# data_bmeasures_info

measures_info:
In Nordrhein-Westfalen Schaffung von Schlammfluren auf dem Herbstzug


measures_info:
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CF03: Strategic approaches to managing recreational disturbance in SPAs, eg in Solent, N Kent and Humber
CF09: Avoidance/mitigation measures put in place around SPAs
CF10: Creation of new habitat to replace that lost to coastal squeeze
CL01: Coastal restoration and managed retreat, e.g. Steart Marshes; Humber; Wallasea Island
CN02: Managed retreat of coastlines


measures_info:
45% of the reports - measures not needed


measures_info:
DAFM (2016) GLAS Specification for GLAS Tranche 3. Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine.
Current measures under GLAS (Rural Developmen Programme 2014-2020). 
(Please refer to https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/farmingschemesandpayments/glastranche1/GLASTranche1TandCs071015.pdf for more information).

The list of current conservation measures under this scheme includes provisions and supports for Ecological Focus Areas(EFAs) whose actions include:
Arable margins
Catch Crops (€155/ha/yr)
Environmental Management of Fallow Land (depends on margin size (3m-6m equivalent of €0.35 - €0.70 per m/per yr)
Planting New Hedgerows (€5 per m/per yr)
Wild Bird Cover (at €900/ha/yr).


measures_info:
application of the Circular to improve the forest biodiversity in public forest, incentive to do so in SPA private forest
	reinstate/adapt forest management / management exotic tree species / restoring hydrological regime / habitat restoration/ goals set in LIFE Together, LIFE Helvex, LIFE Itter&Oeter, LIFE Abeek


measures_info:
Decline is suspected to be related to forest management and nitrogen deposition, but exact cause of decline is unknown and is being studied at the moment


measures_info:
In Brandenburg, Nordrhein-Westfalen, Schleswig-Holstein und Sachsen Erhaltung von Biotop- und Höhlenbäumen, Sicherung und Förderung der Bruthabitate und Buchen-Altholzzentren; in Schleswig-Holstein Erhaltung störungsarmer Bereiche in Natura 2000-Gebieten des Landesforsts(https://www.schleswig-holstein.de/DE/Fachinhalte/N/natura2000/Downloads/handlungsgrundsaetzeWald.pdf?__blob=publicationFi), die Erhaltung von Höhlenbäumen ist im Landesnaturschutzgesetz § 28b verankert.


measures_info:
Measures for Hen Harrier and Twite that also support Skylark.  Please refer to:
DAFM (2016) GLAS Specification for GLAS Tranche 3. Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine.
Current measures under GLAS (Rural Developmen Programme 2014-2020). 
(Please refer to 
https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/farmingschemesandpayments/glastranche1/GLASTranche1Spec161015.pdf
https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/farmingschemesandpayments/glastranche1/GLASTranche1TandCs071015.pdf for more information).
CA03 - Maintain existing extensive agricultural practices and agricultural landscape features.

CA04 - Reinstate appropriate agricultural practices to address abandonment etc. 

Conservation measures identified but not taken include:
CN02 - Implement climate change adaptation measures


measures_info:
CA01: Prevention of loss, to agricultural intensification, of lowland wet grassland and upland in-bye
CA05: Establishment of appropriate grazing regimes on saltmarshes, grazed pastures and silage fields.
CA16: Targeted agri-environment scheme measures to create bare patches (skylark plots) in arable crops: Baker, D.J., Freeman, S.N., Grice, P.V. & Sirwardena, G.M. 2012. Landscape-scale responses of birds to agri-environment management: a test of the English Environmental Stewardship scheme. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 871-882.
CL01: Moorland management


measures_info:
In Nordrhein-Westfalen Habitatverbesserung durch Förderung von Röhrichten; in Sachsen jährliche Erfassung und Steuerung fischereilicher Aktivitäten (Schilfschnitt) auf 500 ha


measures_info:
Renaturations of water bodies, creation of wetlands


measures_info:
CA02: Targeted agri-environment scheme measures - hedgerows for nesting and margins around arable land
CA03: Jeffs, C., Croft, S., Bradbury, A., Grice, P. & Wotton, S. 2018. The UK Cirl Bunting population exceeds one thousand pairs. British Birds 111: 144-156.
CA04: Jeffs, C., Croft, S., Bradbury, A., Grice, P. & Wotton, S. 2018. The UK Cirl Bunting population exceeds one thousand pairs. British Birds 111: 144-156.
CA05: Targeted agri-environment scheme measures - invertebrate-rich grassland management
CA16: Targetted agri-environment measures (winter bird seed mix): Jeffs, C., Croft, S., Bradbury, A., Grice, P. & Wotton, S. 2018. The UK Cirl Bunting population exceeds one thousand pairs. British Birds 111: 144-156.
CS02: Jeffs, C., Davies, M., Carter, I., Gregson, J., Sainsbury, A. & Lister, J. 2016. Reintroducing the Cirl Bunting to Cornwall. British Birds 109: 374-388.
CS03: Jeffs, C., Croft, S., Bradbury, A., Grice, P. & Wotton, S. 2018. The UK Cirl Bunting population exceeds one thousand pairs. British Birds 111: 144-156.


measures_info:
Die Art profitiert von den Erhaltungsmaßnahmen im Rahmen des EU-LIFE-Projekts 'LIMOSA' (2012 - 2022) der Stiftung Naturschutz Schleswig-Holstein zusammen mit dem Michael-Otto-Institut im NABU (https://bergenhusen.nabu.de/forschung/life-limosa/index.html).


measures_info:
Sería aconsejable incluir también Cx01 y Cx02
En Baleares (Menorca) se ha trabajado para erradicar a los gatos de la Mola de Maó, acción que está siendo muy efectiva


measures_info:
Aim
Stop the negative population trend of the Balearic shearwater, and revert it if possible, while ensuring the conservation of its habitat.
Objective 1. Dans les 10 ans, stopper le déclin de la population (et inverser la tendance) de sorte que le taux de croissance démographique soit positif (?=1).
Sous-objectif 1.1. Dans les 10 ans, établir un programme de surveillance permettant d’évaluer avec confiance la tendance de la population de l’espèce.
Objective2. D'ici cinq ans, préserver ou améliorer le bon état écologique des colonies de reproduction actuelles et des principaux « points chauds » en mer.
Results
Résultat 1.1. Le taux de survie moyen des adultes est proche ou supérieur à 90%
(en s'attaquant aux menaces les plus importantes)
Résultat 1.2. La productivité de la reproduction est maintenue égale ou supérieure aux niveaux actuels connus.
Résultat 1.3. Lacunes dans les connaissances comblée
Résultat 2.1. La conservation de l'habitat de reproduction est assurée.
Résultat 2.2. La conservation de l'habitat marin est assurée.


measures_info:
CG05: Furness, R.W. 2016. Key pressures and threats faced by marine birds in the UK, conservation action for these birds, and identification of pressures and threats not effectively addressed by existing conservation action. Unpublished report to JNCC.
Survey work ongoing to identify key foraging/loafing areas. This may then lead to classification of SPAs and management of potentially damaging activities (likely to be aimed at minimising bycatch).


measures_info:
In Nordrhein-Westfalen Sicherung und Förderung der Rasthabitate, kein Maisanbau auf Rastflächen.


measures_info:
Le Pluvier guignard est un migrateur rare en France. Les habitats utilisés en période de migration sont variés et ne permettent pas de fortes concentrations de migrateurs comme c'est le cas d'espèces de limicoles côtiers.


measures_info:
Take advantage indirectly of specific measures implemented for Botaurus stellaris and Ixobrychus minutus.
restoration of habitat through adapted management / restore ecohydrology / goals set in Sigma areas, Life Grote Netewoud, LIFE Sparc


measures_info:
Note, tiny population in the Netherlands at the northern edge of its distribution


measures_info:
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
Suite of SPAs assessed as ecologically insufficient: Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R, Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. & Wilson, J.D. - on behalf of the UK SPA & Ramsar Scientific Working Group (eds.) (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the third network review. 1,108 pp. JNCC, Peterborough. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-7309 http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA3_Svalbard Barnacle Goose Branta leucopsis.pdf


measures_info:
new breeding population in protected area, no specific measure identified
habitat improvement for the species / restoration of habitat through adapted management / protection measurements against natural predators / avoid damage to nests


measures_info:
In Nordrhein-Westfalen Stärkung der Population durch Gestaltung und Sicherung von Brutkolonien.


measures_info:
The following measures have been identified and work towards implementing some of these is underway.
CC03 - Adapt/manage renewable energy installation, facilities and operation
CF03 - Reduce impact of outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities
CG01 - Management of professional/commercial fishing (including shellfish and seaweed harvesting)
CL02 - Minimise/prevent impacts of geological and natural catastrophes
CI03 - Management, control or eradication of other invasive alien species
CI05 - Management of problematic native species


measures_info:
CA05: Establishment of appropriate grazing regimes on saltmarshes
CB14: Restoration of peatland impacted by past coniferous afforestation
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CG04: Addressing illegal persecution
CI03: Proposed Stoat control on Orkney
CL01: Moorland management


measures_info:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 629-632.


measures_info:
Some of the measures outlined below may already be undertaken to some degree in relevant areas that  would also be of benefit to the conservation of Asio flammeus
CA01 - Prevent conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species into agricultural land
CB01 - Prevent conversion of (semi-) natural habitats into forests and of (semi-)natural forests into intensive forest plantation
CA05 - Adapt mowing, grazing and other equivalent agricultural activities
CA15 - Manage drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructures in agriculture
CA01 - Prevent conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species into agricultural land
CF03 - Reduce impact of outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities
CA02 - Restore small landscape features on agricultural land
CA03 - Maintain existing extensive agricultural practices and agricultural landscape features
CA09 - Manage the use of natural fertilisers and chemicals in agricultural (plant and animal) production


measures_info:
in particular more measures needed in farmland to improve food availability. So far only locally cropland has been made more attractive as foraging habitat


measures_info:
Measures taken: Plantation of small forest patches and solitary trees on suitable agricultural land, to recreat the breeding habitat, and over 400 artificial nests mounted within the LIFE13NAT/HU/000081 project (CS03)


measures_info:
Barišic, S., Cikovic, D., Tutiš, V., Kralj, J. (2018.): Preliminarno izvješce terenskih istraživanja zlatovrane (Coracias garrulus) u 2018. godini u sklopu izrade strucne podloge za plan upravljanja. Tehnicko izvješce za MZOE. Zavod za ornitologiju. Zagreb. 21 str.


measures_info:
The breeding sites of the species may be protected by establishing microreserves.
Project "Improving of the conservation status of specially protected bird species in Natura 2000 site "Adazi"" took place from 2013. till 2018. European Roller was one of the target species of the project.


measures_info:
In Brandenburg und Sachsen Errichtung von Niststätten/Nisthilfen, in Sachsen-Anhalt umfangreiche Nistkastenprojekte in drei EU-Vogelschutzgebieten und auch außerhalb; in Sachsen darüber hinaus Habitatverbesserung durch Entbuschung und Offenhaltung von Offenlandflächen in der Bergbaufolgelandschaft und auf ehemaligen Truppenübungsplätzen, Umsetzung von Erhaltungsmaßnahmen im Rahmen der Förderung von Agrarumweltmaßnahmen (sächsisches Förderprogramm AUNaP: Maßnahmen zur naturschutzgerechten Hütehaltung und Beweidung, Bereitstellung von Brache- und Blühflächen im Grünland und auf Äckern); in Hessen wurde ein Artenhilfskonzept 'Wiedehopf' erarbeitet.


measures_info:
The following conservation measures are considered the most appropriate:

CN02 - Implement climate change adaptation measures.


measures_info:
Il s'agit d'une espèce largement répartie dans le réseau Natura 2000 mais aussi en dehors, et qui se porte mieux que d'autres pies-grièches. En conséquence elle n'est pas envisagée dans le cadre du projet de plan national d'actions "pies-grièches", ce qui est dommage parce qu'elle est comme les autres espèces menacée par l'intensification agricole. Malgré tout, du fait de son inscription en annexe I de la Directive Oiseaux, elle bénéficie ici ou là d'actions concrètes qui se font à l'heure actuelle essentiellement au sein des sites Natura 2000. Il est toutefois difficile d'en dresser un bilan national ou de déterminer précisément le statut des mesures qui diffère localement selon la prise en compte de l'espèce dans des documents tels que les "DOCOB" (documents d'objectif). Le rédacteur considère que la majorité des mesures restent encore à implémenter, et que c'est sur l'ensemble du territoire national qu'il faut chercher à agir, pas uniquement dans les aires protégées. L'espèce est identifiée dans le cadre du projet national de la Trame Verte et Bleue, mais le rédacteur ignore les bénéfices qu'elle aurait pu en tirer à ce jour. Seul un changement radical de politique agricole permettrait d'envisager un avenir meilleur pour cette espèce.


measures_info:
In Sachsen Verbesserung der Habitate durch Pflege sowie Anlage von Heckenstrukturen, Anlage und Nachpflanzung von Streuobstbeständen und Obstbaumreihen, Anlage von Feldgehölzen, Wiederherstellung von Feldrainen und Waldrändern, Steinrückensanierung und -pflege, Offenhaltung von Heiden der Bergbaufolgelandschaften und ehemaligen Truppenübungsplätzen; in Nordrhein-Westfalen Sicherung und Pflege von Heckenstrukturen, Etablierung von Beweidung auf Grünland.


measures_info:
Project "Improving of the conservation status of specially protected bird species in Natura 2000 site "Adazi"" took place from 2013. till 2018. Red-backed Shrike was one of the target species of the project.
Habitats of the species are protected under the Rural Development Programme (through support payments for farmers) by defining biologically valuable grasslands for birds.


measures_info:
prevent conversion of grassland to arable land / Agri-environment scheme to preserve hedges and managed them in a favourable way / Agri-environment scheme to preserve semi-natural meadows


measures_info:
species has recovered amazingly and meets N2000 targets nowadays.


measures_info:
CA03: Agri-environment support on Islay and elsewhere. Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. The return of the Red-billed Chough to Cornwall: the first ten yerars and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431.
CA16: Appropriate habitat management in Cornwall: Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. The return of the Red-billed Chough to Cornwall: the first ten yerars and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431.
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
Suite of SPAs assessed as insufficient in terms of both range and ecology: Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R, Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. & Wilson, J.D. - on behalf of the UK SPA & Ramsar Scientific Working Group (eds.) (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the third network review. 1,108 pp. JNCC, Peterborough. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-7309


measures_info:
Data obtained from:

Cuevas, J.A. & Blanco, G. (2015). Chova piquirroja – Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Http://www.vertebradosibericos.org

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


measures_info:
CA01: Prevention of loss, to agricultural intensification, of lowland wet grassland and upland in-bye
CA03: Agri-environment support on Islay and elsewhere. Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. The return of the Red-billed Chough to Cornwall: the first ten yerars and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431.
CA16: Appropriate habitat management in Cornwall: Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. The return of the Red-billed Chough to Cornwall: the first ten yerars and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431.
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CF03: Protecting of nests from disturbance: Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. The return of the Red-billed Chough to Cornwall: the first ten yerars and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431.
Suite of SPAs assessed as insufficient in terms of both range and ecology: Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R, Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. & Wilson, J.D. - on behalf of the UK SPA & Ramsar Scientific Working Group (eds.) (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the third network review. 1,108 pp. JNCC, Peterborough. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-7309


measures_info:
DAFM (2016) GLAS Specification for GLAS Tranche 3. Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine.

Current Chough measures under GLAS (Rural Development Programme 2014-2020).  The list of current conservation measures under this scheme are listed above with a payment rate of €365/ha.   By October 2018, a total of 796 farmers were participating in the scheme covering a total area of 11,823 ha.


measures_info:
species recovered because of measures to improve water quality


measures_info:
The following measures have been identified and work towards implementing some of these is underway.
CC03 - Adapt/manage renewable energy installation, facilities and operation
CF03 - Reduce impact of outdoor sports, leisure and recreational activities
CF08 - Reduce/eliminate marine contamination with litter
CG05 - Reduce bycatch and incidental killing of non-target species
CI03 - Management, control or eradication of other invasive alien species
CJ01 - Reduce impact of mixed source pollution
CN01 - Adopt climate change mitigation measures


measures_info:
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CF03: Management of disurbance at coastal nesting colonies e.g. Steel, D. 2018. Great bird reserves: The Farne Islands. British Birds 111: 25-41.
CG05: Furness, R.W. 2016. Key pressures and threats faced by marine birds in the UK, conservation action for these birds, and identification of pressures and threats not effectively addressed by existing conservation action. Unpublished report to JNCC.
CI03: Mammalian predator eradication on islands. Furness, R.W. 2016. Key pressures and threats faced by marine birds in the UK, conservation action for these birds, and identification of pressures and threats not effectively addressed by existing conservation action. Unpublished report to JNCC.
http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA3_Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis (breeding).pdf


measures_info:
Other conservation measure developed is the launch of the "Plan territorial de contingencias por contaminación marina accidental da Comunidad Autónoma de Galicia (CAMGAL) " to act rapidly against sudden marine pollution events. (https://www.xunta.gal/dog/Publicados/2016/20161025/AnuncioG02
44-181016-0001_es.html).


measures_info:
In Brandenburg, Nordrhein-Westfalen und Schleswig-Holstein Sicherung der Gelege und Jungvögel vor Zerstörung und Prädation, Nestschutzmaßnahmen; in Hessen wurde ein Artenhilfkonzept 'Großer Brachvogel' erarbeitet. In Sachsen-Anhalt sind die Maßnahmen noch nicht ausreichend und wirksam genug, der Rückgang auf ein kritisch niedriges Niveau konnte bislang nicht gestoppt werden.


measures_info:
restoration of habitat through adapted management / maintain extensive management practices / manage/restore hydrological regime / agricultural management agreements / can profit from LIFE Delta


measures_info:
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CF03: Strategic approaches to managing recreational disturbance in winter, eg Solent, N Kent, Humber
CF09: Avoidance/mitigation measures put in place around SPAs
CF10: Creation of new habitat to replace that lost to coastal squeeze
CG02: Removed from Schedule 2 in NI


measures_info:
Measures delivered via mechanisms that include the following:
NPWS (general) and Curlew Conservation Programme: https://www.npws.ie/farmers-and-landowners/schemes/curlew-conservation-programme 
DAFM GLAS measure for Curlew: https://www.agriculture.gov.ie/media/migration/farmingschemesandpayments/glastranche3/GLAS3Specification031116.pdf 
Curlew European Innovation Partnership: https://ec.europa.eu/eip/agriculture/en/find-connect/projects/conservation-breeding-curlew-ireland . 
RBAPS Breeding Wader measure: https://rbaps.eu/pilot-areas/rbaps-measures-in-ireland/shannon-callows/breeding-waders/ . 
NPWS Farm Plan Scheme: https://www.npws.ie/farmers-and-landowners/schemes/npws-farm-plan-scheme

