabensis Kumm. & Deg., Euphorbia montenegrina Bald. & K.Maly, Euphorbia subhastata Vis. & Panc., Euphorboa pancicii G. Beck., Gentiana lutea L. subsp. symphyandra (Murb.) Hayek, Gentiana nopcsae Jav., Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.)Dorf., Herminium monorchys (L.)R.Br., Knautia pancicii Szabo, Knautia sarajevensis (G. Beck.)Szabo, Lathyrus binnatus Pancic, Ligusticum albanicum Jav., Melampyrum doerfleri Ronn., Melampyrum trichocalycinum Vand., Pedicularis ernesti-mayeri Stevanovic, Niketic & Lakusic, Phyteuma pseudorbiculare Pant., Plantago reniformis Beck., Polygala doerfleri Hay., Potentilla montenegrina Pant., Potentilla visianii Pan?., Reichardia macrophylla Vis. & Panc., Sanquisorba albanica Andrazovskyi & Jav., Scabiosa fumarioides Vis. et Pan?., Sempervivum kosaninii Praeg., Sempervivum macedonicum Praeg., Silene schmuckeri Wettst., Tanacetum larvatum (Gris.)Kanitz., Thlaspi bellidifolium Gris. , Thymus doerfleri Ronn., Traunsteniera globosa (L.)Rchb., Trifolium wettsteinii Dorf. Et Hay., Valeriana bertiscea Panc., Verbascum nicolai Rohl., Verbascum scardicolum Bornm., Viola elegantula Schott., Wulfenia blecicii Lak., Amphoricarpus autariatus Ble?. & May. subsp. bertisceus Ble?. & Maj., Dianthus silvestris Wulf. subsp. bertisceus Rech., Edraianthus jugoslavicus Lak., Hieracium adamovicii (Sagorsky & Zahn. ex Zahn)    subsp. chromoneuron (Zahn.)Nik., Hieracium agastum Rech. fil. & Zahn. ex Rech. fil., Hieracium cinarescens Jordan. subsp.    basilicistum (Rech. fil. & Zahn. ex Rech.)Nik., Hieracium erithocarpum Peter  subsp. kurvale Rech. fil. & Zahn. ex Rech. fil., Hieracium gentile Jord. subsp. valdecordatum (Zahn.)Nik., Hieracium giganthophyllum (Zahn.)Nik., Hieracium grossianum Zahn. ex Rech. fil.    subsp. schefferianum Zahn., Hieracium ipekanum Rech. fil. & Zahn. ex Rech. fil., Hieracium schefferi Rech. fil. & Zahn. ex Rech. fil., Hieracium trebevicianum K.Maly    subsp. zljebense (Zahn.)Nik., Pancicia serbica Vis., Pedicularis heterodonta Pan?., Scrophularia bosniaca G. Beck., Silene macrantha  (Pan?.)Neum., Silene oliverae Stevanovic & Niketic, Viola speciosa Pant., Campanula patula L. subsp. abietina (Griseb.) Simonkai, Micromeria parviflora (Vis.)Rchb., Orchys laxiflora Lam.*Invertebrates: Calosoma pentheri, Carabus caelatus malissorum, Carabus caelatus metalkanus, Carabus cancellatus hypsobius, Carabus croaticus babinjensis, Carabus violaceus merditanus, Carabus violaceus shljebensis, Asemus striatum, Carabus hortensis hortensis, Cicindela sylvicola, Megopis scabricornis, Tragosoma depsarium, Coenonympha gardetta, Erebia melas, Erebia ottomana, Lasiommata petropolitana, Leptidea duponcheli, Leptidea reali, Lycaena phlaeas, Neozephyrus quercus, Pieris mannii, Argynnis pandora, Aricia anteros, Erebia manto, Erebia rhodopensis, Euphydryas maturna, Hipparchia delattini, Lycaena dispar, Pieris brassicae, Plebeius argyrognomon, Satyrium acaciae, Satyrium w-album, Satyrus ferula, Aglais urticae, Agrodiaetus ripartii, Arethusana arethusa, Argynnis aglaja, Argynnis niobe, Boloria graeca, Boloria pales, Brenthis daphne, Carcharodus alceae , Clossiana dia, Coenonympha arcania, Coenonympha pamphilus, Coenonympha rhodopensis, Colias  hyale, Colias croceus, Erebia cassioides, Erebia epiphron, Erebia oeme, Erebia pronoe, Gonepteryx rhamni, Inachis io, Lampides boeticus, Lasiommata megera, Libythea celtis, Limenitis reducta, Lycaena alciphron, Lycaena candens, Lycaena thersamon, Meleageria bellargus, Meleageria coridon, Neptis rivularis, Pieris balcana, Pieris rapae, Plebeius argus, Plebeius idas, Polyommatus dorylas, Polyommatus thersites, Pontia edusa, Pyrgus carthami, Satyrium ilicis, Satyrium spini, Spialia orbifer


DOCUMENTATION:
Protection Decree of Special Nature Reserve Deliblatska pescara Bulletin of RS nr.3/2002; Proposal for protection of  natural resource "Deliblatska pescara” as Special Nature Reserve. - Institute for Protection of Nature of Serbia, Belgrade 1998

QUALITY:
The site contains 21 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 58 the Bern convention species, 24 EMERALD other important species, and 71 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of Pannonic loess steppes, sand steppes and inland sand dunes and Pannonic thickets in Serbia