Additional measures likely required include:
CA15 - Manage drainage and irrigation operations and infrastructures in agriculture
CB01 - Prevent conversion of (semi-) natural habitats into forests and of (semi-)natural forests into intensive forest plantation
CA01 - Prevent conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species into agricultural land
CC02 - Adapt/manage exploitation of energy resources
CC07 - Habitat restoration/creation from resources, exploitation areas or areas damaged due to installation of renewable energy infrastructure


measures_info:
insufficient measures to restore habitat in farmland have been taken


measures_info:
The following measures have been identified and work towards implementing some of these is underway.
CG05 - Reduce bycatch and incidental killing of non-target species
CI03 - Management, control or eradication of other invasive alien species
CN01 - Adopt climate change mitigation measures


measures_info:
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CI03: Mammalian predator eradication on islands. Furness, R.W. 2016. Key pressures and threats faced by marine birds in the UK, conservation action for these birds, and identification of pressures and threats not effectively addressed by existing conservation action. Unpublished report to JNCC.
CI05: Appropriate predator control at important sites


measures_info:
CA15: Hydrological management of lowland freshwaters on reserves and elsewhere
CF03: Management of watersports and other forms of disturbance at lowland wetlands


measures_info:
37% of the reports - measures not needed


measures_info:
40% of the reports - measures needed but cannot be identified


measures_info:
CC03: Spatial planning of wind farms on migration routes
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CG02: Management of quarry species through Codes of Guidance and other good practice, including refuge provision and occasional suspensions of shooting in periods of prolonged severe winter weather (http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-2894).
CJ03: Wetland restoration on protected areas (nature reserves) and elsewhere, e.g. Acheson, N. 2016. Great bird reserves: Cley Marshes. British Birds 109: 706-723. Rowlands, A. 2017. Great bird reserves: RSPB Minsmere. British Birds 110: 435-455. Hughes, S. 2018. Great bird reserves: Ham Wall. British Birds 111: 211-225.
http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/pdf/UKSPA3_Pink-footed Goose Anser brachyrhynchus.pdf


measures_info:
Project LIFE+ ANTIDOTO [LIFE07 NAT/IT/000436]
(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=3323)
http://www.lifepluto.it
http://www.lifeundergriffonwings.eu


measures_info:
Management measures relating to forestry activities (CY4000017, CY4000020 SPA Management Plans)
Program to protect and strengthen Gyps fulvus population (CY4000017, CY4000020, CY5000011, CY5000010, CY4000007, CY4000023 SPA Management Plans)
Protection of nesting areas (CY4000017, CY4000020, CY5000011, CY5000010,  CY5000009 SPA Management Plans)


measures_info:
Lucic, V., Kapelj, S., Andevski, J., Budinski, I., Modric , M., Vuleta, E. (2019.): Rezultati istraživanja bjeloglavih supova 2018. i 2019. godine, u sklopu projekta OPKK 2014.-2020. "Izrada prijedloga planova upravljanja strogo zašticenim vrstama (s akcijskim planovima)“ Udruga BIOM. Zagreb


measures_info:
The measures listed below have been identified for the current pressures but not yet taken to any significant degree:
CA01 - Prevent conversion of natural and semi-natural habitats, and habitats of species into agricultural land
CA02 - Restore small landscape features on agricultural land
CA09 - Manage the use of natural fertilisers and chemicalsin agricultural (plant and animal) production.


measures_info:
CA01: Prevention of loss, to agricultural intensification, of lowland wet grassland and upland in-bye
CA03: Agri-environment scheme incentives to maintain for rough grassland and edges round fields to encourage prey species.
CA05: Agri-environment scheme incentives for rough grassland management to encourage prey species.
CA09: Minimise risks from rodenticides
CS03: Installation of nestboxes in areas where natural nests are in short supply. http://www.scottishraptorstudygroup.org/North Lanarkshire Kestrel Nest Box Scheme.pdf & https://www.hawk-conservancy.org/conservation-research/uk/rnbp/
Conservation needs largely unknown


measures_info:
numbers have increased due to heath restoration/expansion


measures_info:
CA03: Agri-environment support of low-intensity agricultural systems
CA04: Agri-environment support of low-intensity agricultural systems
CB05: Appropriate woodland management on reserves and other proteced areas
CB06: Heathland restoration
CF01: Statutory control of land use and other factors potentially affecting the species in and around SPAs for which the species is a qualifying feature
CF03: Management of disturbance arising from new development close to heathland breeding areas - projects in place for SPAs
CF09: Avoidance/mitigation measures put in place around SPAs
CL01: Heathland restoration and management via agri-environment in southern England
CS03: Heathland restoration
Suite of SPAs assessed as insufficient in terms of both range and ecology: Stroud, D.A., Bainbridge, I.P., Maddock, A., Anthony, S., Baker, H., Buxton, N., Chambers, D., Enlander, I., Hearn, R.D., Jennings, K.R, Mavor, R., Whitehead, S. & Wilson, J.D. - on behalf of the UK SPA & Ramsar Scientific Working Group (eds.) (2016). The status of UK SPAs in the 2000s: the third network review. 1,108 pp. JNCC, Peterborough. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-7309


measures_info:
Project "Improving of the conservation status of specially protected bird species in Natura 2000 site "Adazi"" took place from 2013. till 2018. Wood Lark was one of the target species of the project.


measures_info:
In Sachsen Habitatverbesserung durch Entbuschung von Offenlandflächen in der Bergbaufolgelandschaft, Anpassung der Mahdtermine sowie Durchführung von Ackerprojekten mit Verzicht auf den Einsatz von Pflanzenschutzmitteln; in Sachsen-Anhalt beschränkt sich die Umsetzung von Maßnahmen bislang nahezu ausschließlich auf Vogelschutzgebiete (insbesondere Heiden), Vorkommen in Wäldern und an Waldrändern blieben bislang weitestgehend ohne Maßnahmen.


measures_info:
Natura 2000 Management Programme for the period 2015-2020  [http://www.natura2000.si/en/life-management/natura-2000-management-programme-for-the-period-2015-2020] and project "Ukrepi za ohranjanje in izboljšanje stanja ogroženih živalskih vrst in habitatov v Vipavski dolini (VIPava)"


measures_info:
restore heatlands and peatbogs / prevent overdensity of wild boar and red deer
restoration/improvement of heatland and peatbog through adapted management / management exotic tree species / reinstate/adapt forest management / avoid damage to nests / goals set in LIFE Vochtig Haspengouw, LIFE Together, LIFE Helvex, LIFE Itter&Oeter


measures_info:
CA02: Agri-environment schemes to encourage mature hedgerow trees as food source
CB02: Agri-environment schemes for management of woodland
CB04: Agri-environment schemes to encourage well connected wooded landscape
CB05: Agri-environment schemes to improve woodland management


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding nitidus and plumbeitarsus]


measures_info:
En este apartado sería necesario incluir las siguientes: CX02 y CS03


measures_info:
although in the future measures may be needed to safeguard undisturbed roosting sites


# data_bpressures_threats

sub_unit:
Central & Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa


sub_unit:
W Europe & North-west Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding nitidus and plumbeitarsus]


sub_unit:
[including degener, hedwigii, ombriosus, palmensis and ultramarinus]


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding canariensis, ibericus and tristis]


sub_unit:
[excluding meridionalis, but including koenigi]


# data_bpressures_threats_info

pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2016). Causes of Admission for Raptors to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Gran Canaria Island, Spain: 2003–2013. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, 647–652.


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2016). Causes of Admission for Raptors to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Gran Canaria Island, Spain: 2003–2013. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, 647–652.

Ruiz-Suárez, N., Camacho, M., Almeida-González, M., Domínguez, L., Henríquez, L., Zumbado, M. & Pérez Luzardo, O. (2016). Química en el ambiente. Amenaza silenciosa para nuestra fauna. InDiferente 22:26-41.


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25. 

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & J. Orós. (2016). Causes of Admission for Raptors to the Tafira Wildlife Rehabilitation Center, Gran Canaria Island, Spain: 2003–2013. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 52, 647–652.

Ruiz-Suárez, N., M. Camacho, M. Almeida-González, L. Domínguez, L. Henríquez, M. Zumbado & O. Pérez Luzardo. (2016). Química en el ambiente. Amenaza silenciosa para nuestra fauna. InDiferente 22:26-41.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731)


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25. 

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25.


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


sub_unit:
[excluding meridionalis, but including koenigi]


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25. 

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25. 

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98. 

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366).

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.


pressures_source:
Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society.


pressures_source:
Gassios A. (2009) Habitat structural characteristics of woodpeckers in Derio-Dadia-Aisimi forest of Evros prefecture, Master Thesis. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment. Available at http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/123135?ln=el

Garmendia A., Carcamo S., & Schwendtner O.(2006) Forest management considerations for conservation of Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius and White -backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos populations in Quinto Real (Spanish Western Pyrenees) Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1399–1415


pressures_source:
Fisher I, Ashpole J, Scallan D, Proud T and Carboneras C (compilers) (2018) International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the European Turtle-dove Streptopelia turtur (2018 to 2028). European Commission 2018.


pressures_source:
-HOS - unpublished data
-IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.
-??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR.


pressures_source:
Society for the Protection of Prespa (2019), unpublished data.
Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society


pressures_source:
Ristow D. 1999. International Species Action Plan: Eleonoras’s falcon Falco eleonorae. http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/nature/directive/birdspriority.htm

Fric J., Kassara C., Tsiopelas ?., Tzali ?., Dimalexis T., Giokas S., 2019. Good Practice Guide for the adaptation of the Eleonora’s falcon to climate change. LIFE ElClimA (LIFE13 NAT/GR/000909). NCC Ltd.

Kassara, C., Evangelidis, A., Tsiopelas, N. & Giokas, S. 2019. Movement ecology of Eleonora’s falcon at its breeding grounds: revealing foraging patterns and identifying threats with the use of GPS telemetry. 14th International Congress on the Zoogeography and Ecology of Greece and Adjacent Regions, 27-30 June, Thessaloniki (Greece).


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding canariensis, ibericus and tristis]


pressures_source:
Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society


pressures_source:
Society for the Protection of Prespa (2019), unpublished data.


pressures_source:
HOS - unpublished data, expert's judgment


pressures_source:
-HOS - unpublished data , expert's judgment


sub_unit:
Central & Eastern Europe/Sub-Saharan Africa


pressures_source:
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.


pressures_source:
1) Fric, J., Portolou, D., Manolopoulos, A. & T. Kastritis. 2012. Important Bird Areas for Seabirds in Greece. LIFE07 NAT/GR/000285 - Hellenic Ornithological Society (HOS/BirdLife Greece), Athens.
2) Portolou, D. and J. Fric (2015) Status and conservation of seabird species in Greece and the current Marine Important Bird Area network. Proceedings of the 2nd Symposium on the Conservation of Marine and Coastal Birds in the Mediterranean. Hammamet, Tunisia, 20-22 February 2015. RAC-SPA (Mediterranean Action Plan), Medmaravis and Les Amis des Oiseaux (BirdLife Tunisia).
3)Saravia - Mullin, V., Portolou, D., Evangelidis, A., Gaganis, K., Manolopoulos, A. and J. Fric (2012) The breeding population of Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii in Greece. In: Yésou, P., Baccetti, N. and J. Sultana (eds). Ecology and Conservation of Mediterranean Seabirds and other bird species under the Barcelona Convention. Update and Progress. Proceedings of the 13th Medmaravis Pan-Mediterranean Symposium, 14-17 October 2011, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy. Medmaravis 2012.
4)?????? ?., ?p??tsa? ?., T?µa?d?? ?., ?at??????? ?., ?p??t?????? ?., ?p?a???t?? S., ???t?? ?., ??a???? ?., ?ed??s?p????? ?., ????s?? ?., ????? ?., Stef???? ?.?., ?as?µpa??? ?., ?a? ?e?????? ?. (S??t???st?? ??d?s??). 2015. G’ F?s? t?? ?e??t?? 9 «?p?pte?a ?a? ????????s? t?? ?at?stas?? ??at???s?? ??d?? ??????pa??da? st?? ????da» ??A???, ????a, S?µp?a?? G?afe??? ?e?et?? «"F.F?S????S-?.???????S" ?.?. – ??????? ?O?S?????????? ??? G?O?G??? – "?T.??????????S ??? S??" ?.?.», Tessa??????.
5) ??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR.
6) IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org.

 (2012) The breeding population of Audouin’s Gull Larus audouinii in Greece. In: Yésou, P., Baccetti, N. and J. Sultana (eds). Ecology and Conservation of Mediterranean Seabirds and other bird species under the Barcelona Convention. Update and Progress. Proceedings of the 13th Medmaravis Pan-Mediterranean Symposium, 14-17 October 2011, Alghero, Sardinia, Italy. Medmaravis 2012.


pressures_source:
1) IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. 
2) ??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR.
3) International Species Action Plan & Status Report
Gaudard C. (compiler) (2018). International Single Species Action Plan for the Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus Yelkouan. Project LIFE 14 PRE/UK/000002. Coordinated Efforts for International Species Recovery EuroSAP. LPO/BirdLife France. Rochefort. 45p. 
4) Garcia Robles H., Deceuninck B. & Micol T. (compilers), 2016. Status Report for Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus Yelkouan (2nd draft). Project LIFE 14 PRE/UK/000002 Coordinated Efforts for International Species Recovery EuroSAP. Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, BirdLife France. Rochefort. 22 p.


pressures_source:
Sidiropoulos L, Kret, E., Kalpakis, S. and Ntemiri K 2016 Causes of human induced mortality of Golden Eagles (Aquila chrysaetos) in N. Greece for the period 1991 – 2016. Poster presentation at the 8th Congress of the Hellenic Ecological Society, 20-23 Oct 2016, Aristotle Univ, Thessaloniki
Sidiropoulos L, Vasilakis, D, Kret, E. and Ntemiri K 2016: Preliminary assessment of the effects of wind farm development on Golden Eagle (Aquila chrysaetos) territories in N Greece. Poster presentation at the 8th Congress of the Hellenic Ecological Society, 20-23 Oct 2016, Aristotle Univ, Thessaloniki


pressures_source:
Garmendia A., Carcamo S., & Schwendtner O.(2006) Forest management considerations for conservation of Black Woodpecker Dryocopus martius and White-backed Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos populations in Quinto Real (Spanish Western Pyrenees) Biodiversity and Conservation 15:1399–1415

Roberge J.M., Angelstam P., & Villard M.A.(2008) Specialised woodpeckers and naturalness in hemiboreal forests – Deriving quantitative targets for conservation planning. Biological conservation 141: 997–1012

?????? ?., ?p??tsa? ?., T?µa?d?? ?., ?at??????? ?., ?p??t?????? ?., ?p?a???t?? S., ???t?? ?., ??a???? ?., ?ed??s?p????? ?., ????s?? ?., ????? ?., Stef???? ?.?., ?as?µpa??? ?., ?a? ?e?????? ?. (S??t???st?? ??d?s??). 2015. G’ F?s? t?? ?e??t?? 9 «?p?pte?a ?a? ????????s? t?? ?at?stas?? ??at???s?? ??d?? ??????pa??da? st?? ????da» ??A???, ????a, S?µp?a?? G?afe??? ?e?et?? «"F.F?S????S-?.???????S" ?.?. – ??????? ?O?S?????????? ??? G?O?G??? – "?T.??????????S ??? S??" ?.?.», Tessa??????.


pressures_source:
Imbeau, L., & Desrochers, A (2002) Area sensitivity and edge avoidance: the case of the Three-toed Woodpecker (Picoides tridactylus) in a managed forest. Forest Ecology and Management 164, 249–256

Gassios A. (2009) Habitat structural characteristics of woodpeckers in Derio-Dadia-Aisimi forest of Evros prefecture, Master Thesis. Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment. Available at http://invenio.lib.auth.gr/record/123135?ln=el


pressures_source:
??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR.
Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society.


pressures_source:
1) Blanco, G. (1997) Role of refuse as food for migrant, floater and breeding Black Kites (Milvus migrans). Journal of Raptor Research 31: 71 -76.
2) Meunier, F.D., Verheyden, C. & P. Jouventin (2000) Use of  roadsides by diurnal raptors in agricultural landscapes. Biological Conservation 92: 291- 298
3) Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society


pressures_source:
IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org. 2) ??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR. 3) ?e?????, ?. & ?a?a????, ?. (ep?µ.). 2009. ?? ??????? ??ß??? t?? ?pe????µe??? ???? t?? ????da?. ???????? ????????? ?ta??e?a, ????a, 528 se?. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TPsw%2b3PNVX8%3d&tabid=518&language=el-GR
4) Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society


pressures_source:
Tucker, G. M. & Heath M. F., (1994) Birds in Europe: Their conservation status. Cambridge, UK.: BirdLife International (BirdLife Conservation Series No 3).


pressures_source:
Society for the Protection of Prespa (2019), unpublished data.
Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society.


pressures_source:
-Hellenic Common Birds Monitoring Scheme database (2007-2019), Hellenic Ornithological Society
- ??µa?????, ?., ?ast??t??, T., G??ßa?, ?., ?a????p?????, ?., ?a?da????, ?., ?a?a???, ?., ??????????, S., ?sa?t????d??, ?., Papazoglou, C. & Barov, B. 2009. ???sd????sµ?? s?µßat?? d?ast????t?t?? se s??s? µe ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ?? t?? ????? ??d???? ???stas?a? t?? ??????pa??da?. ?a?ad?t?? 8. ?d???? ??????????? apa?t?se??, ape???? ?a? e?dede??µ???? µ?t??? ??a ta e?d? ?a?a?t???sµ??. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=62LywcEzaKE%3D&tabid=539&language=el-GR. 
- ?e?????, ?. & ?a?a????, ?. (ep?µ.). 2009. ?? ??????? ??ß??? t?? ?pe????µe??? ???? t?? ????da?. ???????? ????????? ?ta??e?a, ????a, 528 se?. Available at: http://www.ypeka.gr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=TPsw%2b3PNVX8%3d&tabid=518&language=el-GR
-https://wwf.fi/mediabank/10393.pdf and species status report available here:  https://wwf.fi/mediabank/10467.pdf


pressures_source:
1) IUCN. 2012. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species (ver. 2012.1). Available at: http://www.iucnredlist.org


pressures_source:
Fenstad AA, Bustnes JO, Lierhagen S, et al (2017) Blood and feather concentrations of toxic elements in a Baltic and an Arctic seabird population. Mar Pollut Bull 114:1152–1158.

Fenstad et al. 2016. PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANT LEVELS AND THE IMPORTANCE OF SOURCE PROXIMITY IN BALTIC AND SVALBARD BREEDING COMMON EIDERS. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY  Volume: 35: 1526-1533


Jaatinen Kim et al., unpublished data from predator removal in the Tvärminne archipelago.

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834;


pressures_source:
Virkkala, R., Heikkinen, R.K., Leikola, N., Luoto, M., 2008. Projected large-scale range
reductions of northern-boreal land bird species due to climate change. Biol.
Conserv. 141, 1343–1353.


pressures_source:
Pessa, J. & Timonen, S. 2013: The distribution and population trend of the Black-tailed Godwit in Finland. – Linnut-vuosikirja 2012: 4–15. (in Finnish with English summary).

	Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, North Ostrobothia 2019: The database of threatened species in North Ostrobothnia

Pessa, J. & Timonen, S. 2019: Unpublished monitoring data


pressures_source:
Marjakangas, A. 2018: Teerenelämää. Metsäkustannus. Helsinki. 140 s.

Ludwig, G. (2007). Mechanisms of Population Declines in Boreal Forest Grouse. Science (p. 48). Doctoral Thesis. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.


pressures_source:
Hongell, H. 2003: On Little Tern's breeding populations within the Baltic Sea region and its breeding biology in Kalajoki. – Linnut-vuosikirja 2002: 118–125. (in Finnish with English summary).

Pakanen, V.M., Hongell, H., Aikio, S. & Koivula, K. 2014: Little Tern breeding success in artificial and natural habitats: modelling population growth under uncertain vital rates. - Popul Ecol (2014) 56:581-591.


pressures_info:
B29 describes forestry generally. Negative effect is due to disturbance.


pressures_source:
Expert working group

Saurola, P., Valkama, J. & Velmala, W. 2013: The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol. I. – Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki. (In Finnish with English summary)

pressures_info:
Especially wind power plants make threat along the migration route.


pressures_info:
Species suffers also from cold weathers in wintering areas.


pressures_source:
Sara Fraixedas*, Andreas Lindén & Aleksi Lehikoinen, 2015. Population trends of common breeding forest birds in southern Finland are consistent with trends in forest management and climate change. Ornis Fennica 92:187–203. 2015

Ludwig, G. (2007). Mechanisms of Population Declines in Boreal Forest Grouse. Science (p. 48). Doctoral Thesis. Jyväskylä: University of Jyväskylä.


pressures_source:
Dagys, M., Hearn, R. (compilers) 2018. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter (Melanitta fusca) Western Siberia & Northern Europe/NW Europe population. AEWA Technical Series No. XX, Bonn, Germany.


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding nitidus and plumbeitarsus]


pressures_source:
International SAP
National action plan
Expert working group

pressures_info:
A09: Grazing of the reindeer.
L05: Potential genetic introgression of DNA from other goose species into wild Fennoskandian population from captive-bred, supplemented/reintroduced birds


pressures_source:
HELCOM 2013: HELCOM Red List of Baltic Sea species in danger of becoming extinct. Balt. Sea Environ. Proc. No. 140. – Helsinki Commission.


pressures_source:
Cornulier, T., Yoccoz, N.G., Bretagnolle, V., Brommer, J.E., Butet, A., Ecke, F., Elston, D.A., Framstad, E., Henttonen, H., Hörnfeldt, B., Huitu, O., Imholt, C., Ims, R.A., Jacob, J., Jedrzejewska, B., Millon, A., Petty, S.J., Pietiäinen, H., Tkadlec, E., Zub, K. & Lambin, X. 2013: Europe-wide dampening of population cycles in keystone herbivores. - Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):63-6.


pressures_info:
H08: Human disturbance in breeding colonies


pressures_info:
Hunting means hunting in Russia and Sweden.
K03 means plans to built an artificial lake to important breeding area


pressures_source:
Kristensen, P.S. and Borgstrøm, R. 2005. The Danish Wadden Sea; fishery of mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in a Wildlife Reserve? Proceedings from the 11. Scientific Wadden Sea Symposium, Esbjerg, Denmark, 4.-8. April, 2005. Laursen, K. (ed). NERI Technical Report No. 573, pp. 113-122.


pressures_source:
Zwaarts et al. 2009 Living on the edge. Hunting pressure could be high on birds wintering in Africa and migrating birds in the Mediterranean area, it is moderate elsewhere.

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834;

Accumulation or organic material here means eutrophication.


pressures_source:
The species suffers from reduction of black-headed gull colonies and increase of alien predators: Pöysä, H., Lammi, E., Pöysä, S. & Väänänen, V.-M. 2019: Collapse of a protector species drives secondary endangerment in waterbird communities. – Biological Conservation 230: 75–81. 

Accumulation of material refers to eutrophication effects


British birds metsästysjuttu


pressures_source:
Lehikoinen, A., Jukarainen, A., Mikkola-Roos, M., Below, A., Lehtiniemi, T., Pessa, J., Rajasärkkä, A., Rintala, J., Rusanen, P., Sirkiä, P., Tiainen, J. & Valkama. J. 2019: Linnut. Birds. Aves. – Teoksessa/In: Hyvärinen, E. ym. (toim.), Loc. Sit: 560-570. Ympäristöministeriö & Suomen ympäristökeskus, Helsinki


pressures_info:
J02 describes bioaccumolation of lead from leadshots used on the Åland
B29 describes forestry generally. Negative effect is mostly due to disturbance to species


pressures_info:
N07: Collapse of vole cycles due to climate change


pressures_source:
Saurola, P., Valkama, J. & Velmala, W. 2013: Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol. I. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment.


pressures_source:
Expert working group for the Baltic Dunlin in Finland.

	Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, North Ostrobothia 2019: The database of threatened species in North Ostrobothnia.

Pakanen, V.-M. & Thorup, O. 2016: Apparent adult survival of the critically endangered Baltic Dunlin Calidris alpina schinzii during a period of strong population decline. - Bird Study, DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2016.1214812

Pakanen, V.-M., Luukkonen, A. & Koivula, K. 2011: Nest predation and trampling as management risks in grazed coastal meadows. - Biodivers. Conserv. 20: 2057–2073.

Blomqvist, D. & Pauliny, A. 2007: Inbreeding and loss of genetic variation in Southern Dunlin (Calidris alpina schinzii) on the Swedish westcoast. Länstyrelsen Hallands län.


pressures_source:
Cornulier, T., Yoccoz, N.G., Bretagnolle, V., Brommer, J.E., Butet, A., Ecke, F., Elston, D.A., Framstad, E., Henttonen, H., Hörnfeldt, B., Huitu, O., Imholt, C., Ims, R.A., Jacob, J., Jedrzejewska, B., Millon, A., Petty, S.J., Pietiäinen, H., Tkadlec, E., Zub, K. & Lambin, X. 2013: Europe-wide dampening of population cycles in keystone herbivores. - Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):63-6.

Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C., & Willis, S.G. 2007: A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.


pressures_info:
As a cavity-breeder needs old trees with crevices or black woodpecker holes. Loss of small mammals due to climate change may increase predation pressure on smews.


pressures_source:
Virkkala, R., Rajasärkkä, A., Heikkinen R. K., Kuusela, S., Leikola, N. & Pöyry, J. 2018: 
Birds in boreal protected areas shift northwards in the warming climate but show different 
rates of population decline. - Biological Conservation 226:271-279, 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.015.

Zwarts et al. 2009: Living on the edge. Wetlands and birds in a changing Sahel.


pressures_source:
Virkkala, R., Rajasärkkä, A., Heikkinen R. K., Kuusela, S., Leikola, N. & Pöyry, J. 2018: 
Birds in boreal protected areas shift northwards in the warming climate but show different 
rates of population decline. - Biological Conservation 226:271-279, 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.015.


pressures_source:
Valkama, J. et al. 2014: Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol. II. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment.

Valkama, J. & Saurola, P. 2005: Mortality factors and population trends of the eagle owl Bubo bubo in Finland. Ornithologischer Anzeiger; 44(2-3): 81-90.


pressures_source:
Hakkarainen H, Mykrä S, Kurki S, Tornberg R, Jungell S. 2004. Competitive interactions among raptors in boreal forests. Oecologia. 2004 Nov;141(3):420-4. Epub 2004 Jul 28.

Saurola, P., Valkama, J. & Velmala, W. 2013. The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol. 1. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki.

Gamauf, A., Tebb, G., Nemeth, E. (2013), Honey Buzzard Pernis apivorus nest-site selection in relation to habitat and the distribution of Goshawks Accipiter gentilis. Ibis, 155: 258–270.

pressures_info:
L07 related to insect nourishment availability.


pressures_source:
Saurola, P. Valkama, J. & Velmala, W. 2013. Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol I. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment.

pressures_info:
A20: eutrophication and vegetal invasion of waters
I01: Raccoon dog
I02: American mink


pressures_source:
Cornulier, T., Yoccoz, N. G., Bretagnolle, V., Brommer, J.E., Butet, A., Ecke, F., Elston, D.A., Framstad, E., Henttonen, H., Hörnfeldt, B., Huitu, O., Imholt, C., Ims, R.A., Jacob, J., Jedrzejewska, B., Millon, A., Petty, S.J., Pietiäinen, H., Tkadlec, E., Zub, K., Lambin, X. 2013: Europe-wide dampening of population cycles in keystone herbivores. -Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):63-6.

Korpimäki, E. 1984. Population dynamics of birds of prey in relation to fluctuations in small mammal populations in western Finland. Annales Zoologici Fennici 21: 287-293

Saurola, P., Valkama, J. & Velmala, W. 2013. The Finnish Bird Ringing Atlas. Vol. 1. Finnish Museum of Natural History and Ministry of Environment, Helsinki.

Huntley B, Green R.E, Collingham YC, & Willis S.G. (2007) A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.


pressures_source:
Virkkala, R., Heikkinen, R.K., Leikola, N., Luoto, M., 2008. Projected large-scale range
reductions of northern-boreal land bird species due to climate change. Biol.
Conserv. 141, 1343–1353.

Virkkala, R., Rajasärkkä, A., Heikkinen R. K., Kuusela, S., Leikola, N. & Pöyry, J. 2018: 
Birds in boreal protected areas shift northwards in the warming climate but show different 
rates of population decline. - Biological Conservation 226:271-279, 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2018.08.015.


pressures_source:
Catsadorakis, G., O. Onmus, S. Bugariu, O. Gül, D. Hatzilacou, O. Hatzofe, M. Malakou, T. Michev, T. Naziridis, H. Nikolaou, A. Rudenko, D. Saveljic, S. Shumka, M. Siki & A.J. Crivelli (2015). Current status of the Dalmatian Pelican and the Great White Pelican of the Black Sea / Mediterranean flyway. Endangered Species Research 27: 119-130.
SOR/Birdlife expert opinion


pressures_info:
B29 refers to different forestry works inside old forest in the breeding season causing breeding failure


pressures_source:
Triplet, P., Overdijk, O., Smart, M., Nagy, S., Schneider-Jacoby, M., Karauz, E.S., Pigniczki, Cs., Baha El Din, S., Kralj, J., Sandor, A., Navedo, J.G. (Compilers). 2008. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia. AEWA Technical Series No. 35. Bonn, German
SOR/Birdlife expert opinion


sub_unit:
W Europe & North-west Africa/Sub-Saharan Africa


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Lullula arborea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22717411A60258350. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22717411/60258350).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Anthus campestris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22718501A60269135. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718501/60269135).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Corvus corax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22706068/60186828).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Sylvia hortensis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22735012A132184355. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22735012/132184355).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Ardea alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697043A60154660. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697043/60154660).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas. 

Leyrer, J., Brown, D., Gerritsen, G., Hötker, H. & Ottvall, R. (compilers). (2018) International Multi-species Action Plan for the Conservation of Breeding Waders in Wet Grassland Habitats in Europe (2018-2028). Report of Action A13 under the framework of Project LIFE EuroSAP (LIFE14 PRE/UK/002). NABU, RSPB, VBN and SOF. (http://www.trackingactionplans.org/SAPTT/downloadDocuments/openDocument?idDocument=61)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Gavia arctica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22697834A132606505. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697834A132606505.en.) Downloaded on 08 July 2019.

De Souza, J.A., Sandoval, A., Barros, A. & Bao, R. Colimbo ártico (Gavia arctica). En SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
Información aportada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Alca torda. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694852A131932615. Downloaded on 09 July 2019.


pressures_source:
Fisher, I., Ashpole, J., Scallan, D., Proud, T. & Carboneras, C. (compilers). (2018). International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the European Turtle-dove Streptopelia turtur (2018 to 2028). European Commission 2018. (http://www.trackingactionplans.org/SAPTT/downloadDocuments/openDocument?idDocument=49)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Castany, J. & López, G. (2006). El carricerín real en España, I Censo Nacional (2005). SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 71 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/6_carricerin_real_2005_tcm30-208090.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Canut, J., García-Ferré, D. & Alfons, I. (2011). Manual de conservación y manejo del hábitat del urogallo pirenaico. Dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, Medio Rural y Marino. Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia, Pesca, Alimentació i Medi Natural. Serie manuales de gestión de especies amenazadas. Madrid. 220pp.

Grupo de Trabajo del urogallo pirenaico (2005). Estrategia para la conservación del urogallo pirenaico (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus) en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 21pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_conserv_urogallo_pirenaico_tcm30-194778.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Rodríguez-Muñoz, R. (2016). Urogallo común – Tetrao urogallus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/teturo.html)


pressures_source:
Máñez, M. & Rendón-Martos, M. (Eds.) (2009). El morito, la espátula y el flamenco en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventariosnacionales/25_morito_espatula_y_flamenco_tcm30-208184.pdf)


pressures_source:
LIFE10 NAT/ES/000563 - HUMEDALES DE LA MANCHA - Restoration of salt flats around 27 endorheic wetland areas in La Mancha (2011-2016). Available in: (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=4056). (http://humedalesdelamancha.es/images/documentos/LAYMAN%20Humedales%20de%20La%20Mancha.pdf)

Robinson, J.A. & Hughes, B. (Compilers). (2006). International Single Species Action
Plan for the Conservation of the Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca. CMS Technical Series No. 12 & AEWA Technical Series No. 7. Bonn, Germany

pressures_info:
El proyecto LIFE Humedales d ela Mancha LIFE10/NAT/E/000563, está sirviendo de medida de conservación para la especie gracias a la restauración del hábitat.


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wpcontent/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-
Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

De la Puente, J. & De la Torre, V. (Eds.). (2015). Abstracts book of the II International Symposium on the Red Kite. Binaced (Huesca, Spain) 2015. Edit Grupo Ornitológico SEO-Monticola & Fondo de Amigos del Buitre.

Molina, B. (Ed.) (2015). El milano real en España. III Censo Nacional. Población invernante y reproductora en 2014 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

pressures_info:
There were reported 1128 Red kites poisoned (18% of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). Furthermore it was the second species more affected by poison of the total reported species. However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Fulica atra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22692913A60023298. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692913/60023298).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Pluvialis apricaria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693727A86551440. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693727A86551440.en)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por ls Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Martínez-Vilalta, A., Máñez, M., Oro, D., García, L. Gaviota picofina (Larus genei). En Madroño, A., González, G. G., & Atienza, J. C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro rojo de las aves de España. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. ISO 690.


pressures_source:
Análisis espacial desarrollado por el Centro de Ciencia y Tecnología Forestal de Cataluña que consiste en una superposición espacial entre los mapas de distribución de las especies y las presiones.together with information about species' vulnerability to every pressure mapped.

BirdLife International. (2016). Aegolius funereus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22689362A93228127. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689362/93228127)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Monticola solitarius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22708286A87933903. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22708286A87933903.en)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Lanius senator (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22705095A118777394. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22705095A118777394.en)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las comunidades autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

pressures_info:
G11: se refiere al silvestrismo, del cual siguen existiendo permisos en algunos lugares de España pese a que está prohibido desde hace años por la Directiva 2009/147/CE del Parlamento Europeo.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Linaria cannabina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22720441A60283081. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22720441/60283081).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

pressures_info:
G10: Según el Real Decreto 1095/1989, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se declaran las especies objeto de caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protección, y las últimas órdenes de veda, el Pardillo común (Linaria cannabina) no es especie cinegética en nuestro país por lo que cualquier captura de individuos se considera caza ilegal.

G11: se refiere al silvestrismo, del cual siguen existiendo permisos en algunos lugares de España pese a que está prohibido desde hace años por la Directiva 2009/147/CE del Parlamento Europeo.


pressures_source:
Álvarez, D. (2015) Análisis de la mortalidad de las poblaciones de cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis) en artes de pesca en la Demarcación Marina Noratlántica. Aplicación 23.06.456D.640. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente (MAGRAMA).

Munilla, I. (2017). Seguimiento y evaluación de las poblaciones reproductoras de cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea), arao común (Uria aalge) y gaviota tridáctila (Rissa tridactyla). Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Ordenación do Territorio. Informe no publicado. 65 pp.

Munilla, I. & Velando, A. (2008). Propuesta técnica del Plan integral de recuperación y conservación de las aves nidificantes en cantiles costeros: Uria aalge, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Rissa tridactyla. Dirección Xeral de Conservación da Natureza, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible. Informe no publicado. 141 pp.

Peón, P., Sánchez-Corominas, T. & Váquez, V. M. (en preparación). El Cormorán moñudo en Asturias. En: El Cormorán moñudo en España (2008-2017). Monografía SEO/BirdLife.


Munilla, I. (2017). Seguimiento y evaluación de las poblaciones reproductoras de cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea), arao común (Uria aalge) y gaviota tridáctila (Rissa tridactyla). Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Ordenación do Territorio. Informe no publicado. 65 pp.

Munilla, I. & Velando, A. (2008). Propuesta técnica del Plan integral de recuperación y conservación de las aves nidificantes en cantiles costeros: Uria aalge, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Rissa tridactyla. Dirección Xeral de Conservación da Natureza, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible. Informe no publicado. 141 pp.

Peón, P., Sánchez-Corominas, T. & Váquez, V. M. (en preparación). El Cormorán moñudo en Asturias. En: El Cormorán moñudo en España (2008-2017). Monografía SEO/BirdLife.

	SEO/BirdLif, (2019). Censo reproductor de cormorán moñudo en España, 2017. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (in prep).

SIGMA S.L. (2017). Seguimiento y evaluación del estado de conservación del Cormorán moñudo en Asturias. Año 2017. Informe elaborado para el Principado de Asturias.

	Velando, A., Barros, A., Moran, P., Romero, R, Munilla, I, & Piorno, V. (2011-2014). El cormorán moñudo y el visón americano en el Parque Nacional de las Islas Atlánticas de Galicia. Proyectos de Investigación en parques nacionales, 2015.

pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern) is the american mink (Neovison vison).

I04 - Problematic native species is the feral cat (Felis silvestris catus).


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)

pressures_info:
Según el Real Decreto 1095/1989, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se declaran las especies objeto de caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protección, y las últimas órdenes de veda, el lagópodo alpino (Lagopus muta pyrenaica) no es especie cinegética en nuestro país por lo que cualquier captura de individuos se considera caza ilegal.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Leyrer, J., Brown, D., Gerritsen, G., Hötker, H. & Ottvall, R. (compilers). (2018) International Multi-species Action Plan for the Conservation of Breeding Waders in Wet Grassland Habitats in Europe (2018-2028). Report of Action A13 under the framework of Project LIFE EuroSAP (LIFE14 PRE/UK/002). NABU, RSPB, VBN and SOF. (http://www.trackingactionplans.org/SAPTT/downloadDocuments/openDocument?idDocument=61)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Accipiter nisus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22695624A60125515. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22695624/60125515).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Melanitta nigra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22724879A132257623. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22724879A132257623.en.) Downloaded on 08 July 2019.

González, F. & Fernández-Calvo, I.C. (2012). Negrón común Melanitta nigra. En: SEO/BirdLife. (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
Dies, J.I., Gutiérrez, R. & Dies, B. Charrán común Sterna hirundo en Madroño, A., González, G.G. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro rojo de las aves de España. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales.
ISO 690

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98. 

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.)


pressures_source:
Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & A. Rodríguez. 2018. Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731. Medina, F.M. 2014. Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.

Ruiz-Suárez, N., Camacho, M., Almeida-González, M., Domínguez, L., Henríquez, L., Zumbado, M. & Pérez Luzardo, O. (2016). Química en el ambiente. Amenaza silenciosa para nuestra fauna. InDiferente 22:26-41.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Bensusan, K.J. & Perez, C.E.   (2003). A Conservation Action Plan for MOD sites in Gibraltar: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. GONHS. 
Cortes, J .E. (1978). Conservation – A Future?  Semi ­ natural Nature Reserve, Gibraltar:  A Management Plan.  Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.  GONHS.
Cortes, J.E, (1996).  Windmill Hill Flats:  a good view of migration across the Straits of Gibraltar.  Almoraima 15:163-184.
Cortes, J.E., Finlayson J.C., Garcia, E.F.J., Mosquera, M.A.J., (1980). The Birds of Gibraltar.  Gibraltar Books. Gibraltar.
Environmental Action & Management Plan (2012). Government of Gibraltar. 
Gibraltar Bird Reports (2006 - 2012). Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society 
Gibraltar Nature News (2006 – 2012). Bi-annual Publication.  Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. 
Nature Protection Act 1991 (2013).
Perez, C.E. (2013). Report on the Conservation of Terrestrial Flora & Fauna in Gibraltar (2012).  Wildlife (Gibraltar) Ltd
Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. J. (2005). Upper Rock Nature Reserve  A Management   and Action. Plan. Gibraltar: The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS).  
Perez, C.E.  (2006). Biodiversity Action   Plan, Gibraltar:  Planning for Nature.  Gibraltar:   Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS). 
Southern Waters of Gibraltar Management Scheme EU Natura 2000 Site (2012).  

Gibraltar: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS). 
Corte s,  J .E.     (1978 )  Conservation  –  A  Future?  Semi ­ natural  Nature  Reserve,  Gibraltar:  A Management Plan.  Gibraltar Ornithological Society. 
Perez, C.E. & Bensusan,  K. J. (2005 ) Upper Rock Nature Reserve .    A Management   and  Action. Plan. Gibraltar: The  Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society  (GONHS). 
Perez,  C.E.  (2006)  Biodiversity  Action   Plan,  Gibraltar:  Planning  for  Nature.  Gibraltar:   Gibraltar Ornithological  & Natural History Society (GONHS).


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834;
Hunting in other countries…?
Bycatch: Ramunas Ornitelalta tutkinut… (esitys, onko viitettä, ehkä 2013)?


pressures_source:
Huntley B., Green R.E, Collingham YC, & Willis S.G. (2007) A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions.

Cornulier, T., Yoccoz, N.G., Bretagnolle, V., Brommer, J.E., Butet, A., Ecke, F., Elston, D.A., Framstad, E., Henttonen, H., Hörnfeldt, B., Huitu, O., Imholt, C., Ims, R.A., Jacob, J., Jedrzejewska, B., Millon, A., Petty, S.J., Pietiäinen, H., Tkadlec, E., Zub, K. & Lambin, X. 2013: Europe-wide dampening of population cycles in keystone herbivores. Science. 2013 Apr 5;340(6128):63-6.


pressures_source:
Finnish archipelago bird census (organized by Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Metsähallitus and Natural Resources Institute Finland Luke).


pressures_source:
Solokha,  A. & Gorokhovski, K.  2017: Vesilintujen metsästyssaalis Venäjällä. – Suomen Riista 63: 43–52. 
Hario, M., Rintala, J. & Nordenswan, G. 2009: Allin aallonpohjat Itämerellä – taustalla öljyvahingot, sopulisyklit vai metsästys? – Suomen Riista 55: 83–96.


pressures_source:
Centre for Economic Development, Transport and the Environment, North Ostrobothnia 2013: The database of threatened species in North Ostrobothnia.