DESIGNATION:
Part of the site was declared a Special Nature Reserve Deliblatska pescara (belongs to category IV of IUCN protection Classification - Habitat and species managment area) by a Decree of the Government of the Republic of Serbia - 05 number 353-7/2002-001 from 17.01.2002. Bulletin of RS nr.3 from 28.01.2002.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: The Reserve "Deliblatska Pescara" is located along the southern edge of the Pannonian Plain, in the Municipalities of Alibunar, Vrsac, Bela Crkva, Kovin and Pozarevac. The Reserve includes the largest European continental sands area, the riparian part, and a part of the Danube with river islands. The area is an important centre of biodiversity in Europe, the most significant steppe site in Serbia, and this part of the Danube is one of the unavoidable points for migratory waterfowl hibernation in Central Europe.The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 60-250 m. Approximate area is 36.000 ha. Different types of sands dominate in the area. Loes and different aluvial substratum are well presented in the site.The site contains 21 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of Pannonic loess steppes, sand steppes and inland sand dunes in Serbia. Also, wooded steppe, Pannonic and sub?Pannonic thickets are well presented in the site. It contains a mosaic of different plant communities and habitat types from submerged water communities, water rafts and rooted floating vegetation, Pannonic riverbank dwarf and tall sedge communities, transition mires, eutrophic humid grasslands, riparian willow formations, south-east European ash-oak-alder forests, steppe swamp alder woods. Locust tree (Robinia pseudoacacia) plantations and native pine plantations cover important part of the site. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species.For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 59 the “Bern convention species”, and 140 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 71 species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Plants: Astragalus dasyanthus Pallas, Cyperus pannonicus Jacq. (* Acorelus pannonicus), Festuca wagneri (Degen,Thaisz & Flatt) Krajina, Ophrys apifera Hudson subsp. apifera *-ima samo Ophrys apifera, Ophrys sphegodes Miller subsp. Sphegodes-ima samo Ophrys sphegodes, Orchis coriophora L. subsp. Coriophora-ima Orchis mascula (L.) L. subsp. mascula, Prunus tenella, Salix rosmarinifolia, Trapa spp., Centaurea sadlerana Janka, Euphorbia pannonica, Carex goodenowii, Corispermum nitidum, Festuca vaginata, Festuca wagneri, Nitella spp., Nuphar luteum, Rindera umbellataInvertebrates: Carcharodus floccifera,  Neozephyrus quercus,  Potosia hungarica,  Scarabaeus pius, Amara erratica,  Brachyta balcanicus, Carabus hungaricus frivaldskyanus, Cicindela hybrida magaryca, Dyschirius substriatus,  Evodinus balcanicus, Tentyria frivaldskyi, Agapanthia violacea, Argynnis pandora,  Calosoma inqusitor, Cicindela campesrtis campestris, Cicindela germanica germanica, Onthophagus furcatus, Pieris brassicae,  Plebeius argyrognomon,  Satyrium acaciae,  Agapanthia dahli, Agapanthiola leucaspis,  Aglais urticae,  Araschnia levana,  Arethusana arethusa,  Calosoma auropunctatum, Carabus cancellatus insperatus, Carabus granulatus granulatus, Chlorophorus herbsti,  Colias  hyale,  Colias croceus,  Gonepteryx rhamni, Inachis io,  Lasiommata megera,  Meleageria bellargus,  Meleageria coridon,  Molorchus kiesenwetteri,  Oberea erythrocephala, Pieris rapae,  Pilemia hirsutula,  Plebeius argus,  Plebeius idas,  Pontia edusa, Pyrgus carthami,  Reittoderus glabratus,  Satyrium spini,  Semanotus russicus,  Vadonia unipunctataFishes: Zingel streber, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Eudontomyzon danfordi, Gymnocephalus cernuus


DOCUMENTATION:
Landscape of Outstanding Features Vlasina.-Study of protection.-Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 2004.

QUALITY:
The site contains 13 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats, 38 the Bern convention species, 10 EMERALD other important species, and 20 national for conservation important species. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of acidic fens, transition mires and balcan downy birch (Betula pubecens) peatmoss forests in Serbia.

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities "Vlasina" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 30/2006 from 7.04.2006); I Category - Protected area of special importance

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Landscape of Outstanding Qualities "Vlasina" is located in Southeastern Serbia, on the territory of the Municipalities Surdulica and Crna Trava. The main values of the protected area are its water resources, rich plant and animal life and their habitats. The distinctive and unique appearance of the entire area and its tourist potential is enhanced by the beauty of the Vlasinska Visoravan (plateau) landscape with large aquatic areas, unflooded parts of the old-time peat bog in the form of floating peat islets, well - preserved pastures, and spacious birch forests.The site is located in the region of South-East Serbia. Site belongs to continetal biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 1000-1800 m. Approximate area is 8.600 ha. Different types of silicious rocks dominate in area.The site contains 13 types of Bern prirority threatened habitats. The site is one of the best preserved and largest areas of acidic fens (peri-Danubian black-white-star sedge fens), transition mires, bog bean and marsh cinquefoil communities, bladderwort colonies and chandalier algae submerged carpets, balcan downy birch (Betula pubecens) peatmoss forests in Serbia. Also Beech forests, Bruckenthalia heaths, mat?grass swards, oligotrophic and eutrophic humid grasslands are well presented in the site. Mosaic of different habitats from submerged water communities, water rafts and rooted floating vegetation, riverbank dwarf and tall sedge communities, fens and mires, humid grasslands, riparian willow formations woods, different montane and subalpine scrub habitats to communities on siliceous cliffs are presented in the site. This mosaic of habitats is host to variety of endangered and declining species.For the largest number of habitat types there is little modern data available. Detail field investigations is needed.Among 29 the “Bern convention species”, and 123 “EMERALD other important species”, according to different criteria (World IUCN red list, European red list, Directive for Habitats, Bonn Convention, CITES Convention, Status in national red books and lists, Protection under national lows, Endemism) next 20  species and subspecies of vascular plants and animals, belongs to the group of conservation important species: Plants: Arctostaphyllos uva-ursi, Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries) Soó subsp. bosniaca, Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries) Soó subsp. cordigera *, Dactylorhiza saccifera (Brongn.) Soó *, Dactylorhiza sulphurea (Link) Franco *, Ranunculus serbicus, Salix pentandra, Salix rosmarinifolia, Centaurea velenovskyi, Dactylorhiza X serbica (Fleischm.) Soó, Festuca vallida, Jasione orbiculata, Pedicularis brachyodonta Schlooser & Vuk. subsp. moesiaca (Stadlm.) Hayek, Pedicularis heterodonta Pancic, Carex fusca, Carex goodenowii.Fishes: Alburnus albidus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Rutilus basak, Scardinius graecus.