Rauhala, P. 2008: Rantakurvin (Xenus cinereus) esiintymisestä ja suojelumahdollisuuksista Lapin läänissä. - Lapin ympäristökeskuksen raportteja 6/2008. (In Finnish).


pressures_source:
Pessa, J. & Timonen, S. 2011: Kultasirkun yhdeksän vuosikymmentä Pohjois-Pohjanmaalla. - Aureola 31:6-27. (In Finnish).

Kamp, J., Oppel, S., Ananin, A., Durnev, Y., Gashev, S., Hölzel, N., Mishchenko, A., Pessa, J., Smirenski, S., Strelnikov, E., Timonen, S., Wolanska, K. & Chan, S. 2015: Global population collapse in a superabundant migratory bird and illegal trapping in China. - Conservation biology 29(6):1684-1694.


pressures_source:
Pressure F09: Madden, B. & Newton, S.F. 2004. Herring Gull Larus argentatus. Pp. 242-262. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) 2004. Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland. Poyser, London.
Pressure H08: Dunn, E. 1997. Sustainable fisheries and seabirds. RSPB Conservation Review 11: 44-50. Other references cited by Mitchell et al. (2004). Seabird Populations of Britain & Ireland. Poyser, London. CAMPHUYSEN, C.J. 2013. A historical ecology of two closely related gull species (Laridae): multiple adaptations to a man-made environment. PhD thesis, University of Groningen.
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359..


pressures_source:
Pressure N01: Lehikoinen, A., Jaatinen, K., Vahatalo, A.V., Clausen, P., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hearn, R., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Nilsson, L., Langendoen, T., Tomankova, I., Wahl, J. & Fox, A.D. 2013. Rapid climate driven shifts in wintering distributions of three common waterbird species. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12200.
Threat A26: Allen, D., Mellon, C. & Enlander, I. 2004 Factors relating to the wintering population of diving ducks on the Lough Neagh System. Report for EHS CON 2/1 (162), Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd. Belfast. Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds) 2007. The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Tomankova, I., Harrod, C., Fox, T. & Reid, N. 2013. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and macroinvertebrate declines coincident with collapse of overwintering diving duck populations in a large eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 59: 249-256. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fwb.12261/abstract;jsessionid=EF0CABA6D973F84E404E5C8AEA670ACD.f01t03
Threat N01: Lehikoinen, A., Jaatinen, K., Vahatalo, A.V., Clausen, P., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hearn, R., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Nilsson, L., Langendoen, T., Tomankova, I., Wahl, J. & Fox, A.D. 2013. Rapid climate driven shifts in wintering distributions of three common waterbird species. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12200.


pressures_source:
Pressure G10: Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Natural England (2009) A future for the hen harrier in England? Natural England Report No. 140 http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/40030
Threat A09: Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2002. Determining the cause of the Hen Harrier decline on the Orkney Islands: an experimental test of two hypotheses. Animal Conservation 5: 21-28. Amar, A., Redpath, S. & Thirgood, S. 2003. Evidence for food limitation in the declining Hen Harrier population on the Orkney Islands, Scotland. Biological Conservation 111: 374-388. Amar, A., Picozzi, N., Meek, E.R., Redpath, S.M. & Lambin, X. 2005. Decline of the Orkney Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus population: do changes to demographic parameters and mating system fit a declining food hypothesis? Bird Study 52: 18-24. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2005. . Habitat use by Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus on Orkney: implications of land-use change for this declining population. Ibis 147: 37-47. Amar, A., Davies, J., Meek, E., Williams, J., Knight, A. & Redpath, S. 2011. Long-term impact of changes in sheep Ovis aries densities on the breeding output of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 220-227.
Threat G10: Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Natural England (2009) A future for the hen harrier in England? Natural England Report No. 140 http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/40030


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased distribution (Atlas - +70%) and +33% short-term increase in numbers (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. BTO Online, Parkin & Knox 2010; Clements, Rob. The Hobby in Britain: a new population estimate. Brit Birds 94 pp: 204-208 (Sep 2001).
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Atlas shows marked northward expansion in England since the 1970s and although relative abundance has continued to increase and expand, there have been some declines across S, central England to Humberside. No long-term change in either brood size or nest success. Reasons for its increase remain speculative. But could be increase in dragonfly prey, reduction of inorganic pesticide use and reduced persecution, and climate change.
Threat Xxt: Afro-Palearctic migrant


pressures_source:
Pressure L02: Stroud, D.A., Francis, I.S. & Stroud, R.A. (2012). Spotted Crakes breeding in Britain and Ireland: a history and evaluation of current status. British Birds 105: 197-220.
Threat L02: Stroud, D.A., Francis, I.S. & Stroud, R.A. (2012). Spotted Crakes breeding in Britain and Ireland: a history and evaluation of current status. British Birds 105: 197-220.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xp: Expert assessment
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Duriez, O., Ferrand, Y., Buinet, F., Corda, E., Gossmann, F. & Fritz, H. (2005). Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability. Biological Conservation 122: 479-490.
Pressure A14: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A31: Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Duriez, O., Ferrand, Y., Buinet, F., Corda, E., Gossmann, F. & Fritz, H. (2005). Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability. Biological Conservation 122: 479-490.
Pressure B02: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592.
Pressure B04: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Hoodless, A.N. & Hirons, G.J.M. (2007). Habitat selection and foraging behaviour of breeding Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola: a comparison between contrasting landscapes. Ibis 149 (Suppl 2): 234-249.
Pressure I04: Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Hoodless, A.N. & Hirons, G.J.M. (2007). Habitat selection and foraging behaviour of breeding Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola: a comparison between contrasting landscapes. Ibis 149 (Suppl 2): 234-249.
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat A02: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Duriez, O., Ferrand, Y., Buinet, F., Corda, E., Gossmann, F. & Fritz, H. (2005). Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability. Biological Conservation 122: 479-490.
Threat A14: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A31: Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Duriez, O., Ferrand, Y., Buinet, F., Corda, E., Gossmann, F. & Fritz, H. (2005). Habitat selection of the Eurasian woodcock in winter in relation to earthworms availability. Biological Conservation 122: 479-490.
Threat B02: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592.
Threat B04: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592. Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Hoodless, A.N. & Hirons, G.J.M. (2007). Habitat selection and foraging behaviour of breeding Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola: a comparison between contrasting landscapes. Ibis 149 (Suppl 2): 234-249.
Threat I02: Hoodless, A.N. (1995). Studies of West Palearctic birds 195. Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola. British Birds 88: 578-592.
Threat I04: Hoodless, A.N. 2007. Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus. Pp. 653-656. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Hoodless, A.N. & Hirons, G.J.M. (2007). Habitat selection and foraging behaviour of breeding Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola: a comparison between contrasting landscapes. Ibis 149 (Suppl 2): 234-249.

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Pressure A14: Use or wormers in cattle reducing coprophagous invertebrates on grassland
Pressure A31: Drainage/loss of permanaent pastures for foraging.
Pressure B02: Conversion of mixed stands to conifers
Pressure B04: Decline in coppicing
Pressure I04: Increase of woodland grazing by deer
Threat A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Threat A14: Use or wormers in cattle reducing coprophagous invertebrates on grassland
Threat A31: Drainage/loss of permanaent pastures for foraging.
Threat B02: Conversion of mixed stands to conifers
Threat B04: Decline in coppicing
Threat I02: Grazing of woodland by introduced deer species. New Zealand Flatworm may reduce abundance of earthworms
Threat I04: Increase of woodland grazing by deer


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2017). Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2015. British Birds 110: 706-754.
Threat B02: Mason, C.F. 2012. Habitat of territorial Firecrests in Norfolk. British Birds 105: 258-262
Threat B05: Symes, N. & Currie, F. 2005. Woodland management for birds: a guide to managing declining woodland birds in England. The RSPB, Sandy and Forestry Commission England, Cambridge
Threat B09: Symes, N. & Currie, F. 2005. Woodland management for birds: a guide to managing declining woodland birds in England. The RSPB, Sandy and Forestry Commission England, Cambridge

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Strong increase (RBBP). 25 year trend = 1,063%
Threat B02: Conversion of coniferous and mixed woodland to broadleaved woodland or heathland.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: CBC/BBS shows 97% increase 1967-2015


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat G10: RSPB BirdCrime Report https://www.rspb.org.uk/birds-and-wildlife/advice/wildlife-and-the-law/wild-bird-crime/the-birdcrime-report/

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: BBS UK index (+14% during reporting period) increased from mid 1990s since stablised or slightly curvilinear since the early 2000s (BTO BirdTrends). Distribution made striking advances east across all of Britain 1988-1991 to 2009-2011 and over the same period, the increase in its relative breeding abundance was almost ubiquitous (BTO Atlas online). The influence of factors that previously supressed its population and distribution have cleared reduced. Its population index in Europe has been stable since the early 1990s (EBCC).


pressures_source:
Pressure G07: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (compilers). (2012). International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp.
Pressure G10: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (compilers). (2012). International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp.
Pressure L06: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (comps.). 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp. Available at: http://www.unepaewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop5_docs/pdf/mop5_27_draft_ssap_gwfg.pdf. ; Fox, A.D. & Gladher, C.M. 2010. Post-molt distribution and abundance of white-fronted geese and Canada geese in West Greenland in 2007. Polar Research 29: 413-420.
Pressure N03: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (comps.). 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp. Available at: http://www.unepaewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop5_docs/pdf/mop5_27_draft_ssap_gwfg.pdf. ; Boyd, H. & Fox, A.D. 2008. Effects of climate change on the breeding success of White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris in west Greenland. Wildfowl 58: 55-70.
Threat G10: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (compilers). (2012). International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp.
Threat L06: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (comps.). 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp. Available at: http://www.unepaewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop5_docs/pdf/mop5_27_draft_ssap_gwfg.pdf. ; Fox, A.D. & Gladher, C.M. 2010. Post-molt distribution and abundance of white-fronted geese and Canada geese in West Greenland in 2007. Polar Research 29: 413-420.
Threat N03: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (comps.). 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp. Available at: http://www.unepaewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop5_docs/pdf/mop5_27_draft_ssap_gwfg.pdf. ; Boyd, H. & Fox, A.D. 2008. Effects of climate change on the breeding success of White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris in west Greenland. Wildfowl 58: 55-70.
Threat N06: Stroud, D.A., Fox, A.D., Urquhart, C.M. & Francis, I.M. (comps.). 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of the Greenland White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons flavirostris. AEWA Technical Series No. 45. Bonn, Germany. 89 pp. Available at: http://www.unepaewa.org/meetings/en/mop/mop5_docs/pdf/mop5_27_draft_ssap_gwfg.pdf. ; Boyd, H. & Fox, A.D. 2008. Effects of climate change on the breeding success of White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris in west Greenland. Wildfowl 58: 55-70. Fox, A.D., Boyd, H., Walsh, A., Stroud, D.A., Nyeland, J. & Cromie, R.L. (2012). Earlier spring staging in Iceland amongst Greenland White-fronted Geese Anser albifrons flavirostris achieved without cost to refuelling rates. Hydrobiologia 697(1): 103-110.

pressures_info:
Pressure L06: Canada Geese in west Greenland
Threat L06: Canada Geese in west Greenland


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: CBC/BBS indicate 47% increase in population since 1967, though there has been a decline in last 5 years. Atlas shows little change in distribution.
Threat Xxt: CBC/BBS indicate 47% increase in population since 1967, though there has been a decline in last 5 years. Atlas shows little change in distribution.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: irregular occurrence
Threat Xxt: Expert assessment: irregular occurrence


pressures_source:
Pressure G01: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf
Pressure G12: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf
Pressure I02: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf
Threat G01: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf
Threat G12: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf
Threat I02: Arcos, J.M. (compiler) 2011. International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/BirdLife & BirdLife International. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/puffinus_puffinus_mauretanicus.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure G01: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.
Pressure G12: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.
Pressure I02: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.
Threat G01: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.
Threat G12: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.
Threat I02: There is no published evidence relating to pressures or threats for this species in UK waters. UK work has focussed on identifying distribution and hot spots.


pressures_source:
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing and spreading population (BBS - 31% increase in reporting period & Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat D01: Furness, Wade & Masden (2013) Assessing vulnerbility of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 199, 56-66. Huddleston (2010) Understanding the Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms. COWRIE. Newton & Little (2009) Assessment of wind-farm and other bird casualties from carcasses found on a Northumbrian beach over an 11-year period. Bird Study 56, 158-167. Kaiser et al (2006) Distribution and behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra relative to prey resources and environmental parameters. IBIS 148, 110-128.
Threat G12: Kirby et al (1993) Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic conservation: marine ad freshwater ecosystems 3, 105-135.
Threat J02: Kirby et al (1993) Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic conservation: marine ad freshwater ecosystems 3, 105-135. Forrester et al (2007) Birds of Scotland (Vol 1). Hearn et al (2015) International single species action plan for the conservation of the long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis 2016-2025. Bonn: AEWA. Camphuysen et al (2009) Oil pollution and seabirds. Thematic report no. 5.3 In: Marencic & Vlas (Eds) 2009. Quality Status Report 2009. Waddensea Ecosystem No.25.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xp: Increase in range (Atlas) and numbers (WeBS). However, iIt is notoriously difficult to survey seaducks using land based surveys like WeBS and Atlas. Therefore actual trends are unknown at UK level.
Threat D01: Additional information is required. Wind may be more of a concern than other forms of renewables. The lack of proper population estimates hinders monitoring. New offshore wind farm in important Moray Firth and Liverpool Bay wintering areas
Threat G12: Poor understanding of this threat at UK level. Impacts of ghost fishing on seaducks also unknown but may be a pressure/threat, large amounts of ghost gear found in Scapa Flow by the Global Ghost Gear Initiative where internationally important of long-tailed ducks overwinter.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: WWT/JNCC/SNH Goose and Swan Monitoring Programme https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/our-work/goose-swan-monitoring-programme/species-accounts/pink-footed-goose/

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment - increasing population (GSMP)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat N01: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increase in distribution (Atlas)
Threat N01: Increase in distribution (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure F02: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Common Swift Apus apus (Linnaeus). Pp. 938-940. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat F02: Atlas + Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Common Swift Apus apus (Linnaeus). Pp. 938-940. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Regional contraction of range in Ireland


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.; Dougall, T. & Livingstone, I. 2007. White/Pied Wagtail Motacilla alba Linnaeus. Pp. 1041-1047. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability
Pressure A05: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A09: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure K02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure L02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat A05: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A09: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat K02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat L02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure A05: Simplification of agricultural landscapes
Pressure A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and eastern England, and population decline (BBS = - 51% 1995-2015)
Pressure K02: Wetland drainage
Pressure L02: Scrubification of heathland
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat A05: Simplification of agricultural landscapes
Threat A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and eastern England, and population decline (BBS = - 51% 1995-2015)
Threat K02: Wetland drainage
Threat L02: Scrubification of heathland
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Threat A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increase in distribution (Atlas) and numbers (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Aspinall, S., & Aspinall, R. 2011. The Fair Isle Wren: population and territory occupancy, 1950-2010. British Birds 104: 312-324.
Pressure L06: Aspinall, S., & Aspinall, R. 2011. The Fair Isle Wren: population and territory occupancy, 1950-2010. British Birds 104: 312-324.
Threat I02: Aspinall, S., & Aspinall, R. 2011. The Fair Isle Wren: population and territory occupancy, 1950-2010. British Birds 104: 312-324.
Threat L06: Aspinall, S., & Aspinall, R. 2011. The Fair Isle Wren: population and territory occupancy, 1950-2010. British Birds 104: 312-324.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: +29% during reporting period), Atlas shows increase in abundance throughout UK range.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Threat F07: Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Wahl, J., Schwemmer, P., Dries, H., Guse, N., Muller, S. & Garthe, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. GARTHE, S. & FLORE, B-O. 2007. Population trend over 100 years and conservation needs of breeding Sandwich terns (Sterna sandvicensis) on the German North Sea coast. Journal of Ornithology 148: 215-227.
Threat G01: Furness, R.W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 261-269.
Threat G12: Furness, R.W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 261-269. STIENEN, E.W.M., VAN BEERS, P.W.M., BRENNINKMEIJER, A., HABRAKEN, J.M.P.M., RAAIJMAKERS, M.H.J.E. & VAN TIENEN, P.G.M. 2000. Reflections of a specialist: patterns in food provisioning and foraging conditions in Sandwich terns Sterna sandvicensis. Ardea 88: 33-49. GARTHE, S. & FLORE, B-O. 2007. Population trend over 100 years and conservation needs of breeding Sandwich terns (Sterna sandvicensis) on the German North Sea coast. Journal of Ornithology 148: 215-227. MENDEL, B., SONNTAG, N., WAHL, J., SCHWEMMER, P., DRIES, H., GUSE, N., MULLER, S. & GARTHE, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. Barros, A. 2007. Embarcados en Gran Sol. La Garcilla, 130: 15-17. Anderson, ORJ, Small, CJ, Croxall, JP, Dunn, EK, Sullivan, BJ, Yates, O and Black, A. 2011. Global seabird bycatch in longline fisheries. Endangered Species Research 14: 91-106. ICES 2013. Report of the Workshop to Review and Advise on Seabird Bycatch (WKBYCS), 14-18 October 2013, Denmark. ICES CM 2013/ACOM:77. 79pp.
Threat I02: Mitchell, P.I. & Ratcliffe, N. 2007. Abundance & distribution of seabirds on UK islands - the impact of invasive mammals. In: Proceedings of the conference on Tackling the problem of invasive alien mammals on seabird colonies - Strategic approaches and practical experience. Edinburgh 2007. The National Trust for Scotland, Royal Zoological Society of Scotland and Central Science Laboratory.
Threat L06: Smith, A.J.M. 2007. Sandwich Tern Sterna sandvicensis Latham. Pp. 818-821. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased breeding distribution ( 11%, Atlas) and increasing population (+13%, SMP 1998/2002 - 2015)
Threat F07: We don't see many consequences of tern colony disturbance by humans only because significant measures are taken by site managers to minimise these effects. Resource for this is often under pressure however, so it should not be overlooked. As a result, case studies tend to be older, e.g. Banc d'Arguin in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known


pressures_source:
Pressure L02: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Pressure N04: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat A33: Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat L02: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat N04: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: WWT/JNCC/SNH Goose and Swan Monitoring Programme https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/our-work/goose-swan-monitoring-programme/species-accounts/greenland-barnacle-goose/
Threat Xxt: WWT/JNCC/SNH Goose and Swan Monitoring Programme https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/our-work/goose-swan-monitoring-programme/species-accounts/greenland-barnacle-goose/

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing population (GSMP)
Threat Xxt: Expert assessment: increasing population (GSMP)


pressures_source:
Pressure A01: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure A02: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure A03: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure A06: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure A10: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure A17: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf
Pressure A31: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Pressure B01: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Sheldon, R.D. 2012. Factors affecting the distribution, abundance and chick survival of the Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). PhD thesis, The Open University. Sheldon, R., Bolton, M., Gillings, S. & Wilson, A. 2004. Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UK. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 41-49. Bertholdt, N.P., Gill, J.A., Laidlaw, R.A. & Smart, J. 2017. Landscape effects on nest site selection and nest succcess of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in lowland wet grassland. Bird Study 64: 30-36.
Pressure L06: Kirby, J., Giles, N., Davidson, N.C., Owen, M. & Spray, C. (2004). Waterbirds and Wetland Recreation Handbook. A Review of Issues and Management Practice. WWT, Slimbridge. Mason, L., Smart, J. & Drewitt, A. 2018. Tracking day and night provides insights into the importance of different wader chick predators. Ibis 160: 71-88.
Threat A01: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Threat A02: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Threat A03: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf
Threat A06: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Threat A10: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Threat A17: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Sheldon, R., Bolton, M., Gillings, S. & Wilson, A. 2004. Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UK. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 41-49.
Threat A31: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26. Martin, D., Fraser, M.D., Pakeman, R.J. & Moffat, A.M. 2013. Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - Impact of moorland grazing and stocking rates. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 006.
Threat L06: Kirby, J., Giles, N., Davidson, N.C., Owen, M. & Spray, C. (2004). Waterbirds and Wetland Recreation Handbook. A Review of Issues and Management Practice. WWT, Slimbridge. Mason, L., Smart, J. & Drewitt, A. 2018. Tracking day and night provides insights into the importance of different wader chick predators. Ibis 160: 71-88. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Sheldon, R., Bolton, M., Gillings, S. & Wilson, A. 2004. Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UK. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 41-49. Bertholdt, N.P., Gill, J.A., Laidlaw, R.A. & Smart, J. 2017. Landscape effects on nest site selection and nest succcess of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus in lowland wet grassland. Bird Study 64: 30-36.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure A01: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Pressure A02: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Pressure A03: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Pressure A06: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Pressure A10: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Pressure A17: Fewer winter visitors because of short-stopping
Pressure A31: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Pressure B01: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A01: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Threat A02: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Threat A06: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Threat A10: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Threat A17: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A31: Any change in agriculture/landuse practice that results in: a reduction in invertebrate prey, an increase in predators, a reduction in suitability of nesting habitat (including too wet/too dry). Land drainage dries out breeding habitat, also reducing invertebrate availability and changing habitat structure.
Threat L06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat N01: As well as impacting range, direct threats from climate change such as wetter weather in spring are affecting populations.


pressures_source:
Pressure A03: Wilson, A.M., Vickery, J.A., Brown, A., Langston, R.H.W., Smallshire, D., Wotton, S. & Vanhinsbergh, D. 2005. Changes in the numbers of breeding waders on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales between 1982 and 2002. Bird Study 52: 55-69. Robinson, R.A., Leech, D.I., Massimino, D., Woodward, I., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., and Baillie, S.R. (2016) BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends (https://app.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=redsh&year=2016) [Accessed: 11 August 2017]
Pressure A06: Norris, K., Cook, T., O'Dowd, B & Durdin, C. 1997. The Density of Redshank Tringa totanus Breeding on the Salt-Marshes of the Wash in Relation to Habitat and Its Grazing Management. Journal of Animal Ecology 34:999-1013
Pressure A09: Brindley, E., Norris, K., Cook, T., Babbs, S., Forster-Browne, C. & Yaxley, R. (1998) The abundance and conservation status of redshank (Tringa totanus) nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain. Biological Conservation 86: 289-297. Norris, K., Brindley, E., Cook, T., Babbs, S., Forster-Brown, C. & Yaxley, R. (1998) Is the density of Redshank Tringa totanus nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain declining due to changes in grazing management? Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 621-634.
Pressure I02: Jackson, D. & Green, R.E. 2000. The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland. Biological Conservation 93: 333-348. Burton, N.H.K. & Fuller, R.J. 1999. A Review of the Status and Population Trends of Ground-nesting Birds Vulnerable to Mink Predation in Lewis and Harris. BTO Research Report 230. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford.
Pressure L06: Fuller, R.J. 2000. Relationship between recent changes in lowland British agriculture and farmland bird populations: an overview. Pp. 5-16. In: Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V., & Vickery, J.A. (eds). Ecology and conservation of lowland farmland birds. Proceedings of the 1999 BOU Spring Conference. BOU, Tring.
Threat A03: Wilson, A.M., Vickery, J.A., Brown, A., Langston, R.H.W., Smallshire, D., Wotton, S. & Vanhinsbergh, D. 2005. Changes in the numbers of breeding waders on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales between 1982 and 2002. Bird Study 52: 55-69. Robinson, R.A., Leech, D.I., Massimino, D., Woodward, I., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., and Baillie, S.R. (2016) BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends (https://app.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=redsh&year=2016) [Accessed: 11 August 2017]
Threat A06: Norris, K., Cook, T., O'Dowd, B & Durdin, C. 1997. The Density of Redshank Tringa totanus Breeding on the Salt-Marshes of the Wash in Relation to Habitat and Its Grazing Management. Journal of Animal Ecology 34:999-1013
Threat A09: Brindley, E., Norris, K., Cook, T., Babbs, S., Forster-Browne, C. & Yaxley, R. (1998) The abundance and conservation status of redshank (Tringa totanus) nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain. Biological Conservation 86: 289-297. Norris, K., Brindley, E., Cook, T., Babbs, S., Forster-Brown, C. & Yaxley, R. (1998) Is the density of Redshank Tringa totanus nesting on saltmarshes in Great Britain declining due to changes in grazing management? Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 621-634.
Threat A23: Fuller, R.J. 2000. Relationship between recent changes in lowland British agriculture and farmland bird populations: an overview. Pp. 5-16. In: Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V., & Vickery, J.A. (eds). Ecology and conservation of lowland farmland birds. Proceedings of the 1999 BOU Spring Conference. BOU, Tring.
Threat I02: Burton, N.H.K. & Fuller, R.J. 1999. A Review of the Status and Population Trends of Ground-nesting Birds Vulnerable to Mink Predation in Lewis and Harris. BTO Research Report 230. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Jackson, D. & Green, R.E. 2000. The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland. Biological Conservation 93: 333-348
Threat L06: Fuller, R.J. 2000. Relationship between recent changes in lowland British agriculture and farmland bird populations: an overview. Pp. 5-16. In: Aebischer, N.J., Evans, A.D., Grice, P.V., & Vickery, J.A. (eds). Ecology and conservation of lowland farmland birds. Proceedings of the 1999 BOU Spring Conference. BOU, Tring.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure A03: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Pressure A06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Pressure A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Pressure I02: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Pressure L06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat A03: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat A06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat A23: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat I02: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat L06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland
Threat N01: Regional contraction of range in Ireland


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Stable numbers (WeBS)
Threat Xxt: Stable numbers (WeBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure B04: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.; Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Pressure Xu: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat B04: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.; Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure B04: Cessation of coppice management in broadleaf woodlands
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Pressure Xu: Regional contraction of range in eastern England but non-significant decline in abundance (BBS)
Threat B04: Cessation of coppice management in broadleaf woodlands
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Pressure B04: Fuller, R.J., Henderson, A.C.B. & Wilson, A.M. 1999. The Nightingale in England - problems and prospects. British Wildlife 9: 221-230.
Pressure I01: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286.
Pressure I04: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A.R., Baillie, S.R., Fuller, R.J. (2012) Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. J. Applied Ecology 49, 278-286
Pressure N02: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat B04: Fuller, R.J., Henderson, A.C.B. & Wilson, A.M. 1999. The Nightingale in England - problems and prospects. British Wildlife 9: 221-230.
Threat I04: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A.R., Baillie, S.R., Fuller, R.J. (2012) Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. J. Applied Ecology 49, 278-286
Threat N02: Ockendon, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. (2012) Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement, Bird Study, 59:2, 111-125
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure I01: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Reeve's Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi via likely impacts on understorey vegetation
Pressure I04: Atlas shows range contraction.
Pressure N02: Also changes to habitat as result of land management activities
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat N02: Also changes to habitat as result of land management activities
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Rare breeder
Threat Xxt: Rare breeder


pressures_source:
Pressure A06: Flade, M. & Lachmann, L. 2008. International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/acrocephalus_paludicola.pdf
Pressure A07: Flade, M. & Lachmann, L. 2008. International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/acrocephalus_paludicola.pdf
Pressure K04: Flade, M. & Lachmann, L. 2008. International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/acrocephalus_paludicola.pdf
Pressure L04: Flade, M. & Lachmann, L. 2008. International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/acrocephalus_paludicola.pdf
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment. Numbers occurring on passage largely depend on conditions on breeding ground
Threat L02: Flade, M. & Lachmann, L. 2008. International Species Action Plan for the Aquatic Warbler Acrocephalus paludicola. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/acrocephalus_paludicola.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure A06: Pressure acting outside UK on breeding areas
Pressure A07: Pressure acting outside UK on breeding areas
Pressure K04: Pressure acting outside UK on breeding areas
Pressure L04: Pressure acting outside UK on breeding areas


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing popuation (BBS: +18% during reporting period)


pressures_source:
Pressure G10: Carss, D.N. 1994. Killing of piscivorous birds at Scottish fin fish farms, 1984-1987. Biological Conservation 68: 181-188. Carss, D. & Murray, R. 2007. Atlantic Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). Pp. 400-403. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. DEFRA 2013. Review of fish eating birds policy. Evidence summary. 83 pp. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224186/pb13972-fish-eating-birds-evidence-130719.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Tasker, M.L. 2007. Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). Pp. 389-392. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Tony W.J. Bicknell , James B. Reid & Stephen C. Votier (2009) Probable predation of Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa eggs by St Kilda Field Mice Apodemus sylvaticus hirtensis , Bird Study, 56:3, 419-422, DOI: 10.1080/00063650903216618; US Fish & Wildlife Service 2013 Revised draft Environmental Impact Statement South Fallaron Islands Invasive House Mouse Eradication Project, San Francisco Bay National Wildlife Refuge Complex
Pressure L06: Tasker, M.L. 2007. Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). Pp. 389-392. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Newson, S.E. et al. 2008. Population decline of Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa within the largest colony in Britain and Ireland. Seabird 21: 77-84. Votier, S.C., Crane, J.E., Bearhop, S., de Leon, A., McSorley, C.A., Minguez, E., Mitchell, I.P., Parsons, M., Phillips, R.A. & Furness, R.W. 2006. Nocturnal foraging by Great Skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of Storm-petrel populations. Journal of Ornithology 147: 405-413. Miles, W.T.S., Parsons, M., Close, A.J., Luxmore, R. & Furness, R.W. 2013. Predator-avoidance behaviour in a nocturnal petrel exposed to a novel predator. Ibis 155: 16-31. MILES, W.T.S., PARSONS, M., CLOSE, A.J., LUXMOORE, R. & Furness, R.W. 2013. Predator-avoidance behaviour in a nocturnal petrel exposed to a novel predator. Ibis 155: 16-31.
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat I02: Tasker, M.L. 2007. Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). Pp. 389-392. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat L06: Tasker, M.L. 2007. Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa (Vieillot). Pp. 389-392. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Newson, S.E. et al. 2008. Population decline of Leach's Storm-petrel Oceanodroma leucorhoa within the largest colony in Britain and Ireland. Seabird 21: 77-84. Votier, S.C., Crane, J.E., Bearhop, S., de Leon, A., McSorley, C.A., Minguez, E., Mitchell, I.P., Parsons, M., Phillips, R.A. & Furness, R.W. 2006. Nocturnal foraging by Great Skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of Storm-petrel populations. Journal of Ornithology 147: 405-413. Miles, W.T.S., Parsons, M., Close, A.J., Luxmore, R. & Furness, R.W. 2013. Predator-avoidance behaviour in a nocturnal petrel exposed to a novel predator. Ibis 155: 16-31. MILES, W.T.S., PARSONS, M., CLOSE, A.J., LUXMOORE, R. & Furness, R.W. 2013. Predator-avoidance behaviour in a nocturnal petrel exposed to a novel predator. Ibis 155: 16-31.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure I02: Species is largely restricted to islands without mammalian predators. Often mice are present, but these may also be causing declines
Pressure L06: Predation by Great Skua
Threat I02: Species is largely restricted to islands without mammalian predators. Often mice are present, but these may also be causing declines


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: +10% during reporting period) and increased range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: stable during reporting period) and increased range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure L02: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Pressure N04: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat A33: Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat L02: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N04: Gilbert, G., Brown, A.F. & Wotton, S.R. 2010. Current dynamics and predicted vulnerability to sea-level rise of a threatened Bittern Botaurus stellaris population. Ibis 152: 580-589. Wotton S., Brown A., Burn A., Cunningham R., Dodd A., Droy N., Gilbert G., Rees S., White G. & Gregory R. (2009) Boom or bust - a sustainable future for reedbeds and Bitterns? British Wildlife, June 2009 305-315. Brown A., Gilbert G. & Wotton S. (2012) Bitterns and Bittern Conservation in the UK. British Birds 105: 58-87.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increase in distribution (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.
Pressure A03: Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.
Pressure A21: Combreau, O., Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Maghnouj, M. (2001). Seasonal variation in the diet of the common quail (Coturnix c. coturnix) along the Atlantic side of its range. Game and Wildlife Science 18: 343-362.
Pressure G08: Deregnaucourt, S., Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Aebischer, N.J. (2002). Hybridization between European Quail Coturnix coturnix and Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica. Ardea 90: 15-21. Barilani, M., Deregnaucourt, S., Gallego, S., Galli, L., Mucci, N., Piombo, R., Puigcerver, M., Rimondi, S., Rodriguez-Teijeiro, J.D., Spano, S. & Randi, E. (2005). Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations. Biological Conservation 126: 445-455. Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.
Threat A02: Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.
Threat A03: Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.
Threat A21: Combreau, O., Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Maghnouj, M. (2001). Seasonal variation in the diet of the common quail (Coturnix c. coturnix) along the Atlantic side of its range. Game and Wildlife Science 18: 343-362.
Threat G08: Deregnaucourt, S., Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Aebischer, N.J. (2002). Hybridization between European Quail Coturnix coturnix and Japanese Quail Coturnix japonica. Ardea 90: 15-21. Barilani, M., Deregnaucourt, S., Gallego, S., Galli, L., Mucci, N., Piombo, R., Puigcerver, M., Rimondi, S., Rodriguez-Teijeiro, J.D., Spano, S. & Randi, E. (2005). Detecting hybridization in wild (Coturnix c. coturnix) and domesticated (Coturnix c. japonica) quail populations. Biological Conservation 126: 445-455. Guyomarc'h, J.-C. & Perennou, C. (2009). European Union Management Plan: Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. Technical Report 032, European Commission, Brussels.

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Grassland cut too frequently to allow reproduction. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Pressure A03: Polarisation of farming at regional scale. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Pressure A21: Direct and indirect effect of pesticides. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Pressure G08: Hybridization with summer releases of C. c. japonica for dog training and shooting
Threat A02: Grassland cut too frequently to allow reproduction. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Threat A03: Polarisation of farming at regional scale. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Threat A21: Direct and indirect effect of pesticides. Wide location because UK Quail numbers vary in relation to breeding further south.
Threat G08: Hybridization with summer releases of C. c. japonica for dog training and shooting


pressures_source:
Pressure A33: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Wood, A.D. 2007. Water Rail Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. Pp. 515-518. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure K02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Wood, A.D. 2007. Water Rail Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. Pp. 515-518. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A31: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Wood, A.D. 2007. Water Rail Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. Pp. 515-518. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A33: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Wood, A.D. 2007. Water Rail Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. Pp. 515-518. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat K02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Wood, A.D. 2007. Water Rail Rallus aquaticus Linnaeus. Pp. 515-518. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: -22.5% short-term decline: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat Xt: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Sheldon, R.D. 2012. Factors affecting the distribution, abundance and chick survival of the Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus). PhD thesis, The Open University. Sheldon, R., Bolton, M., Gillings, S. & Wilson, A. 2004. Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UK. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 41-49.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Sheldon, R., Bolton, M., Gillings, S. & Wilson, A. 2004. Conservation management of Lapwing Vanellus vanellus on lowland arable farmland in the UK. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 41-49.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term decrease of -13%. Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment - increasing occurrence (RBBP)
Threat Xxt: Expert assessment - increasing occurrence (RBBP)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.
Threat L02: O'Brien, M. & Smith, M. 2007. Red-necked Phalarope Phalaropus lobatus (Linnaeus). Pp. 715-718. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure A05: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A13: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure B01: Knowler, J.T. 2007. Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). Pp. 925-928. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A05: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A13: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat B01: Knowler, J.T. 2007. Short-eared Owl Asio flammeus (Pontoppidan). Pp. 925-928. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure A05: In uplands, loss of semni-natural habitats; in lowlands loss of rough grassland and linear strips along ditches and field margins
Pressure A13: In uplands, loss of semni-natural habitats; in lowlands loss of rough grassland and linear strips along ditches and field margins
Threat A05: In uplands, loss of semni-natural habitats; in lowlands loss of rough grassland and linear strips along ditches and field margins
Threat A13: In uplands, loss of semni-natural habitats; in lowlands loss of rough grassland and linear strips along ditches and field margins


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Essentially stable distribution, small decline in abundance (BBS). +8% increase in range (Atlas 1988/91 to 2008/11); non-significant - 17% (-39% to +32%) decrease in numbers (1995 to 2014)
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: CBC/ BBS UK index trend stable since late 1980s and -/+ same in each country (BTO BirdTrends), with the exception of the Welsh uplands (BTO Atlas where a decline occurred 1994-1996 to 2007-2009. Anecdotally, persecution may be a factor. Modest declines more widespread during 1988-1991 to 2007-2011, noted in SW England, Wales, Midlands to NE England, causes unknown. Its population index in Europe has been stable since 2000 (EBCC, contra BTO BirdTrends).
Threat Xxt: Generalist feeding habits means species can make use of urban and intensive farmed habitats.


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol. Freeman, S. N., Robinson, R. A., Clark, J. A., Griffin B. M. and Adams, S. Y. (2007), Changing demography and population decline in the Common Starling Sturnus vulgaris: a multisite approach to Integrated Population Monitoring. Ibis, 149: 587-596.
Pressure A14: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Pressure A20: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Pressure F02: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Threat A09: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Threat A14: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Threat A20: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.
Threat F02: Crick, H.Q.P., Robinson, R.A. & Siriwardena, G.M. (2002) Causes of the population declines: summary and recommendations. In H.Q.P. Crick, R.A. Robinson, G.F. Appleton, N.A. Clark & A.D. Rickard (eds) Investigation into the causes of the decline of Starlings and House Sparrows in Great Britain. BTO Research Report No 290, pp 265-292. DEFRA, Bristol.

pressures_info:
Pressure A09: Starling numbers affected by lack of insect food in pastoral areas, caused in part by intensification of grazing management.
Pressure A14: Use of vetinerary anti-parasitic drugs, eg Ivermectin, reduces invertebrates in dung. Starlings will feed on above-ground invertebrates at times of frost or drought, so a decline in this food source may affect survival when birds are already stressed. Tendancy to keep cattle indoors may also have reduced foraging opportunities for starlings.
Pressure A20: Whilst moderate application of fertiliser will generally increase soil invertebrates, fertiliser use is generally unfavourable as it creates a sward that is more difficult for starlings to forage in.
Pressure F02: Precise causes of declines in urban areas are unclear. BBS records high densities of birds, but nesting attempts produce fewer young than rural situations. General urbanisation effects may be contributing to starling declines in towns.
Threat A09: Starling numbers affected by lack of insect food in pastoral areas, caused in part by intensification of grazing management.
Threat A14: Use of vetinerary anti-parasitic drugs, eg Ivermectin, reduces invertebrates in dung. Starlings will feed on above-ground invertebrates at times of frost or drought, so a decline in this food source may affect survival when birds are already stressed. Tendancy to keep cattle indoors may also have reduced foraging opportunities for starlings.


pressures_source:
Pressure I04: Lawson, B., Robinson, R.A., Colvile, K.M., Peck, K.M., Chantrey, J., Pennycott, T.W., Simpson, V.R., Toms, M.P. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012b) The emergence and spread of finch trichomonosis in the British Isles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367: 2852-2863. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0130
Threat I04: Lawson, B., Robinson, R.A., Colvile, K.M., Peck, K.M., Chantrey, J., Pennycott, T.W., Simpson, V.R., Toms, M.P. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012b) The emergence and spread of finch trichomonosis in the British Isles. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 367: 2852-2863. doi: 10.1098/rstb.2012.0130

pressures_info:
Pressure I04: Steep decline in population since 2005 due to outbreak of trichomonosis. Lawson et al states that this decline due to disease is continuing.
Threat I04: Steep decline in population since 2005 due to outbreak of trichomonosis. Lawson et al states that this decline due to disease is continuing.


pressures_source:
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Pressure B02: Eaton et al (2015), Balmer et al (2013). BOCC4 review classified Lesser Redpoll as red (codes BDp1 and BDp2) due to 64% and 83% severe declines in its UK breeding population over a 25 year period and long-term since 1969 (Eaton et al. 2015). It has also withdrawn from large areas of lowland England (Balmer et al 2013). Drivers are decreasing survival and productivity (BTO online).
Pressure B27: (Hewton et al 2008, BTO Research Report No.490)
Threat B02: Eaton et al (2015), Balmer et al (2013). BOCC4 review classified Lesser Redpoll as red (codes BDp1 and BDp2) due to 64% and 83% severe declines in its UK breeding population over a 25 year period and long-term since 1969 (Eaton et al. 2015). It has also withdrawn from large areas of lowland England (Balmer et al 2013). Drivers are decreasing survival and productivity (BTO online).
Threat B27: (Hewton et al 2008, BTO Research Report No.490)

pressures_info:
Pressure B27: Change from coniferous to broadleaf forestry, woodland maturity and climate change have contributed to decline in birch trees Betula spp. to which redpolls are ecologically linked.
Threat B27: Change from coniferous to broadleaf forestry, woodland maturity and climate change have contributed to decline in birch trees Betula spp. to which redpolls are ecologically linked.


pressures_info:
Species has increased in numbers and has favourable conservation status. Currently no major pressures affecting the  population


pressures_info:
Very small non-breeding population in the Netherlands, partly concerning escaped birds.