DOCUMENTATION:
Spatial Plan of the Special Purpose Area of the Fruska gora until 2022 ("Official Herald of the AP Vojvodina" No 16/2004)

QUALITY:
The site contains 23 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 34 "Bern convention species", 174 "Emerald other important species" and 148 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Law on National Parks ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993 from 31.05.1993); Spatial Plan of National Park "Fruska gora" - 2002-2022; I Category -  Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category II- National Park

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Fruska Gora, as a dominant orographic unit in the vast plain of Vojvodina, extends in the Southern margin of the Pannonian Plain, along the Danube bank. Thanks to the numerous preserved fossils, Fruska Gora is an outstanding mirror of the geological past of the Pannonian - Carpathian basin. Its living world is diverse, with numerous Mediterranean and Submediterranean species. Forests of lime, oak and beech cover almost the entire Park, which is well - known also for its archaeological sites, medieval monasteries and specific architectural features, significant as spiritual and cultural centres.The site is located in the Backa and Srem regions of Vojvodina province in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 90 - 542 m. The area is 25393 00 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Mammals: Erinaceus concolor, Myoxus glis, Apodemus agrarius, Spalax leucodon, Ovis musimon.Invertebrates: Eupholidoptera chabrieri scmidti, Helicoptera marginicollis, Peltonotellus punctifrons, Issus coleoptratus, Ditropis pteridis, Eurysa lineata, Stenocranus major, Stenocranus minutus, Koswigianella spinosa, Struebingianella lugubrina, Javesella dubia, Ribautodelphax collina, Cicadatra atra, Centrotus nervosus, Oncopsis carpini, Macropsis nana, Macropsis infuscata, Dicraneura variata, Edwardsiana frustrator, Edwardsiana fraterculus, Edwardsiana lamelaris, Zygina rorida, Arboridia erecta, Flammigeroidia rhamnicola, Flammigeroidia angusta, Iassus lanio, Arthaldeus striifrons, Grypodes illyricus, Allygidius commutatus, Streptanus josifovi, Mocydiopsis longicauda, Carabus montivagus, Carabus nemoralis pseudomontivagus, Carabus cancellatus intermedius, Carabus obsoletus tippmanni, Carabus parreyssi tippmannianus, Carabus violaceus germarii, Carabus praecellens, Cortodera femorata , Cortodera villosa , Cortodera flavimana , Cortodera discolor , Lepturalia nigripes , Judolia sexmaculata , Tetropium fuscum , Molorchus kiesenwetteri , Oplosia fennica , Exocentrus lusitanus , Exocentrus punctipennis , Saperda octopunctata , Stenostola dubia , Stenostola ferrea , Stictoleptura cordigera , Icosium tomentosum atticum , Stenopterus ater , Stenopterus similatus , Poecilium rufipes , Chlorophorus trifasciatus , Chlorophorus  aegyptiacus , Chlorophorus hungaricus , Anaglyptus gibbosus , Xylotrechus antilope , Agapanthia kirbyi , Agapanthia schurmanni , Agapanthia maculicornis maculicornis , Agapanthia maculicornis davidi , Agapanthia osmanlis , Agapanthia cynerae , Grammoptera erythropus , Vadonia hirsuta , Vadonia insidiosa , Vadonia steveni , Anisorus quercus , Necydalis ulmi , Spondylis buprestoides , Axinopalpis gracilis gracilis , Stenhomalus (Obriopsis) bicolor , Leioderes kollari , Pogonocherus hispidus , Anaesthetis testacea , Aegomorphus clavipes , Aegomorphus krüperi , Opsilia molybdaena , Opsilia uncinata , Phytoecia scutellata , Pilemia hirsutula , Adalia bipunctata , Coccinella septempunctata, Aeshna affinis , Aeshna isosceles , Orthetrum albistylum , Sympetrum meridionale , Sympetrum sanguineum , Gomphus flavipes , Cheilosia griseifacies, Cheilosia schnabli, Merodon recurvus, Pocota personata, Myolepta potens, Myolepta obscura, Neocnemodon brevidens, Anasimyia interpuncta, Mallota cimbiciformis, Sphinximorpha binominata, Chalcosyrphus rufipes, Sphaegina elegans, Pipiza luteitarsis, Mantis religiosa religiosa, Carabus auronitens auronitens, Carabus arvensis schrickelli, Carabus variolosus variolosus.Plants: Ajuga laxmanii, Allium atropurpureum, Allium atroviolaceum, Artemisia austriaca, Aster canus, Aster panonicus, Astragalus asper, Astragalus varius, Blackstonia serotina, Bupleurum pachnospermum, Campanula lingulata, Centaurea sadlerana, Crataegus nigra, Crepis pannonica, Dianthus banaticus, Eryngium planum, Euphorbia pannonica, Galium kitaibelianaum, Glycyrrhiza gladulifera, Gypsophila arenaria, Kitaibela vitifolia, Linum nervosum, Prunus fruticosa, Prunus tenella, Ranunculus illyricus, Rhinanthus borbasii, Rorippa kerneri, Salvia austriaca, Silene multiflora, Trapa longicarpa, Typha schuttlenworthii, Vinca herbacea.


DOCUMENTATION:
Proposal for establishing areas and definitly boundaries of National Park „Sar planina“, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 1994; New study on expert basis for making a Law on National park is beeing developed.

QUALITY:
The site contains 23 types of „Bern priority threatened habitats“, 37 „Bern convention species“, 134 „Emerald other important species“ and 41 „national for conservation important species“.

DESIGNATION:
Law on National Parks („Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia“ No 39/1993 from 31.05.1993)

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Sar Planina is located in the farthest South of Serbia, along the border with Macedonia, in the region of Kosovo and Metohija. With more than 30 peaks above 2 500 m, the mountain abounds in attractive glacial cirques, neves, deep gorges and canyons, watercourses and glacial lakes known as "gorske oci" (mountain eyes). A high percentage of local endemic, relic and internationally significant species, make Sar Planina one of the most significant centres of biodiversity in Europe. It is also characterised by unique cultural heritage, especially churches and monasteries from the period between 12th and 16th centuries.The site is located in the region of Kosovo and Metohia province in South Serbia. Site belongs to continental and alpine biogeographic regions, with altitudinal range of 380 - 2651 m. The area is 96987 86 24 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Birds: Tetrao urogallus Invertebrates: Prionus coriarius, Aptinus merditanus merditanus , Bembidion (Bembidionetolitzkya) rhodopense , Calathus (Neocalathus) albanicus , Calathus (s.str.) macedonicus, Calosoma (Microcallisthenes) relictum , Carabus (Archicarabus) montivagus vellepiticus , Carabus (Megodontus) croaticus ljubetensis , Carabus (Megodontus) violaceus shardaghensis , Carabus (Pachystus) cavernosus cavernosus , Carabus (Procrustes) coriaceus weiratherianus, Cychrus semigranosus montenegrinus , Deltomerus (Paradeltomerus) paradoxus paradoxus , Duvalius (s.str.) fodori , Molops (s.str.) albanicus , Molops (s.str.) alpestris imitator , Molops (s.str.) osmanilis osmanilis , Molops (s.str.) robustus parallelus , Molops (s.str.) rufipes steindachneri , Nebria (Alpaeus) attemsi , Nebria (Alpaeus) ganglbaueri ganglbaueri , Omphreus (s.str.) gracilis , Omphreus (s.str.) morio albanicus , Platynus (Batenus) serbicus , Pterostichus (Aphaon) latifianus latifianus , Pterostichus (Cryobius) macedonicus , Pterostichus (Platypterinus) ottomanus ottomanus , Pterostichus (s.str.) bruckii , Synuchidius ganglbaueri , Tapinopterus (s.str.) dochii , Tapinopterus (s.str.) mirdita mirdita , Trechus (s.str.) albanicus , Trechus (s.str.) goebli matchai, Trechus (s.str.) kobingeri distinctissimus , Trechus (s.str.) priapus priapus , Trechus (s.str.) subnotatus ljubetensis , Zabrus (Pelor) albanicus albanicus , Agapanthia kyrbi, Dorcadion ljubetense, Leptura aethiops


DOCUMENTATION:
Law on National Parks  ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993); Spatial Plan of National Park "Tara"  ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 100/2010); New study on expert basis for making a Law on National park is beeing developed.

QUALITY:
The site contains 16 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 38 "Bern convention species", 107 'Emerald other important species" and 73 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Law on National Parks ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993 from 31.05.1993); Spatial Plan of National Park "Tara" ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 3/1989 from 04.02.1989); I Category -  Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category II - National park

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: National Park "Tara" is located in Western Serbia on the border with Bosnia and Herzegovina, on the territory of the Municipality Bajina Basta. Along with the deep and wild canyons of the rivers Drina and Raca, with limestone cliffs more than 1 000 m high, the most important value of Tara are also the dense autochthonous coniferous forests, especially the community of Austrian pine and Scots pine, which make it one of the mountains with the highest forest cover percentage in Europe. The symbols of the area are the local endemics Serbian spruce (Picea omorica) and the grasshopper Pyrgomorphulla serbica. The Park also encompasses numerous traces of prehistory, antic, Roman, Byzantine and Serbian cultures.The site is located in the West region of  Serbia. Site belongs to continental and alpine biogeographic regions, with altitudinal range of 183 - 1591 m. The area is 19175 00 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Birds: Tetrao urogallus Invertebrates: Megophthalmus scabripennis, Aphrodes histrionicus, Stictocoris lineatus, Brachyleptura pallens, Brachyleptura maculicornis maculicornis, Pedostrangalia pubescens, Necydalis major, Saphanus piceus piceus, Obrium brunneum, Purpuricenus globulicollis, Leioderes kollari, Clytus lama, Monochamus sutor, Acanthocinus griseus griseus, Leiopus punctulatus, Saperda perforata, Carabus ullrichi werneri, Carabus curtulus tarensis, Molops piceus balcanicus, Molops reiseri pseudoalpestris, Trechus cardioderus balcanicus, Trechus pulchellus fallaciosusPlants: Allium paczoskianum Tuzson, Alyssum markgrafii O. E. Schulz ex Markgraf, Arabis procurrens W. Et K., Aquilegia blecicii Podobnik, Aquilegia grata F. Maly subsp. nikolicii Niketi}, Asperula scutellaris Vis., Bupleurum sibthorpianum Smith in Sibth., Carduus carduelis (L.) Gren., Centaurea derventana Vis. & Pan~i}, Chamaecytisus ratisbonensis (Schaeffer) Rothm., Chamaecytisus tommasinii (Vis.) Rothm., Cicerbita pancicii (Vis.) Beauverd, Cirsium oleraceum (L.) Scop., Coronilla coronata L., Cyclamen europaeum L., Dactylorhiza cordigera (Fries) Soó subsp. cordigera, Dactylorhiza maculata (L.) Soó subsp. maculata, Dactylorhiza sambucina (L.) Soó subsp. sambucina, Euphorbia glabriflora Vis., Euphorbia pancicii G. Beck, Euphorbia subhastata Vis. & Pan~i}, Galium flavescens Borbás, Gentianella ciliata (L.) Borkh. subsp. ciliata, Geranium dalmaticum (G. Beck) Rech. fil., Genista depressa Bieb, Gladiolus imbricatus L., Halacsya sendtneri (Boiss.) Dörfler, Haplophyllum boissieranum Vis. & Pancic, Knautia macedonica Griseb., Linaria rubioides Vis. & Pancic , Lilium cattaniae Vis., Micromeria croatica (Pers.) Schott , Micromeria pulegium (Rochel) Bentham, Narcissus poeticus L. subsp. radiiflorus (Salisb.) Baker, Orobanche laserpitii-sileris Reuter ex Jordan,  Potentilla mollis Pancic, Potentilla visianii Pancic, Prola uniflora L., Salix pentandra L., Satureja subspicata Vis., Scabiosa columbaria L. subsp. banatica (Waldst. & Kit.) Dikli}, Silene multicaulis Guss. subsp. multicaulis , Silene viridiflora L., Spiraea cana Waldst. & Kit., Stachys anisochila Vis. & Pancic, Thymus adamovicii Velen., Trollius europaeus L. subsp. europaeus, Veratrum album L. subsp. album, Veronica scardica Griseb., Waldsteinia trifolia Rochel ex Koch


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Special Nature Reserve "Slano kopovo" proposal for designation of protected area of special importance, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Novi Sad 1999.

QUALITY:
The site contains 5 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 40 "Bern convention species", 40 "Emerald other important species" and 19 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Special Nature Reserve "Slano kopovo" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 74/2001 from 28.12.2001); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management area.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Slano Kopovo is located in Vojvodina, near the town Novi Becej and the river Tisa. It is one of the last well-preserved saline marshes in the area of Serbia. The main value of the area is the saline vegetation related to solonchaks, with a specific saline community Thero - Salicornietea, which is in the stage of extinction in the entire Pannonian Plain. The specific bird sites, as unique staging sites for many migratory waterbird species, especially cranes, ducks, geese and snipes, make this area an important centre of biodiversity.The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 76 - 86 m.The area is 976 44 89 ha.The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Mammals: Erinaceus concolor, Apodemus agrarius, Apodemus micropsInvertebrates: Tetrix nutans, Acrida hungarica hungarica, Chorthippus dichrous, Euchorthippus declivus stichai, Celes variabilis, Carabus cancellatus insperatus, Carabus kollari semetricus, Molops robustus robustus, Agapanthia dahli dahli, Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata, Stenobothrus haemorrhoidalisPlants: Camphorosma annua, Plantago schwarzerbergiana, Puccinellia limosa, Spergularia maritima, Suaeda pannonica


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Natural Park "Stara planina" - proposal for designation of protected area of special importance, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Beograd 2007. Commenr: Uredba o utvrdjivanju Prostornog plana podrucja Parka prirode i turisticke regije Stara planina ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 115/2008 from 19.12.2008).