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), van Diermen et al. (2016), BirdLife International (2018), Sovon

pressures_info:
outside member state: Hunting during migration, deforestation in winter areas.


pressures_source:
Foppen et al. (2016), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018), Buij et al. (2018), van der Hut et al. (2008), https://www.sovon.nl/nl/soort/2600, van Bruggen et al. (2011), van Kleunen et al. (2017)


pressures_source:
van Kleunen et al. (2017), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018), Buij et al. (2018)


pressures_info:
Species has increased in numbers as winter bird and has a favourable conservation status. No pressures known.


pressures_source:
van Kleunen et al. (2017), Foppen et al. (2016), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018)


pressures_source:
Species' numbers have declined recently, cause unclear. There might be a relation with fish stocks.

pressures_info:
Species' numbers have declined recently, cause unclear. There might be a relation with fish stocks.


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), Krijgsveld et al. (2008), Kats (2007)


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), van Kleunen et al. (2017), van de Pol et al. (2010), species experts


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), van der Winden et al. (2017), Sovon, species experts


pressures_source:
MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L.R., J. A. Ramos, R. W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319-328.

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos J. A., Monteiro L. R., Sola E., Moniz Z. (1997) Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641.; J. Bried, Universidade dos Açores, Informação não publicada.

pressures_info:
L06 Interspecific faunal and floral relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) - Esta pressão/ameaça inclui predação por gaivotas ou aves errantes, competição por ninhos com outros Procellariformes, em particular os cagarros. 

I02 - other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern): Os mamíferos introduzidos exerceram um elevado impacto sobre os Procellariiformes dos Açores, estando agora a maioria restrita a alguns ilhéus onde não existem mamíferos introduzidos como as ratazanas. A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está também restrita devido à presença de invasoras na zona costeira das ilhas, incluindo a destruição de habitat por plantas invasoras como canas, roca e chorão, entre outras.

I04 Problematic native species - A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está praticamente restrita a ilhéus na maioria das espécies de pequenos Procellariformes devido ao forte impacto de predadores como cães, gatos, furões. Esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos e destruição de habitat pelos coelhos, cabras, eventualmente vacas.

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F24 e F25 – poluição luminosa proveniente de zonas residenciais, recreativas (como estádios e campos desportivos), comerciais e industriais (como portos, painéis luminosos, etc.); a população concentra-se nas ilhas das Flores e Corvo, onde há registos consideráveis de quedas de juvenis na época de saída do ninho, havendo uma campanha SOS Estapagado, dedicada ao salvamento desta espécie na ilha do Corvo..

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (proveniente de dentro e fora da UE, pois o estudo de Pieper et al. (2019) estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa: grandes navios costeiros e oceânicos e outras fontes de larga escala)

L01 - Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover - perda de habitat com origem em processos físicos, erosão, colapso de ninhos, derrocadas

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2004. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 2 - Tetraonidae-Scolopacidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2007. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 4 - Apodidae-Prunellidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2015. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 9 - Emberizidae-Icteridae. Aggiornamenti  e Check-list. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2003. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 1 - Gaviidae-Falconidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P & Fracasso G., 2006. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 3 - Stercorariidae-Caprimulgidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2008. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 5 - Turdidae-Cisticolidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2011. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 7 - Paridae-Corvidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2013. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 8 - Sturnidae-Fringillidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


sub_unit:
[including degener, hedwigii, ombriosus, palmensis and ultramarinus]


pressures_source:
Andreotti A. (a cura di), 2001 - Piano d’azione nazionale per il Pollo sultano (Porphyrio porphyrio). Quad. Cons. Natura, 8, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica.

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766; Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; Asclepias syriaca L.; Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782;


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2006. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 3 - Stercorariidae-Caprimulgidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_source:
Brambilla M., Pedrini P. 2014. Linee guida per la conservazione di specie focali di interesse comunitario- Specie ornitiche degli ambienti prativi.LIFE+T.E.N - Azione A8, 26 pp.


pressures_source:
[1] MP for oil-shale 2016-2030.
[2] Breeding bird survey of mires. 2016. http://seire.keskkonnainfo.ee/attachments/article/3885/soolind2016.pdf

pressures_info:
Estonias most important ptarmigan breeding habitats (Puhatu mire) are strongly affected by oil-shale mining and its long-term consequences to water regime of the mire complex of Puhatu.


pressures_source:
Bensusan, K.J. & Perez, C.E.   (2003). A Conservation Action Plan for MOD sites in Gibraltar: Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. GONHS. 
Cortes, J .E. (1978). Conservation – A Future?  Semi ­ natural Nature Reserve, Gibraltar:  A Management Plan.  Gibraltar Ornithological and Natural History Society.  GONHS.
Cortes, J.E, (1996).  Windmill Hill Flats:  a good view of migration across the Straits of Gibraltar.  Almoraima 15:163-184.
Cortes, J.E., Finlayson J.C., Garcia, E.F.J., Mosquera, M.A.J., (1980). The Birds of Gibraltar.  Gibraltar Books. Gibraltar.
Environmental Action & Management Plan (2012). Government of Gibraltar. 
Gibraltar Bird Reports (2006 - 2012). Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society 
Gibraltar Nature News (2006 – 2012). Bi-annual Publication.  Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society. 
Nature Protection Act 1991 (2013).
Perez, C.E. (2013). Report on the Conservation of Terrestrial Flora & Fauna in Gibraltar (2012).  Wildlife (Gibraltar) Ltd
Perez, C.E. & Bensusan, K. J. (2005). Upper Rock Nature Reserve  A Management   and Action. Plan. Gibraltar: The Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS).  
Perez, C.E.  (2006). Biodiversity Action   Plan, Gibraltar:  Planning for Nature.  Gibraltar:   Gibraltar Ornithological & Natural History Society (GONHS). 
Southern Waters of Gibraltar Management Scheme EU Natura 2000 Site (2012).


pressures_info:
D01 - it is being addressed by consistent implementation of appropriate assessment.


pressures_info:
D01 - It is being addressed by consistent implementation of appropriate assessment


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.

pressures_info:
B07, B08, B09, B15 - It is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Kmecl P., Šumrada T. (2018): Monitoring splošno razširjenih vrst ptic za dolocitev slovenskega indeksa ptic kmetijske krajine - koncno porocilo za leto 2018. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K., Kmecl P., Domanjko G., Denac D. (2017): Trendi ptic kmetijske krajine na Gorickem. Acrocephalus 38 (174/175): 127–159.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy László (szerk.) (1998, 2000)- Magyarország madarai. 328-329 p.
Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter Fair, Balmazújváros - Szeged. 2004. 484-485 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 616-619.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 518-521.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 612-615.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 515-517.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (1984): Magyarország fészkelo madarai. Natura, Budapest. 87-88 p.
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 152-153 p. 
Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter Fair, Balmazújváros - Szeged. 2004. 302-304 p.


pressures_source:
http://www.mme.hu/szalakota
http://rollerproject.eu/en/node 
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 527.
National park directorates' databases
Consultation with national experts.


pressures_source:
Expert opinions
Gábor Kovács – Zsolt Végvári – Attila Szilágyi (2005): Habitat selection and conservation of the
Aquatic Warbler in Hungary. Study presented at Aquatic Warbler International Conference, 18-20 August 2005, Palencia, Spain.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy László (szerk.) (1984)- Magyarország madarai; 85-86 p.
Haraszthy László (1998, 2000) - Magyarország madarai; 162 p.
Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter Fair, Balmazújváros - Szeged. 2004. 315-317 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 502-505.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 506-508.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 587-589.


pressures_source:
Hámori Dániel, Csörgo Tibor (szerk, 2017): Magyarországon eloforduló bagolyfajok határozása és gyakorlati természetvédelme, Herman Ottó Intézet, 46-47. o.
Consultation with national experts. 
National park directorates' databases


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 627-628.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 629-632.


pressures_info:
Due to the irregularity of the species' occurrence, no serious pressures, threats or conservation measures can be identified.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (1984): Magyarország fészkelo madarai. Natura, Budapest. 84-85 p.
Haraszthy László- Magyarország madarai; (1998,2000)  156-157 p.
Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter Fair, Balmazújváros - Szeged. 2004. 308-309 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 441 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 538-540.
Pongrácz Á. & Horváth M. (2012): Javaslat a fokozottan védett ragadozómadár- és bagolyfajok, valamint a fekete gólya fészkelohelyei körül alkalmazandó idobeni és területi korlátozásokra. Heliaca 8: 104-107.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 624-626.


pressures_source:
Based on field observations and experts' opinion


pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Neogobius melanostomus


pressures_info:
B29 - Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry: Disturbance caused by forestry during the breeding season.


pressures_source:
Strazds M., Kerus V. (2017). [Action Plan fot the Hazel Grouse (Bonasa bonasia) in Latvia for the period 2017.–2026.] (in Latvian). Latvian Ornithological society: https://www.daba.gov.lv/upload/File/DOC/SAP_mezirbe_17_LV.pdf

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Nyctereutes procyonoides Gray, 1834;
B29 - Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry: Disturbance caused by forestry during the breeding season.
L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens): Predation: Vulpes Vulpes, Martes martes, Meles meles, Sus scrofa.
B02 - Conversion to other types of forests including monocultures: The proportion of spruce stands.
G09 - Harvesting or collecting of other wild plants and animals (excluding hunting and leisure fishing): Berry picking.


pressures_source:
Expert: Andris Avotinš jun., avotins.puces@gmail.com

pressures_info:
L07: Refers to the disappearance of the dynamics of small mammalian populations


pressures_info:
As pressões e ameaças estão relacionadas com a saída do seu habitat natural (floresta) para zonas de agricultura ou humanizadas.


pressures_source:
Oliveira, P. & Menezes, D. 2004. Aves do Arquipélago da Madeira. Serviço do Parque Natural da Madeira


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98. 

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366).


pressures_source:
Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98. 

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366)


pressures_source:
Two data sources: (1) data gathered by The General Directorate for Environmental Protection from authorities supervising the Natura 2000 areas; (2)  knowlege of experts from Polish Society for the Protection of Birds (OTOP) / BirdLife Poland contracted by Chief Inspectorate of Environmental Protection


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. – DOPPS, Ljubljana.

pressures_info:
B06, D01 - It is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Geister I. (ed.) (1995): Ornitološki atlas Slovenije. – DZS, Ljubljana.


pressures_info:
B15 - It is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_info:
B09 - It is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Denac K. (2017): Pisana penica Sylvia nisoria. Str. 135-144. V: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Pisana penica Sylvia nisoria. Str. 173-178. V: Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.


pressures_info:
B07, B08, B15 - It is being addressed on management planning level .


pressures_info:
F07 - Potential pressure/threat is controlled by protected area management


pressures_info:
C02, F07 - Potential pressure/threat is controlled by protected area management


pressures_info:
E01 - It is being addressed by consistent implementation of appropriate assessment


pressures_info:
Removal of large beech tree, change of harvesting age
Disturbance of nests


pressures_source:
International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis. AEWA Technical Series No. 57.


pressures_source:
AEWA TECHNICAL SERIES No. XX - Final Draft - International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca (Western Siberia & Northern Europe/
NW Europe population)


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: CBC/BBS shows increase of 109% since 1967. However, species showed a decline between mid-70s and mid-80s due to agricultural intensification. Current increases have been accompanied by an increase in use of gardens for winter feeding. Species could also have benefitted from Greenfinch decline.


pressures_source:
Threat G10: DEFRA 2013. Review of fish eating birds policy. Evidence summary. 83 pp. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224186/pb13972-fish-eating-birds-evidence-130719.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure G12: Tasker, M.L., Camphuysen, C.J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W.A. & Blaber, S.J.M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 531-547.
Pressure I02: Wanless, S. & Harris, M. 2007. European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus). Pp. 404-407. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Craik, J.C.A. 1998. Recent mink-related declines of gulls and terns in west Scotland and the beneficial effects of mink control. Argyll Bird Report 14: 98-110.
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Frederiksen, M., Daunt, F., Harris, M. P., & Wanless, S. (2008). The demographic impact of extreme events: stochastic weather drives survival and population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77(5), 1020-1029.
Threat G12: Tasker, M.L., Camphuysen, C.J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W.A. & Blaber, S.J.M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 531-547.
Threat I02: Wanless, S. & Harris, M. 2007. European Shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis (Linnaeus). Pp. 404-407. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Craik, J.C.A. 1998. Recent mink-related declines of gulls and terns in west Scotland and the beneficial effects of mink control. Argyll Bird Report 14: 98-110.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf. Frederiksen, M., Harris, M.P., Daunt, F., Rothery, P. & Wanless, S. 2004. Scale-dependent climate signals drive breeding phenology of three seabird species. Global Change Biology 10: 1214-1221. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Frederiksen, M., Daunt, F., Harris, M. P., & Wanless, S. (2008). The demographic impact of extreme events: stochastic weather drives survival and population dynamics in a long-lived seabird. Journal of Animal Ecology, 77(5), 1020-1029.
Threat N07: Bustnes, J.O., Anker-Nilssen, T., Erikstad, K.E., Lorentsen, S.H. & Systad, G.H. 2013. Changes in the Norwegian breeding population of European Shag correlate with forage fish and climate. Marine Ecology Progress Series489: 235-245.

pressures_info:
Pressure G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Pressure I02: Mink
Pressure N01: Increased frequency of severe winter weather events resulting in large-scale mortality events (wrecks) has been identified as the main driver of decline in some of the UK Shag populations, and is likely to be a key threat to the species. The impact of this pressure is likely to vary in extent and intensity between colonies, with those located in more sheltered areas experiencing less severe wreck events - thus the 'impact' is assessed as Medium, although locally is High.
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Threat I02: Mink
Threat N01: Increased frequency of severe winter weather events resulting in large-scale mortality events (wrecks) has been identified as the main driver of decline in the UK shag population, and a key threat to the species.


pressures_source:
Threat A07: Robertson, P.A., Park, K.J. & Barton, A.F. (2001). Loss of heather Calluna vulgaris moorland in the Scottish Uplands: the role of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus management. Wildl. Biol. 7: 11-16. Robertson, G.S., Aebischer, N.J. & Baines, D. (2017). Using harvesting data to examine temporal and regional variation in red grouse abundance in the British uplands. Wildl. Biol. 2017: wlb.00276: 1-11. Robertson et al. 2017 Willdife Biology 2017:wlb 00227.
Threat A09: Robertson, P.A., Park, K.J. & Barton, A.F. (2001). Loss of heather Calluna vulgaris moorland in the Scottish Uplands: the role of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus management. Wildl. Biol. 7: 11-16. Robertson, G.S., Aebischer, N.J. & Baines, D. (2017). Using harvesting data to examine temporal and regional variation in red grouse abundance in the British uplands. Wildl. Biol. 2017: wlb.00276: 1-11.
Threat A12: Robertson, P.A., Park, K.J. & Barton, A.F. (2001). Loss of heather Calluna vulgaris moorland in the Scottish Uplands: the role of red grouse Lagopus lagopus scoticus management. Wildl. Biol. 7: 11-16. Robertson, G.S., Aebischer, N.J. & Baines, D. (2017). Using harvesting data to examine temporal and regional variation in red grouse abundance in the British uplands. Wildl. Biol. 2017: wlb.00276: 1-11. Robertson, G.S., Newborn, D., Richardson, M. & Baines, D. (2017). Does rotational heather burning increase red grouse abundance and breeding success on moors in northern England? Wildl. Biol. 2017: wlb.00227: 1-10.
Threat N01: Fletcher, K., Howarth, D., Kirby, A.D., Dunn, R. & Smith, A.A. (2013). Effect of climate change on breeding phenology, clutch size and chick survival of an upland bird. Ibis 155: 456-463. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Threat A07: Cessation of traditional heather management reduces habitat suitability
Threat A09: Loss of heather moorland due to overgrazing
Threat A12: Cessation of burning in some areas has caused deterioration in habitat quality
Threat N01: Chick survival is related to temperature in the previous year


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25. Jensen, F.P. 2007. European Union management plan for Curlew (Numenius arquata) 2007-2009. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Natura 2000 Technical Report - 003 - 2007. 48 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/curlew.pdf
Pressure A20: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25.
Pressure A33: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25.
Pressure D01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Leigh, S., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P. & Bullman, R. 2009. The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 1323-1331. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01715.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01715.x/abstract Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Douse, A. & Langston, R.H.W. (2012). Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 386-394.
Pressure F07: Haworth, P.F. & Thompson, D.B.A. 1990. Factors associated with the breeding distribution of upland birds in the south Pennines, England (UK). Journal of Applied Ecology 27: 562-577.
Pressure G08: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26.
Pressure L06: Johnstone, I., Dyda, J. & Lindley, P. 2007. The population status and hatching success of Curlews Numenius arquata in Wales in 2006. Welsh Birds 5: 78-87. Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. & Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25. Fletcher, K., Aebischer, N.J., Baines, D., Foster, R. & Hoodless, A.N. 2010. Changes in breeding success and abundance of ground-nesting moorland birds in relation to the experimental deployment of legal predator control. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 263-272. Brown, D.J. 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata arquata, N. a. orientalis and N. a. suschkini. AEWA Technical Series No. XX. Bonn, Germany.
Threat A06: Jensen, F.P. 2007. European Union management plan for Curlew (Numenius arquata) 2007-2009. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Natura 2000 Technical Report - 003 - 2007. 48 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/curlew.pdf
Threat A08: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25. Brown, D.J. 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata arquata, N. a. orientalis and N. a. suschkini. AEWA Technical Series No. XX. Bonn, Germany.
Threat A09: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25. Jensen, F.P. 2007. European Union management plan for Curlew (Numenius arquata) 2007-2009. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Natura 2000 Technical Report - 003 - 2007. 48 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/curlew.pdf. Brown, D.J. 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata arquata, N. a. orientalis and N. a. suschkini. AEWA Technical Series No. XX. Bonn, Germany.
Threat A20: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25.
Threat A33: Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. and Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25.
Threat B01: Douglas et al (2014) Upland land use predicts population decline in a globally near-threatened wader. Journal of Applied Ecology, 51, 194-203
Threat D01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Leigh, S., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P. & Bullman, R. 2009. The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind farms. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 1323-1331. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01715.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2009.01715.x/abstract Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Douse, A. & Langston, R.H.W. (2012). Greater impacts of wind farms on bird populations during construction than subsequent operation: results of a multi-site and multi-species analysis. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 386-394.
Threat G08: Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26.
Threat L06: Johnstone, I., Dyda, J. & Lindley, P. 2007. The population status and hatching success of Curlews Numenius arquata in Wales in 2006. Welsh Birds 5: 78-87. Henderson, I.G., Wilson, A.M., Steele, D. & Vickery, J.A. 2002. Population estimates, trends and habitat associations of breeding Lapwings Vanellus vanellus, Curlew Numenius arquata and Snipe Gallinago gallinago in Northern Ireland in 1999. Bird Study 49: 17-25. Fletcher, K., Aebischer, N.J., Baines, D., Foster, R. & Hoodless, A.N. 2010. Changes in breeding success and abundance of ground-nesting moorland birds in relation to the experimental deployment of legal predator control. Journal of Applied Ecology 47: 263-272. Brown, D.J. 2012. International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Eurasian Curlew Numenius arquata arquata, N. a. orientalis and N. a. suschkini. AEWA Technical Series No. XX. Bonn, Germany.

pressures_info:
Pressure D01: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Pressure F07: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Pressure G08: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Pressure L06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A06: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A08: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat A20: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain
Threat L06: Red Fox, Badger, Crows


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment
Threat N01: Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term trend of -95%. Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat Xxt: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Occasional occurrence only
Threat Xxt: Occasional occurrence only


pressures_source:
Pressure G10: Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.; Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7
Pressure G14: Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.; Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7
Threat G10: Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7. Nagy, S., Petkov, N., Rees, E., Solokha, A., Hilton, G., Beekman, J. & Nolet, B. 2011. International Single Species Action Plan for the North West European Population of the Bewick's Swan Cygnus columbianus bewickii. Wetlands International and the Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust consultation report for the African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement, Wetlands International, Wageningen, The Netherlands. 61 pp. Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of shotgun pellets in Bewick's Swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and Whooper Swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.
Threat G14: Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp. Hall, C., Crowe, O., Mcelwaine, G., Einarsson, O., Calbrade, N. & Rees, E. 2016. Population size and breeding success of the Icelandic Whooper Swan Cygnus cygnus: results of the 2015 international census. Wildfowl 66: 75-97.
Threat D06: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Brown, M.J., Linton, E. & Rees, E.C. 1992. Causes of mortality among wild swans in Britain. Wildfowl 43:70-79.
Threat G10: Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.; Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7
Threat G14: Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.; Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment - increasing population


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: WWT/JNCC/SNH Goose and Swan Monitoring Programme https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/our-work/goose-swan-monitoring-programme/species-accounts/svalbard-barnacle-goose/

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing population (GSMP)


pressures_source:
Pressure N01: Sauter, A, Korner-Nievergelt, F. & Jenni, L. 2010. Evidence of climate change effects on winthin-winter movements of European Mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Ibis 152: 600-609.Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf
Threat N01: Sauter, A, Korner-Nievergelt, F. & Jenni, L. 2010. Evidence of climate change effects on winthin-winter movements of European Mallards Anas platyrhynchos. Ibis 152: 600-609.Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf


pressures_source:
Threat G14: Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7


pressures_source:
Pressure A15: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf\r
Arroyo, B., Garcia, J. T. and Bretagnolle, V. 2002. Conservation of the Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in agricultural areas. Animal Conservation 5: 283-290.
Pressure G10: Annual RSPB Birdcrime reports 2000-2011; English Nature 2000. The illegal persecution of raptors in England. English Nature Research Report 343.
Threat A15: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf\r
Arroyo, B., Garcia, J. T. and Bretagnolle, V. 2002. Conservation of the Montagu's harrier (Circus pygargus) in agricultural areas. Animal Conservation 5: 283-290.
Threat G10: Annual RSPB Birdcrime reports 2000-2011; English Nature 2000. The illegal persecution of raptors in England. English Nature Research Report 343.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing breeding range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Population stable: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Threat L01: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased breeding distribution ( +843%, Atlas) and increasing population (+374%, SMP 1998/2002 - 2015)
Threat L01: Increased breeding distribution ( +843%, Atlas) and increasing population (+574%, RBBP)


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Gúgh, J.et al. 2015. Zásady ochrany významných druhov vtákov a ich biotopov. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 332 str


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Gúgh, J., Trnak, A., Karaska, D., Ridzon, J., 2015. Zásady ochrany významných druhov vtákov a ich biotopov. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 332 str.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Ridzon J., Benko Š., Chudý A., Svetlík J.: Vtácí ostrov na Dunaji: premeny a význam, Slovenská ornitologická spolocnost/Bird Life Slovensko, 2019.