QUALITY:
The site contains 3 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 49 "Bern convention species", 400 "Emerald other important species" and 174 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Natural Park  "Stara planina" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia' No 19/1997 from 12.05.1997 No 23/2009 from 03.04.2009); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category V - Protected Landscape/Seascape

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Stara Planina is located in Eastern Serbia along the border with Bulgaria, and it is a part of the large range of the Balkan Mountains. The protected area extends between the ridge of Vidlic in the South and the pass Kadibogaz in the North. It covers the territories of the Municipalities of Zajecar, Knjazevac, Pirot and Dimitrovgrad. The Park is rich in sediments of various ages, fossil remnants of plants and animals, surface and ground waters. It is one of the important centres of the Tertiary and glacial endemorelic plant species, there are also some interesting communities of mountainous peat bogs and numerous animal species.The site is located in the region of South-East Serbia. Site belongs to alpine and continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 163 - 2168 m.The area is 142219 64 34 ha.The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Invertebrates: Spialia orbifer, Pyrgus sidae, Allancastria cerisy, Leptidea reali, Pieris brassicae, Pieris mannii, Pieris rapae, Pontia edusa, Colias erate, Gonepteryx rhamni, Lycaena phlaeas, Lycaena alciphron, Lycaena candens, Neozephyrus quercus, Satyrium ilicis, Satyrium acaciae, Cupido osiris, Cupido argiades, Cupido decolorata, Plebeius idas, Aricia eumedon, Polyommatus dorylas, Polyommatus amandus, Polyommatus thersites, Meleageria coridon, Agrodiaetus admetus, Agrodiaetus ripartii, Argynnis aglaja, Argynnis niobe, Brenthis daphne, Inachis io, Aglais urticae, Araschnia levana, Limenitis reducta, Neptis rivularis, Kirinia roxelana, Lasiommata megera, Coenonympha rhodopensis, Coenonympha arcania, Coenonympha leander, Coenonympha pamphilus, Erebia orientalis, Erebia alberganus, Erebia ottomana, Erebia oeme, Melanargia larissa, Satyrus ferula, Hipparchia delattiniPlants: Acer intermedium, Achillea clypeolata, Achillea critmifolia, Achillea grandifolia, Aconitum pentheri, Agropyron repens, Alchemilla sp., Androsace hedraeantha, Anemone montana, Angelica brachyradia, Anthemis carpatica, Arabis procurrens, Arctium lappa, Bupleurum apiculatum, Bupleurum parhnospermum, Bupleurum sibthorpianum, Campanula calyciata, Campanula epigaea, Campanula kladniana, Campanula trojanensis, Cardamine acris, Carduus carduelis, Centaurea chrzsolepis, Centaurea kotschiana, Centaurea nyssana var. velenovskyi, Centaurea salonitana, Centaurium unbellatum, Cephalanthera latifoia, Cerastium banaticum, Cerastium decalvans, Cerastium decalvans ssp. adamovicii, Cerastium grandiflorum, Chamaecytisus albus, Chamaecytisus jankae, Chamaecytisus leiocarpus, Chamaecytisus pygmaeus, Cirsium afrum, Cirsium heterotichum, Cirsium lingulare, Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Crepis viscidula, Crocus tommasinianus, Cynoglossum montanum, Dactylorhiza cordigera, Dactylorhiza cordigera  var. bosnioaca, Dactylorhiza romana, Dianthus cruenthus, Dianthus moesiacus, Digitalis ambiqua, Digitalis ferruginea, Digitalis laevigata, Digitalis viridiflora, Doronicum macrpphyllum, Edraianthus serbicus, Epipactis latifolia, Euphrasia illirica, Euphrasia sp., Galega officinalis, Gladiolus imbricatus, Glechoma hirsuta, Helleborus odorus, Heracleum ternatum, Heracleum verticillatum, Herniaria incana, Hieracium klisurae ssp. nikolae, Hieracium arsum ssp schultzianum, Hieracium djimilense ssp. cordatifrons, Hyacinthella leucophaea, Himantoglossum hircinum ssp. calcaratum, Hypericum boissieri, Hypericum umbellatum, Knautia ambiqua, Knautia macedonica, Lathyrus pancicii, Leucorchis frivaldi, Linaria concolor, Luzula congesta, Lycopodium complanatum, Lycopodium selago, Malcolmia serbica, Minuartia bulgarica, Nepeta nuda, Mycelis sonchifolia, Oenanthe stenoloba, Orobanche pancicii, Pedicularis brachyodonta ssp. moesiaca, Pedicularis friderici-augusti, Pedicularis heterodonta, Pedicularis hoermaniana, Peucedanum minutifolium, Peucedanum aegopodioides, Pinguicula leptoceras, Pleurospermum austriacum, Poa media, Poa ursina, Potentilla ternata, Primula elatior var carpatica, Pulsatilla montana ssp. bulgarica, Ranunculus iliricus, Ranunculus serbicus, Ribes grossularia, Rorippa lipizensis, Rosa balcanica, Satureja kitaibelii, Scabiosa balcanica, Sempervivum eritraeum, Senecio asterias, Senecio aucheri, Senecio carpeticus, Senecio pancicii, Silene heuffelii, Silene rhodopaea, Silene roemeri, Soldanella hungarica, Stachys anisochila, Swertia punctata, Thymus kerneri, Thymus rohlenae, Trifolium trichopterum, Verbascum adamovicii, Veronica balcanica, Veronica crassifolia,Veronica spuria, Viola dacica, Verbascum banaticum, Veronica baumgartenii


DOCUMENTATION:
Study on status and protection of nature of Djerdap area, Institute for Nature Conservation of Republic of Serbia, Beograd 1965; Podrucje NP Derdap -  Osnovne karakteristike sa stanovista zastite prirode -  Institute for Nature Conservation of Republic of Serbia, Beograd 198Odluka o izradi PPPPN NP Derdap - SGRS 16/ 2009Comment: New study on expert basis for making a Law on National park is beeing developed.