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_source:
Hennique S., Mourgaux G., Deceuninck B., Chanson C. 2013. Deuxième plan national d’actions en faveur du Râle des genêts (Crex crex) 2013-2018.  , LPO, LPO Anjou, LPO, LPO Anjou, MTES & DREAL des Pays de la Loire124 p.


pressures_source:
Grangé J.L. 2015. Breeding biology of the Lilford Woodpecker Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi in the Western Pyrénées (SW France). Denisia, 99-111


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Bernache cravant, Branta bernicla (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Andevski, J., Tavares, J., Williams, N.P., Moreno-Opo, R., Botha, A. & Renell, J. (2017). Flyway action plan for the conservation of the Cinereous Vulture (2017). CMS Raptors MOU Technical Publication, (6).

Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P., & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

Del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2017). El buitre negro en España, población reproductora en 2017 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.seo.org/boletin/seguimiento/censos/45%20buitre%20negro/pdf/SEO%2045%20Buitre%20negro.pdf)

Moreno-Opo, R. & Guil, F. (Coords.) (2007). Manual de gestión del hábitat y de las poblaciones de buitre negro en España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad. Ministerio de Medio
Ambiente. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/parques-nacionales-oapn/publicaciones/buitre-negro.aspx)

pressures_info:
There were reported 578 Cinereous vulture poisoned (9,2 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). Furthermore it was the fourth species more affected by poison ot the total reported species. However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.

Other pressure and threat is the decrease in food availability.

D06 - Transmission of electricity and communications (cables) includes both collision and, more importantly, electrocution.
B11 - Cork extraction and forest exploitation excluding logging provokes disturbances which can be locally important during the breeding period.
D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure provokes collisions.


pressures_source:
Del Moral, J.C. & Molina, B. (Ed.). (2009). El halcón peregrino en España. Población reproductora en 2008 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/33-halconperegrino_tcm30-208033.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Zuberogoitia, I. (2016). Halcón peregrino – Falco peregrinus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/falper.html)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Fulica atra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22692913A60023298. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692913/60023298)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
Alonso, J.C., Alonso, J.A., & Muñoz-Pulido, R. (1994). Mitigation of bird collisions with transmission lines through groundwire marking. Biological Conservation, 67(2), 129-134.

Bautista, L.M. (2016). Grulla común – grus grus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/grugru.html)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Scolopax rusticola. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693052A86627978. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693052A86627978.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Limosa limosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22693150A60029072. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693150/60029072).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

pressures_info:
G10: La caza ha sido otra amenaza importante hasta que la UE ha implementó una prohibición de cinco años para la caza de la especie a partir de 2008, que se extendió en 2013 por otros 5 años. Por tanto, cualquier captura de individuos de esta especie durante este sexenio (2012-2018) se considera caza ilegal (BirdLife International, 2015).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Limosa lapponica (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693158A111221714. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693158A111221714.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas. 

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

pressures_info:
G10: se refiere a la caza mediante el parany (Comunidad Valenciana), barraca (Cataluña) y liga (SEO/BirdLife, 2013).


pressures_source:
BIOMA (2017). Estudio de la distribución y estima poblacional de pico dorsiblanco (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) en diferentes lugares red Natura2000 de Navarra. Poctefa HABIOS. Informe inédito.

BIOMA (2018). Estudio de la distribución y estima poblacional de pico dorsiblanco (Dendrocopos leucotos lilfordi) en ZEC ES0000126 "Roncesvalles-Selva del Irati" y ES2200018 "Belate". Poctefa HABIOS. Informe inédito.

Campión, D. & Senosiain, A. (2004). Pico dorsiblanco, Dendrocopos leucotos. En, Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.): Libro Rojo de las Aves de España, pp. 202-207. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza -Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid.

Gobierno de Aragón. Manual de gestión de especies en la red natura 2000.Aragón. Dendrocopos leucotos.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Turdus iliacus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22708819A60194044. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708819/60194044#conservation-actions).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Turdus viscivorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22708829A60195505. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708829/60195505).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas. 

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2018). Sylvia cantillans. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T103874024A132198414. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103874024/132198414).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2018). (https://www.seo.org/ave/curruca-carrasquena/).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Sylvia atricapilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716901A60244544. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716901/60244544).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir).


pressures_source:
Del Moral, J.C. & De Souza, J.A. (2004). Cormorán Grande Invernante en España. II Censo Nacional. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/1_cormoran_grande_2003_tcm30-208244.pdf)

Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Molina, B. (2013). El cormorán grande en España. Población reproductora e invernante en 2012- 2013 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://doi.org/10.31170/0047)

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)

pressures_info:
The species is legally and ilegally hunted in northern Spain.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Gavia immer. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22697842A132607418. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22697842A132607418.en.) Downloaded on 08 July 2019.

De Souza, J.A., Sandoval, A., Barros, A. & Bao, R. Colimbo grande (Gavia immer). En SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)

pressures_info:
Presión /Amenaza: I02: La proliferación de especies de piscícolas exóticas e invasoras como las carpas al remover los fondos limitan la entrada de luz y dificultan el crecimiento de vegetación subacuática y la presencia de pequeñas presas. Por otra parte, las especies exóticas predadoras también reducen su alimento al competir por las mismas pequeñas presas que el zampullín.


pressures_info:
I02 Other invasive alien species: the increasing of the invasive fish species wich prey on small size native fish species ( very important for P. cristatus) decreases the available food.


pressures_source:
Garrido, J.R., Molina, B., & del Moral, J.C. (2012). Las garzas en España: población reproductora e invernante en 2010-2011 y método de censo. Seo/BirdLife. Madrid, 219 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/38-garzas_tcm30-207952.pdf)

Información procedente de las comunidades autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)

SEO/BirdLife (2018). Censos de aves acuáticas. (http://www.acuaticas.org/WebForms/ConsultaContenidos/Paginas/RealMapasDistAbunEspecie.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Tadorna tadorna. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22680024A86009950. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22680024A86009950.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Other IAS: american mink (Neovison vison).


pressures_source:
Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/pintail.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Circus cyaneus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22727733A94958761. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22727733A94958761.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Circus pygargus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695405A93507030. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695405A93507030.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

Palatitz, P., Fehérvári, P., Solt, S. & Barov, B. (2009). European Species Action Plan for
the Red-footed Falcon Falco vespertinus. 49 p. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_vespertinus.pdf)

pressures_info:
There were reported 10 red-footed falcons (less than 1 % of the total carcasses found) poisoned in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). However, the low detectability rate of dead animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Charadrius dubius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22693770A60067192. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693770/60067192).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2017). Calidris alpina (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693427A111785607. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693427A111785607.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Athene noctua. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22689328A131921924. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22689328A131921924.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas


pressures_source:
Duriez O. et Triplet P. 2014. Changement d’habitat et dynamique de l’Huîtrier pie Haematopus ostralegus. Ornithos, LPO Rochefort265-274 ; 21.	Durell S.E.A. le V dit, Stillman R. A., Triplet P., Desprez M., Fagot C., Loquet C., Sueur F., & Goss-Custard J.D.  2008. Using an individual-based model to inform estuary management in the Baie de Somme, France.. Oryx, 42265-277 ; 34.	Lambeck R.H.D., Goss-Custard J.D., Triplet P.  1996. Oystercatchers and Man in the coastal zone. in, Oxford University Press289-327 ;  . Triplet P., Fagot C., Aulert C., Bessineton C., Urban M., Stillman R., Durell S.E.A., Goss-Custard J.D. (2001) Etude préliminaire aux variations de comportement de l’avifaune face aux nouveaux aménagements de Port 2000 dans l’estuaire de la Seine, SMACOPI, Maison de l’Estuaire, 127 pages..  ;  . Triplet P., Le Dréan Quénec’hdu S., Mahéo R. (2001) Incidence des infrastructures portuaires et des activités humaines sur l’abondance et la répartition des limicoles sur le littoral français, in "Journées de réflexion sur la restauration des écosystèmes côtiers", actes du séminaire IFREMER, 243-255..  ;  . Durell S., Triplet P., Desprez M., Fagot C., Loquet N., Sueur F. & Stillman R. (2005) Single-Site Models, Baie de Somme waders, in Stillman R. (eds) Coast Bird Diversity, Maintaining migratory coastal bird diversity: management through individual-based predictive population modelling. CEH, European Community project number EVK2-2000-00612. pp. 126-153..

pressures_info:
Les fluctuations en France sont directement liées à la gestion de la récolte de coquillages en mer des Wadden aux Pays-Bas


pressures_source:
. Darcy H., Lecomte J.-P. & Triplet P. (2012) Une population de Gravelot à collier interrompu menacée : impacts des activités et des autres facteurs de risque. FDC 80, SMBS, 40 p..


pressures_source:
Nicolas Le Corre 2009. Conservation de l'avifaune et activités humaines ou comment prendre en compte le dérangement dans la gestion intégrée de la zone côtière. . Thèse de doctorat de l'Université de Bretagne Occidentale,

pressures_info:
La quasi-totalité des Barges à queue noire hivernantes en France appartiennent à la sous-espèce islandaise Limosa l. islandica. Son hivernage se passe sur le littoral français.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Pluvier guignard, Charadrius morinellus (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_info:
En l’absence de connaissances suffisantes sur la répartition et l’abondance spatiotemporelle de l’espèce au large des côtes françaises, les enjeux de conservation en mer ne sont guère évaluables.


pressures_source:
M. Guillemain & J. Elmberg 2014. The Teal. The Teal, T. & A.D. Poyser320


pressures_source:
Johannot F. et Weltz M. 2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Echasse blanche, Himantopus himantopus (Linnaeus, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 652-654.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 577-580.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 597-600.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 601-604.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 608-611.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (1984): Magyarország fészkelo madarai. Natura, Budapest. 102-103 p.
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 204-205 p. 
National park directorates’ databases


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 637-640.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 383-384 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 544-547.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 502-505.
National park directorates’ databases (Annual survey of colonially breeding and strictly protected bird species)


pressures_source:
Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter Fair, Balmazújváros - Szeged. 2004. 456-457 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 562-565.


pressures_source:
Konyhás, S – Végvári, Zs. (2004): Havasi lile In: Ecsedi Z. (szerk.) (2004): A Hortobágy madárvilága. Hortobágy Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Winter fair, Balmazújváros – Szeged. 2004


pressures_source:
Szinai P. (szerk.) (2013): Kis kárókatona fajmegorzési terv. Unpublished.
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 498-501.
Bíró, I. (2016): Terepi madárhatározó halgazdálkodóknak. Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Budapest. p. 8-9.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 529-531.
Fajmegorzési Tervek/Fehér gólya (Ciconia ciconia), VM Környezetügyért Felelos Államtitkárság, 2013. 
Consultation with national experts.
National park directorates' databases
http://www.mme.hu/feher-golya-ciconia-ciconia-0

pressures_info:
G07 may be relevant, but there is no ongoing research or available estimation as for the extent the international hunting affects our white stork population.


pressures_source:
LIFE15/NAT/AT/000834
https://www.cms.int/great-bustard/sites/default/files/document/cms_gbustard_mos4_inf.6.7_national_report_Hungary_e.pdf
National park directorates’ database


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 590-592.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Significant long-term decline of English wintering flock for unknown reasons


pressures_source:
Mihelic (2012): Popis gozdnega jereba v letu 2011 in analiza populacijskih trendov od leta 2000 naprej. Porocilo za ZRSVN. DOPPS, Ljubljana


pressures_info:
Pressure of birders on some nesting site
Pressure of climate change at the margin of the natural range


pressures_info:
Some illegal shooting of Great White Egret is occuring at fish pond


pressures_info:
Most of all an ancient threath, plantation on not productive ground
extraction of sand or abandonment of practice
High wild boar density, predation of nest
biking into natural site
encroachment of vegetation


pressures_info:
Some illegal shooting of Great White Egret is occuring at fish ponds


pressures_info:
open habitat closure; more a threath from the past
Increase predation of nest by wildboar, browsing by red deer
Disturbance now well regulated in the remaining situation
Closure of open spaces
Increases of foxes, crows


pressures_info:
no specific threath, marginal species in Wallonia


pressures_info:
Reedbed are in nature reserve but risk of intrusion
Aging, drying and closing of reedbeds


pressures_info:
This species is only wintering in very small numbers and no identified specific threath could be identified


pressures_info:
J02 describes bioaccumolation of lead from leadshots used on the Åland


pressures_source:
Rönkä 2006: Dynamics, genetic structure and viability of a small and declining Temminck's Stint (Calidris temminckii) population. - Acta Universitatis Ouluensis 465.

Virkkala, R., Heikkinen, R.K., Leikola, N., Luoto, M., 2008. Projected large-scale range
reductions of northern-boreal land bird species due to climate change. Biol.
Conserv. 141, 1343–1353.


pressures_source:
Korpimäki, E. & Hakkarainen, H. 2012: The Boreal Owl. Ecology, Behaviour and Conservation of a Forest-Dwelling Predator. Cambridge University Press.

pressures_info:
L06: pine marten, ural owl, goshawk
N07: Collapse of the vole cycle


pressures_source:
del Hoyo J. , Elliott A., Sargatal J., Christie D.A.  & de Juana E. (eds.) 2019. Mute Swan (Cygnus olor). in Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona retrieved from https://www.hbw.com/node/53792 on 15 February 2019; Chantereau M. 1990. Hécatombe chez les cygnes du Loiret. Bull. Ass. Nat. orléanais, 9, N. 10 : 14.. Bull. Ass. Nat. orléanais 9, 10-14 ; Hars, J. Ruette, S. Benmergui, M. Fouque, C. Fournier, J.-Y. Legouge, A.  Cherbonnel, M. Baroux, D.  Dupuy, C. Jestin, V. 2006. Rôle épidémiologique du cygne tuberculé et des autres anatidés dans l’épisode d’influenza aviaire  H5N1 HP dans la Dombes en 2006. ONCFS Rapport scientifique, 54-63 www.oncfs.gouv.fr/IMG/file/suivi-sanitaire/hars_rs06.pdf; Swan Specialist Group 2017. Mute swan Cygnus olor. Swan Specialist Group,  http://www.swansg.org/the-swans/mute/


pressures_source:
. ONCFS 2012 PLAN NATIONAL DE GESTION (2016-2020) Nette rousse (Netta rufina).  ; Ramirez F, Rodriguez C, Seoane J,Figuerola J, Bustamante J 2018. How will climate change affect endangered Mediterranean waterbirds?. PLoS ONE 13(2),  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192702; Maceda-Veiga, A., López, R., & Green, A. J.  2017. Dramatic impact of alien carp Cyprinus carpio on globally threatened diving ducks and other waterbirds in Mediterranean shallow lakes. Biological conservation, 212, 74-85.


pressures_source:
Monti F., Duriez O., Dominici J.-M., Sforzi A., Robert A. & Fusani L. 2018. The price of success: integrative long-term study reveals ecotourism impacts on a flagship species at a UNESCO site . Animal Conservation 21(6), 448-458 doi:10.1111/acv.12407; Nadal R. & Tariel Y. 2008. Le Balbuzard pêcheur (Pandion haliaetus) Plan national de restauration 2008 - 2012.  , LPO - BirdLife France101 p. https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/PNA_Balbuzard-pecheur_2008-2012.pdf


pressures_source:
. 48.	Triplet P., Le Dréan Quénec’hdu S., Mahéo R. (2001) Incidence des infrastructures portuaires et des activités humaines sur l’abondance et la répartition des limicoles sur le littoral français, in "Journées de réflexion sur la restauration des écosystèmes côtiers", actes du séminaire IFREMER, 243-255..


pressures_source:
Jensen P.J. DDH Consulting 2012. European Union Management Plan 2009/2011 - Redshank. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/Redshank%20EU_MP.pdf, European Commission46 p.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Phragmite aquatique, Acrocephalus paludicola (Vieillot, 1817). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française ; Tanneberger, F., Kubacka, J. 2018. The aquatic warbler conservation handbook.  , Brandenburg State office for environment260


pressures_source:
Jiguet F. & Williamson T 2013. Habitat-Dependent population recovery in the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata following a severe winter episode.. Bird Study 60 (3),  ; Issa N & Muller Y. 2015. Atlas des Oiseaux de France métropolitaine. Atlas des Oiseaux de France métropolitaine. Nidification et présence hivernale, Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris


pressures_source:
C. Novoa, G. Astruc, J.-F. Desmet et A.  Besnard 2016. No short-term effects of climate change on the breeding of Rock Ptarmigan in the French Alps and Pyrenees. Journal of Ornithology, 797-810


pressures_source:
Souchay, G & Schaub, M. 2016. Investigating rates of hunting and survival in declining European lapwing populations. PlosOne, 111-15 ;  . Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. coord (2012) . Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000 - connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Tome 8 Oiseaux, 382p..


pressures_info:
Les milieux privilégiés par la Barge à queue noire en halte migratoire, en particulier prénuptiale, sont des prairies humides, dans certains cas pâturées de façon extensive, et des mares aux niveaux d'eau faibles (15-20 cm, voire moins). De fait, toutes les pressions exercées sur ces milieux humides sont susceptibles d'impacter la Barge à queue noire lors de ses migrations.


pressures_source:
Bicknell, A. W., Oro, D., Camphuysen, K. C., & Votier, S. C. 2013. Potential consequences of discard reform for seabird communities. . Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(3), 649-658. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.12072; Garthe, S., & Hüppop, O. 2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index.. Journal of applied Ecology, 41(4), 724-734. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00918.x


pressures_source:
According to the results of the Project GYPAS  the population of the Gyps fulvus in Cyprus has been declining rapidly over the past 20 years. The reasons for the decline are the targeted actions against Vultures, mortality due to poisoned baits placed for the elimination of foxes and feral dogs, the reduction of food due to the reduction of traditional free-range grazing and disturbance during the nesting period.


pressures_source:
Kapelj, S., Mikulic, K., Rajkovic, Ž., Zec, M., Šaric, I.,  Budinski, I., (2019.): Rezultati istraživanja cjevonosnica 2019. godine – Završno izvješce terenskih istraživanja u sklopu izrade strucne podloge – cjevonosnice, u sklopu projekta OPKK 2014.-2020. "Izrada prijedloga planova upravljanja strogo zašticenim vrstama (s akcijskim planovima)“ Udruga BIOM. Zagreb. 34 str.


pressures_source:
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
Dumbovic Mazal V., Pintar V., Zadravec M. (2019): Prvo izvješce o brojnosti i rasprostranjenosti ptica u Hrvatskoj sukladno odredbama Direktive o pticama.


pressures_source:
Dumbovic Mazal V., Pintar V., Zadravec M. (2019): Prvo izvješce o brojnosti i rasprostranjenosti ptica u Hrvatskoj sukladno odredbama Direktive o pticama.