QUALITY:
The site contains 6 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 58 "Bern convention species", 118 "Emerald other important species" and 55 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Law on National Parks ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 39/1993 from 26.05.1993); Spatial Plan of National Park "Djerdap" ("Official Herald of the Socialistic Republic of Serbia" No 34/1989 from 19.08.1989); I Category -  Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category II - National park

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Ludasko Jezero in Northern Backa, East of the town Subotica, is the only representative of shallow lakes in the steppe area in Serbia. It is protected aiming at the conservation of wetland ecosystems of the sands and steppe areas with high landscape diversity, a relic steppe community and rare plant and animal species. The Lake itself with its reedbeds and the surrounding flooded meadows is a meeting place and winter refuge of migratory bird species, thanks to which it has also an international significance. The traditional architecture and local customs enhance the homeland heritage of this site.Site description: National Park "Djerdap" is located in Northeast Serbia, on the border with Romania, on the territory of the Municipalities Majdanpek, Golubac and Kladovo. The main feature of the Park is Djerdapska Klisura, the longest and the largest gorge in Europe, with the most diverse forms of relief and geoherirage. Thanks to its large forest complexes, it is one of the most significant refuges of ancient flora and fauna in Europe. The entire area is also rich in monument herirage, the most significant of which is the archaeological site Lepenski Vir from the Neolithic Age, Roman Limes and the Tabula Traiana from the 1st century AD and the medieval fortress Golubac.The site is located in the region of North-Easth Serbia. Site belongs to continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 28 - 806 m.The area is 63608 45 00 ha.The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Fishes: Acipenser gueldenstaedti, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Neogobius fluviatilis, Neogobius kessleri, Neogobius gymnotrachelus, Neogobius melanostomusInvertebrates: Postsolenobia banatica, Taleporia tubulosa, Canephora hirsuta, Anisorus quercus, Trichoferus pallidus, Cerambyx nodulosus, Ropalopus insubricus, Ropalopus femoratus, Chlorophorus herbsti, Parmena unifasciata, Dorcadion decipiens, Dorcadion murrayi, Onconotus servillei, Myrmecophilus acervorum, Tetrix ceperoi jarockii, Paracinema tricolor bisignata, Hyalestes scotti, Cixius pilosus, Cixius granulatus, Hysteropterum latifrons, Baetis carpaticus, Baetis bioculatus, Carabus ullrichi transdiemae, Carabus scheidleri serbicusPlants: Athamanta hungarica, Melampyrum bihariense, Campanula groseckii, Campanula crassipes, Ranunculus flabellifolius, Centaurea myriotoma, Fritillaria degeniana, Hieracium marmoreum, Achillea clypeolata, Acer intermedium, Coronilla elegans, Sesleria rigida, Cerastium banaticum, Satureja kitaibelii, Centaurea atropurpurea, Cephalaria laevigata, Parietaria serbica, Ranunculus cassubicus, Veronica bachofenii, Veronica scardica, Jurinea mollis subsp. subhastata, Seseli gracile, Ferula heuffeli, Orchis signifera, Epipactis latifolia


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Special Nature Reserve "Ludasko jezero" - Technical layout for revision, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Novi Sad 2004.

QUALITY:
The site contains 4 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 40 "Bern convention species", 120 "Emerald other important species" and 16 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Special Nature Reserve "Ludasko jezero" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 30/2006 from 11.04.2006); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management/Protected area mainly for conservation through management intervention

OTHERCHARACT:
The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 95 - 112 m.The area is 846 33 00 ha.The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Mammals: Apodemus agrariusAmphibia/Reptilia: Dolichophis caspius, Zamenis longissimaInvertebrates: Acrida hungarica, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella septempunctata, Carabus granulatus granulatus, Carabus cancellatus kiskunensisPlants: Achillea asplenifolia, Astragalus asper, Centaurea sadleriana, Plantago schwarzenbergiana, Rhinanthus borbasii, Salvia austriaca, Silene multiflora, Vinca herbaceaa


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Special Nature Reserve „Zasavica“, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Novi Sad 1996

QUALITY:
The site contains 14 types of „Bern priority threatened habitats“, 36 „Bern convention species“, 83 „Emerald other important species“ and 17 „national for conservation important species“.

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Special Nature Reserve „Zasavica“ („Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia“ No 19/1997 from 12.05.1997); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management/Protected area mainly for conservation through management intervention

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: The Reserve Zasavica is located in Northern Macva, between the rivers Drina and Sava, on the territory of the Municipalities of Sremska Mitrovica and Bogatic. The area is under protection aiming at the conservation of the natural watercourse characteristic of lowland landscapes, as well as wetland sites characterised by high biodiversity, which include the plant aldrovanda (Aldrovanda vesiculosa), the fish European mudminnow (Umbra krameri) and the European beaver (Castor fiber). The Reserve is significant also for the conservation of the autochthonous races of domestic animals (Podolian cow, mangulica pig, Balkan donkey).The site is located in the region of Vojvodina province in North-West Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic and continental biogeographic regions, with altitudinal range of 77.5 - 80.6 m. The area is 670 99 89 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Mammals: Erinaceus concolor, Apodemus agrarius Fishes: Umbra krameriInvertebrates: Arhopalus syriacus, Lampropterus femoratus, Stenopterus ater, Stenopterus similatus, Chlorophorus varius, Cyrtoclytus capra, Agapanthia cynerae, Agapanthia lais, Agapanthiola leucaspis, Procerus gigas, Adalia bipunctata, Coccinella septempunctata,Plants: Clematis integrifolia, Urtica kioviensis


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities „Dolina Pcinje“, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 1993 and 2002

QUALITY:
The site contains 2 types of „Bern priority threatened habitats“, 27 „Bern convention species“, 56 „Emerald other important species“ and 3 „national for conservation important species“.

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities “Dolina Pcinje” („Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia“ No 55/1996 from 31.12.1996; No 2/2003 from 15.1.2003); II Category - Protected area of great importance; IUCN Category V - Protected Landscape/Seascape

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: The Landscape "Dolina Pcinje" is located in Southeastern Serbia, on the territory of the Municipality Bujanovac. It covers the piedmont area of the mountains Kozjak and Starac and the valley of the river Pcinja between them. Bearing in mind that it is located on the boundary zone between the continental and Mediterranean climates, the area is characterised by great diversity of the living world. The value of the area is enhanced by the Monument of Culture of Great Importance, Monastery St. Prohor Pcinjski from the 11th century.The site is located in the South region of  Serbia. Site belongs to continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 400 - 1284 m. The area is 2606 00 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Fishes: Vimba vimba melanops Plants: Achillea serbica, Scabiosa fumaroides


DOCUMENTATION:
Landscape of Outstanding Qualities "Suboticka pescara" - proposal for designation of protected area of special importance, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Novi Sad 2003.

QUALITY:
The site contains 9 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 32 "Bern convention species", 79 "Emerald other important species" and 27 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities "Suboticka pescara" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 127/2003 from 04.12.2003); II Category - Protected area of great importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management/Protected area mainly for conservation through management intervention

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Suboticka Pescara is one of the rare remaining continental sand areas in Europe. It is located in the extreme North of Backa, along the border with Hungary. The different habitat types, sands, steppe and marsh, conditioned a high biological diversity, which is the basic value of this area. The lowland peat bogs are unique because this phenomenon is rare on the sands. The area preserves its original landscape characteristics, with traditional forms of economy and national architecture.The site is located in the region of Vojvodina in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 102 - 132 m.The area is 5369 90 00 ha.The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Mammals: Mammals: Erinaceus concolor, Myoxus glis, Apodemus agrarius, Spalax leucodon, Ovis musimonInvertebrates: Tetrix bolivari, Tetrix nutans, Calliptamus barbarus barbarus, Acrida hungarica hungarica, Stenobothrus haemorrhoidalis, Myrmeleotettix antennatus, Chorthippus loratus, Euchorthippus pulvinatus, Euchorthippus declivus stichai, Celes variabilis, Acrotylus longipes, Vadonia unipunctata unipunctata, Brachyta balcanicusPlants: Achillea asplenifolia, Blackstonia serotina, Centaurea sadleriana, Crocus variegatus, Gypsophila paniculata, Ranunculus illyricus, Rhinanthus borbasii, Sedum sartorianum, Silene multiflora


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities "Vrsacke planine", Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Novi Sad 2005

QUALITY:
The site contains 10 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 28 "Bern convention species", 94 "Emerald other important species" and 56 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Decree on Protection of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities  "Vrsacke planine" („Official Gazette Municipality Parliament  of Vrsac", No 6/2005 from 22.12.2005; 4/2006); III Category - Important protected area; IUCN Category III - Natural Monument

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Vrsacke Planine represent a distinct and isolated geomorphological landform in Southeastern Banat and the highest mountainous massif in Vojvodina. The morphological appearance of the area and the characteristic geological structure reflect the oldest period of the geological past and the different tectonic phases which can be seen only at this place in Vojvodina. The living world has preserved its peculiarity, and the diverse types of original life communities and the well - preserved stock of autochthonous flora and fauna are a valuable genetic resource.The site is located in the Banat region of Vojvodina province in North Serbia. Site belongs to pannonic biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 85 - 641 m. The area is 4408 00 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Mammals: Talpa europaea, Sorex araneus, Neomys foediens, Crocidura suaveolens, Muscardinus avellanarius, Apodemus flavicollis, Apodemus silvaticus, Micromys minutus, Pytymys subterraneus, Clethrionomys glareolus, Sciurus vulgaris, Lepus europaeus, Vulpes vulpes, Martes martes, Martes foina, Meles meles, Felis silvestris, Mustela nivalis, Mustela erminea, Mustela putorius, Capreolus capreolus, Sus scrofa.Amphibia/Reptilia: Salamandra salamandra, Triturus vulgaris , Bufo bufo, Bufo viridis, Hyla arborea, Rana dalmatina , Rana graeca, Rana ridibunda, Anguis fragilis, Lacerta agilis, Lacerta viridis, Podarcis muralis, Zamenis longissima, Natrix natrix, Vipera berus.Invertebrates: Calosoma inquisitor, Calosoma sycophanta, Carabus variolosus, Amara aenea, Harpalus distinguendus, Trechus quadristriatus, Oryctes nasicornis, Saturnia pyri, Nymphalis antiopa, Pyrgus armoricanus, Calopteryx splendens, Chorthippus albomarginatus, Chorthippus dorsatus, Oedipoda caerulescens.Plants: Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytropis pilosa, Physospermum cornubiense, Platanthera bifolia, Pulsatilla pratensis, Quercus pedunculiflora, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruscus hypoglossum, Seseli hippomarathrum, Spiranthes spiralis, Stipa pulcherrima, Viola pumila, Aconitum napellus, Epipactis atrorubens.


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities „Sargan-Mokra Gora“, Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 2005

QUALITY:
The site contains 12 types of „Bern priority threatened habitats“, 24 „Bern convention species“, 76 „Emerald other important species“ and 32 „national for conservation important species“.

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Landscape of Outstanding Qualities “Sargan-Mokra Gora” („Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia“ No 52/2005 from 21.06.2005, No 81/2008 from 05.09.2008); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category V - Protected Landscape/Seascape

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: The Park "Sargan - Mokra Gora" is located in Western Serbia, on the territory of the Municipalities of Uzice, Cajetina and Bajina Basta. It covers the area of mountain Sargan, Mokrogorska Kotlina, the valley of the river Beli Rzav and the southern parts of the mountain Tara. The landscape beauty, in addition to deeply cut valleys and gorges, is increased also by the diverse and rich wild plants and animals, the complexes of Austrian pine and Scots pine forests, national architecture, railway Sarganska Osmica and ethno complex Drvengrad.The site is located in the West region of  Serbia. Site belongs to continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 485 - 1167 m. The area is 3678 23 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Birds: Tetrao urogallusPlants: Allium tenuiflorum , Alysum markgrafii, Aquilegia nigricans , Armeria serpentini , Athamantha haynaldii, Cerastium malyi subsp. serpentini, Cicerbita pancicii , Edraianthus jugoslavicus, Edraianthus tenuifolius, Erica carnea, Euphorbia glabriflora , Euphorbia pancicii, Euphorbia subhastata , Fumana bonapartei, Genista frivaldszky, Halacsya sendtneri , Haplophyllum boisserianum, Lathyrus binatus , Lathyrus luteus , Linaria rubioides, Micromeria croatica , Onosma taurica , Ophrys cornuta , Pirola rotundifolia , Potentilla mollis , Reichardia macrophylla , Scabiosa fumarioides , Sesleria serbica , Stachys anisochila , Verbascum glabratum . subsp. bosnense , Scrophularia tristis


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Special Nature Reserve "Suva planina", Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 2005

QUALITY:
The site contains 13 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 40 "Bern convention species", 104 "Emerald other important species" and 113 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Decree on preliminary Protection of "Suva planina" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia' No 65/ 2008 from 05.07.2008); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management/Protected area mainly for conservation through management intervention - Comment: istekla je prethodna zastita 05.07.2009.

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Suva Planina is located in Eastern Serbia, on the territory of the Municipalities of Niska Banja, Gadzin Han and Bela Palanka. It is a massif of outstanding morphological phenomena and landforms of karst relief and sediments rich in fossil flora and fauna. In addition to meadow, pasture, scree and rockland communities, there is forest vegetation consisting of broadleaf and coniferous species. In addition to diverse fauna, there are also numerous endemorelic plant species, of which Pancic's aquilegia (Aquilegia pancicii) and Serbian rose (Rosa serbica) are especially significant.The site is located in the East region of  Serbia. Site belongs to continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 337 - 1807 m. The area is 21354 00 00 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species): Invertebrates: Prionus coriaceus, Anterastes serbicus, Barbitistes ocskayi, Eupholidoptera chabrieri schmidti, Isophya modestior, Isophya speciosa, Meconema thalassinum, Metrioptera arnoldi, Odontopodisma decipiens , Pholidoptera aptera karnyi, Pholidoptera fallax, Pholidoptera frivaldszkyi, Platycleis (Platycleis) albopunctata grisea, Poecilimon ampliatus, Poecilimon fussi, Poecilimon brunneri, Poecilimon ornatus, Poecilimon schmidti, Pseudopodisma fieberi, Psorodonotus fieberi, Rhacocleis germanica, Troglophilus neglectus vlasinensis, Tylopsis liliifolia, Agapanthia villosoviridescens, Anoplodera rufipes, Brachyleptura erythroptera, Calimus angulatus, Cerambyx nodulosus, Cerambyx scopolii, Cortodera flavimana, Dorcadion equestre, Dorcadion pedestre, Gammoptera ustulata, Herophila tristis, Leptura aethiops, Molorchus umbellatarum, Pachitodes erraticus, Paracorymbia scutellata;Plants: Scabiosa dubia, Achantus balcanicus, Acer intermedium , Achillea clypeolata , Achillea crithmifolia , Achillea serbica , Anchusa hybrida , Aquilegia pancicii , Arabis procurrens , Asyneuma anthericoides , Bupleurum commutatum , Bupleurum sibthorpianum , Cachrys alpina , Campanula grossekii , Campanula sparsa ssp. sphaerotrix , Carun graecum, Centaurea chrysolepis , Centaurea nyssana , Cephalaria flava , Cerastium banaticum , Cerastium grandiflorum , Chamaecytisus ciliatus , Crepis viscidula , Crocus flavus , Cytisus petrovicii , Dianthus cruentus , Dianthus pallens Sibth. & Sm., Digitalis laevigata , Dorycnium germanicum , Edraianthus serbicus , Euphrasia illyrica , Festuca dalmatica , Festuca panciciana , Festuca xanthina , Fumaria petteri , Hieracium dolopicum , Hieracium klisurae ssp. nikolae , Hieracium marmoreum , Hieracium morisianum Reichenb., Hypericum atomarium , Hypericum boissieri , Hypericum rumelicum, Kitaibelia vitifolia , Knautia drymeia , Knautia macedonica , Lamium garganicum , Linum extraaxilare , Linum hologynum, Medicago carstiensis , Melampyrum scardicum , Micromeria cristata, Mycelis sonchifolia, Orobanche nana , Orobanche pancicii , Parietaria serbica , Pedicularis heterodonta , Pulsatilla montana ssp. bulgarica , Satureia kitaibelii , Scabiosa fumarioides , Scrophularia laciniata , Sempervivum marmoreum , Seseli serbicum , Sesleria rigida, Silene sendtneri , Stachys cassia , Stachys reinertii , Verbascum abietinum , Viola aetolica , Viola macedonica , Cotoneaster melanocarpa, Cystopteris montana, Campanula kladniana, Rosa serbica, Silene roemeri, Senecio wagneri.


DOCUMENTATION:
Study - Proposal for designation of Special Nature Reserve "Jelasnicka klisura", Institute for Nature Conservation of Serbia, Belgrade 1993

QUALITY:
The site contains 4 types of "Bern priority threatened habitats", 17 'Bern convention species", 66 "Emerald other important species" and 20 "national for conservation important species".

DESIGNATION:
Regulation on Protection of Special Nature Reserve "Jelasnicka klisura" ("Official Herald of the Republic of Serbia" No 9/1995 from 23.03.1995); I Category - Protected area of special importance; IUCN Category IV - Habitat and species management/Protected area mainly for conservation through management intervention

OTHERCHARACT:
Site description: Jelasnicka Klisura, the gorge of the river Jelasnica, is located in Eastern Serbia, in the foothills of the mountain Suva Planina, Southeast of Nis. The Gorge is narrow, with steep sides, rich in morphological ornaments. The area is under protection for the conservation of the sites of numerous relic and endemic species, and especially of plant species, Serbian ramonda and Nathalia's ramonda (Ramonda serbica, R. nathaliae), which are the symbols of the Gorge.The site is located in the East region of  Serbia. Site belongs to continental biogeographic region, with altitudinal range of 291 - 563 m. The area is 115 72 72 ha. The site contains and folowing species that are not included in the basic lists (Ecological information - Species from Resolution No 6 and Other important species):Plants: Silene gigantea subsp. rhodopea, Parietaria serbica, Carum graecum, Chamaecytisus jankae, Onosma tubiflorum, Jurinea mollis, Hyacinthella leucophaea, Ophrys cornuta, Hieracium marmoreum, Achillea clypeolata, Orobanche esulae, Scabiosa fumarioides, Bupleurum apiculatum, Chamaecytisus jankae, Cytisus procumbens subsp. petrovici, Thlaspi kovatsii, Aurinia corymbosa, Hypericum rumeliacum, Cerastium grandiflorum, Ranunculus psilostachys.