Tutiš, V., Kralj, J., Radovic, D., Cikovic, D., Barišic, S. (ur.) (2013): Crvena knjiga ptica Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Zagreb, 258 str.


pressures_source:
Tutiš, V., Kralj, J., Radovic, D., Cikovic, D., Barišic, S. (ur.) (2013): Crvena knjiga ptica Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Zagreb, 258 str.

Dumbovic Mazal V., Pintar V., Zadravec M. (2019): Prvo izvješce o brojnosti i rasprostranjenosti ptica u Hrvatskoj sukladno odredbama Direktive o pticama.


pressures_source:
Mikulic, K., Rajkovic, Ž., Kapelj, S., Lucic, V., Šaric, I., Katanovic, I.,  Budinski, I., (2018.):  Preliminarno izvješce terenskih istraživanja u 2018. godini  u sklopu izrade strucne podloge – suri orao, u sklopu projekta OPKK 2014.-2020. "Izrada prijedloga planova upravljanja strogo zašticenim vrstama (s akcijskim planovima)“ Udruga BIOM. Zagreb. 28 str.


pressures_source:
Tutiš, V., Kralj, J., Radovic, D., Cikovic, D., Barišic, S. (ur.) (2013): Crvena knjiga ptica Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Zagreb, 258 str.


pressures_source:
Krunoslav Pintur: Uzgoj sitne divljaci, Veleucilište u Karlovcu, Karlovac, 2010.
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
Barišic, S., Cikovic, D., Tutiš, V., Kralj, J. (2018.): Preliminarno izvješce terenskih istraživanja zlatovrane (Coracias garrulus) u 2018. godini u sklopu izrade strucne podloge za plan upravljanja. Tehnicko izvješce za MZOE. Zavod za ornitologiju. Zagreb. 21 str.


pressures_source:
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
ANONYMUS (2004): Birds in Europe: population estimates, trends and conservation status. BirdLife International, Cambridge. 1-73.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
Almeida J (coord.), Catry P., Encarnação V., Franco C., Granadeiro J.P., Lopes R., Moreira F., Oliveira P., Onofre N., Pacheco C., Pinto M., Pitta Groz M.J., Ramos J., Silva L. 2005. Sterna albifrons Chilreta. pp 315-316. In Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal (Cabral M.J., Almeida J., Almeida P.R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almeida N., Oliveira M.E., Palmeirim J.M., Queiroz A.I., Rogado L.& Santos Reis M eds.). Instituto da Conservação da Natureza. Lisboa. 

Gomes H. A. C. 2018. Importância das zonas húmidas: projeto de educação ambiental nos pauis da Praia da Vitória (Master dissertation). Instituto Politécnico de Bragança - Escola Superior de Educação. Bragança. URL: https://bibliotecadigital.ipb.pt/handle/10198/19227

Meirinho A., Barros N., Oliveira N., Catry P., Lecoq M., Paiva V., Geraldes P., Granadeiro J.P., Ramírez I. & Andrade J. 2014. Atlas das Aves Marinhas de Portugal. Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves. URL: www.atlasavesmarinhas.pt

Pereira, C. 2011. Borrelho-de-coleira-interrompida: Distribuição espacial, dinâmica populacional e reprodução na ilha Terceira. Relatório Técnico 34. pp. 1-5. Câmara Municipal da Praia da Vitória.


pressures_source:
Amaral J.,Almeida S., Sequeira M. & Neves V. 2010. Black rat Rattus rattus erradication by trapping allows recovery of breeding rosate tern Sterna dougallii and common tern S. hirundo populations on Feno Islet, the Azores, Portugal. Conservation Evidence 7:16-20

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L.R., J. A. Ramos, R.W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319-328 

Neves V. C (2006) Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Rosate Tern in the Azores. PhD Dissertation University of Glasgow.

Neves V. C., Panagiotakopoulos S. & Ratcliffe N. (2011). Predation on rosate tern eggs by European starlings in the Azores. Archipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 28: 15-23.

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

pressures_info:
I02 Other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern) - Predação predação por mamíferos introduzidos: ratazanase  ratos. As colónias nos Açores que incluem a maior parte da população desta espécie estão localizadas em ilhéus sem roedores. Contudo, em alguns casos, como no Ilhéu do Feno (Terceira), os ratos tornaram-se um problema devido à próximidade do ilhéu à ilha principal. Houve um caso de sucesso de erradicação de roedores que demonstrou que estes mamíferos causam um sério impacto nos garajaus, mas também que as populações destas aves podem rapidamente reestabelecer-se quando os ratos são erradicados.  Esta pressão/ameaça inclui destruição de habitat por por plantas invasoras como canas, roca e chorão, entre outras.

I04 Problematic native species - Esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir predação por cães, gatos, furões e competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos e destruição de habitat pelos coelhos, cabras, eventualmente vacas.

L06 Interspecific faunal and floral relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) - inclui predação por gaivotas, estorninhos ou aves errantes. A predação de ovos de garajaus por estorninhos (Sturnus vulgaris) foi confirmada, nos Açores, pela primeira vez, em 2002 no Ilhéu da Vila (Neves, 2005). Esta predação reduz significativamente a produtividade. Está por confirmar se os estorninhos predam ovos de garajau nos ilhéus da Praia e da Caloura. Há registo de predação de crias e adultos por Buteo buteo em 1995.

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (location 1 pois um estudo estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa)

F08 - Modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions for development, use and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas (including sea defences or coastal protection works and infrastructures) - pressão por  desenvolvimento urbano e pressão humana na costa das ilhas pois os garajaus nidificam em zonas abrigadas e planas na costa (ex: zonas balneares ou outras áreas de lazer/turismo, junto a portos, etc) 

F07 - Sports, tourism and leisure activities - os garajaus são sensíveis à visitação e perturbação humana das colónias, chegando a abandonar o ninho. Esta pressão/ameaça inclui atividadades desportivas, de turismo e lazer que causem perturbação direta na colónia se muito acentuada ou recorrente. Alguns ilhéus são visitáveis nomeadamente a importante colónia do Ilhéu da Praia na Graciosa.

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
Amaral J.,Almeida S., Sequeira M. & Neves V. 2010. Black rat Rattus rattus erradication by trapping allows recovery of breeding rosate tern Sterna dougallii and common tern S. hirundo populations on Feno Islet, the Azores, Portugal. Conservation Evidence 7:16-20

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 


Monteiro L.R., J. A. Ramos, R.W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319-328 

Neves V. C (2006) Towards a Conservation Strategy of the Rosate Tern in the Azores. PhD Dissertation University of Glasgow.; 

Neves V. C., Panagiotakopoulos S. & Ratcliffe N. (2011). Predation on rosate tern eggs by European starlings in the Azores. Archipelago. Life and Marine Sciences 28: 15-23.

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084


pressures_source:
Bried J. & Bourgeois K. (2005). Que futuro para a Alma-negra nos Açores? Airo 15, 51-55;  

Bolton M., Smith A.L., Gómez-diaz E., Friesen V., Medeiros R., Bried J., Roscales J. L., Furness R. W. (2008) Monteiro's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monteiroi: a new species from the Azores. Ibis 150, 717-727

Cabral M. J., Almeida J., Almeida P.R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almeida N., Oliveira M. E., Palmeirim J.M., Queiroz A.L., Rogado L. & Santos-Reis M. 2005. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal - Peixes dulçaquicolas e migradores, Anfíbios, Répteis, Aves e Mamíferos. Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa.; 

Matias R., Rebelo R., Granadeiro J.P., Catry P. (2009) Predation by Madeiran Wall Lizzards Teira dugesii on Cory´s shearwater Calonectris diomedea hatchlings at Selvagem Grande, North Atlantic. Waterbirds. 32, 600-603; 

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L.R., J. A. Ramos, R.W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319-328 

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos J.A, Monteiro L.R, Sola E., Moniz Z. (1997). Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641; 

Ramos, R. , Sanz, V. , Militão, T. , Bried, J. , Neves, V. C., Biscoito, M. , Phillips, R. A., Zino, F. and González-Solís, J. (2015), Leapfrog migration and habitat preferences of a small oceanic seabird, Bulwer's petrel (Bulweria bulwerii). J. Biogeogr., 42: 1651-1664. doi:10.1111/jbi.12541

J. Bried. Universidade dos Açores, Informação não publicada.

pressures_info:
I02 - other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern): Os mamíferos introduzidos exerceram um elevado impacto sobre os Procellariiformes dos Açores, estando agora a maioria restrita a alguns ilhéus onde não existem mamíferos introduzidos como as ratazanas. A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está também restrita a ilhéus devido à presença de invasoras na zona costeira das ilhas, incluindo a destruição de habitat por plantas invasoras como canas, roca e chorão, entre outras.

I04 Problematic native species - A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está praticamente restrita a ilhéus na maioria das espécies de pequenos Procellariformes devido ao forte impacto de predadores como cães, gatos, furões; esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos e destruição de habitat pelos coelhos

L06 - Interspecific faunal and floral relations - Esta pressão/ameaça inclui predação por gaivotas ou aves errantes, competição por ninhos por outros Procellariformes e pombos-da-rocha (Columba livia domestica), etc. No Ilhéu da Vila, algumas gaivotas-de-patas-amarelas (Larus michahellis) tornaram-se predadoras especializadas de espécies de pequenas pardelas. As lagartixas Teira dugesii, que se aproveitam de pintos das pardelas na Selvagem Grande, foram introduzidas no ilhéu da Vila, onde se tornaram mais abundantes desde 2008 (J. Bried dados não publicados). No ilhéu da Vila a alma-negra compete pelos ninhos com maior frequência com o cagarro (Calonectris borealis) e por vezes são mortos por esta espécie. 

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F24 e F25 – poluição luminosa proveniente de zonas residenciais, recreativas (como estádios e campos desportivos), comerciais e industriais (como portos, painéis luminosos, etc.); considerou-se de ranking médio uma vez que a nidificação está restrita aos ilhéus e não nidifica na zona costeira das ilhas

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (proveniente de dentro e fora da UE, pois o estudo de Pieper et al. (2019) estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa: grandes navios costeiros e oceânicos e outras fontes de larga escala)

L01 - Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover - perda de habitat com origem em processos físicos, erosão, colapso de ninhos nos ilhéus

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
Almeida J. (coord.), Catry P., Encarnação V., Franco C., Granadeiro J.P., Lopes R., Moreira F., Oliveira P., Onofre N., Pacheco C., Pinto M., Pitta Groz M.J., Ramos J., Silva L. 2005. Sterna albifrons Chilreta. pp 315-316 In Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal (Cabral M.J., Almeida J., Almeida P.R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almeida N., Oliveira M.E., Palmeirim J.M., Queiroz A.I., Rogado L. & Santos Reis M. eds.) Instituto da Conservação da Natureza. Lisboa. 

Dickens M. & Neves V.C. 2005. The Azores Woodpigeon: abundance and habitat use. Arquipélago Life Mar. Sc. 22A: 61–69.

Lamelas-López L., Fontaine R., Borges P. A. V., Gonçalves D. Impact of introduced nest predators on insular endemic birds: the case of the Azores Woodpigeon (Columba palumbus azorica). (in press).

pressures_info:
In the last reporting period, one of the threats presented (according to the Red Book of the Portuguese Vertebrates) was the large-scale conversion of natural forest areas by agricultural land for grazing . However, between the current reporting period it has been predicted higher values of Azores woodpigeon abundance to agriculture fields than to areas with natural vegetation and social and urban areas. In fact, this species was quite abundant in agriculture fields in both seasons in Terceira island (dos Santos J. D. G. 2017. Patterns of habitat use by na insular endemic bird, the Azores woodpigeon (Columba palumbus azorica) (Master Thesis). Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.).


pressures_source:
Ceia R. S., Ramos J. A., Heleno R. H., Hilton G. M., & Marques T. A. 2011. Satus assessment of the critically endangered Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina. Bird Conservation International, 21(4), pp. 477-489. doi:10.1017/S0959270911000025 

Ceia R. S., Sampaio H. L., Parejo S. H., Heleno R. H., Arosa M. L., Ramos J. A., & Hilton G. M. 2011. Throwing the baby out with the bathwater: does laurel forest restoration remove a critical winter food supply for the critically endangered Azores bullfinch?. Biological Invasions, 13(1), pp. 93-104. Doi:10.1007/s10530-010-9792-x

Ceia R., Ferreira C. F., Monteiro J. M., Armelim M., Paiva V., Coutinho V. S., Monteira J. P., Trindade M., Leitão D. 2015. 2º Relatório Intercalar do projeto LIFE+ Terras do Priolo (LIFE12 NAT/PT/000527). Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Lisboa. URL: http://life-terrasdopriolo.spea.pt/pt/resultados/relatorios/

Ceia R., Ferreira C. F., Monteiro J. M., Armelim M., Paiva V., Coutinho V. S., Monteira J. P., Trindade M., Leitão D. 2017. 2º Relatório Intercalar do projeto LIFE+ Terras do Priolo (LIFE12 NAT/PT/000527). Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Lisboa. URL: http://life-terrasdopriolo.spea.pt/pt/resultados/relatorios/

Coelho R., 2014. Monitorização de Priolo Pyrrhula murina 2014. Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Lisboa. URL: http://life-terrasdopriolo.spea.pt/pt/resultados/relatorios/

Coelho R., 2015. Monitorização de Priolo Pyrrhula murina 2015. Sociedade Portuguesa para o Estudo das Aves, Lisboa. URL: http://life-terrasdopriolo.spea.pt/pt/resultados/relatorios/

Gabriel R., Elias R. B., Amorim I. R., & Borge, P. A. V. 2016. Conference program and abstracts of the 2nd International Conference on Island Evolution, Ecology and Conservation: Island Biology 2016, 18–22 July 2016, Angra do Heroísmo, Azores, Portugal. Arquipelago Life and Marine Sciences (Supplement 9), 565.

Teodósio J., Ceia R. & Costa L. 2009. Species action plan for the Azores Bulfinch Pyrrhula murina in the European Union, 19 pp. ISSN. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/pyrrhula_murina.pdf.

pressures_info:
All the threats are explained on the Species Action Plan for the Azores bullfinch Pyrrhula murina in the European Union (2009 - 2019).

IAS union concern :  Gunnera tinctoria (Molina) Mirbel;


sub_unit:
sensu stricto [excluding italiae]; non-native populations


pressures_source:
Bugoni L, Neves TS, Leite Jr. NO, Carvalho D, Sales G, Furness RW, Stein CE, Peppes FV, Giffoni BB, Monteiro DS. (2008) Potential bycatch of seabirds and turtles in hookand-line fisheries of the Itaipava Fleet, Brazil. Fisheries Research, 90, 217- 224; 

Croxall, J. P., Butchart, S. H. M., Lascelles, B., Stattersfield, A. J., Sullivan, B., Symes, A., et al. (2012). Seabird conservation status, threats and priority actions: a global assessment. Bird Conserv. Int. 22, 1–34. 

Cooper J, Baccetti N, Belda EJ, Borg JJ, Oro D, Papaconstantinou C, Sánchez A . (2003) Seabird mortality from longline fisheries in the Mediterranean Sea and Macaronesian waters: a review and a way forward. Scientia Marina 67 (Suppl.2), 57-67

Fontaine, R., Gimenez, O. & Bried, J. 2011. The impact of introduced predators, lightinduced mortality of fledglings and poaching on the dynamics of the Cory's Shearwater (Calonectris diomedea) population from the Azores, northeastern subtropical Atlantic. Biological Conservation 144: 1998-2011.;

Hervías, S., Henriques A., Oliveira N., Pipa T., Cowen H., Ramos J.A., Nogales M., Geraldes P., Silva C., Ruiz de Ybáñez R., Oppel S. 2013. Studying the effects of multiple invasive mammals on Cory’s shearwater nest survival. Biological Invasions. 15, 143-155.

Immler, E. (2010) - Inventory of Cliff Habitat of Corvo Island for Cory's Shearwater Conservation. 34p. Final Master Thesis – Animal Managment, Van Hall Larenstein, University of Applied Sciences, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands. Unpublished. Available at: http://lifecorvo.spea.pt/documentos/. 

Matias R, Rebelo R, Granadeiro JP, Catry P (2009) Predation by Madeiran Wall Lizards Teira dugesii, on Cory’s shearwater Calonectris diomedea Hatchlings Waterbirds 32, 600-603;

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp.

Monteiro LR, JA Ramos, RW Furness. 1996. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319 – 328;

Monteiro, L.R. (2000) - Influences of coastal habitat characteristics on the distribution of Cory's Shearwater Calonectris diomedea in the Azores arquipelago – Bird Study, 47: 257-265. doi: 10.1080/00063650009461185

Oliveira N., Henriques A., Miodonski J., Pereira J., Marujo D., Almeida A., Barros N., Andrade J., Marçalo A., Santos J., Oliveira I.B., Ferreira M., Araújo H., Monteiro S., Vingada J., Ramírez I., (2015). Seabird bycatch in Portuguese mainland coastal fisheries: An assessment through on-board observations and fishermen interviews, Global Ecology and Conservation, Vol 3, 51-61. ISSN 2351-9894. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2014.11.006. (http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2351989414000687)

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos JA, Monteiro LR, Sola E, Moniz Z. (1997). Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641;

Rodrigues, P., Aubrecht, C., Gil, A., Logcore, T., Elvidge, C. 2012. Remote sensing to map influence of light pollution on Cory's Sheawater in São Miguel Island, Azores Archipelago. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 58, 147-155.

Rodríguez A & Rodríguez B (2009). Atraction of Petrels to artificial lights in the Canary Islands: effect of the moon phase and age class. Ibis 151, 299-310;

Rodríguez, A. , Holmes, N. D., Ryan, P. G., Wilson, K. , Faulquier, L. , Murillo, Y. , Raine, A. F., Penniman, J. F., Neves, V. , Rodríguez, B. , Negro, J. J., Chiaradia, A. , Dann, P. , Anderson, T. , Metzger, B. , Shirai, M. , Deppe, L. , Wheeler, J. , Hodum, P. , Gouveia, C. , Carmo, V. , Carreira, G. P., Delgado-Alburqueque, L. , Guerra-Correa, C. , Couzi, F. , Travers, M. and Corre, M. L. (2017), Seabird mortality induced by land-based artificial lights. Conservation Biology, 31: 986-1001. doi:10.1111/cobi.12900

Rodríguez A, Arcos JM, Bretagnolle V, Dias MP, Holmes ND, Louzao M, Provencher J, Raine AF, Ramírez F, Rodríguez B, Ronconi RA, Taylor RS, Bonnaud E, Borrelle SB, Cortés V, Descamps S, Friesen VL, Genovart M, Hedd A, Hodum P, Humphries GRW, Le Corre M, Lebarbenchon C, Martin R, Melvin EF, Montevecchi WA, Pinet P, Pollet IL, Ramos R, Russell JC, Ryan PG, Sanz-Aguilar A, Spatz DR, Travers M, Votier SC, Wanless RM, Woehler E and Chiaradia A (2019) Future Directions in Conservation Research on Petrels and Shearwaters. Front. Mar. Sci. 6:94. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2019.00094

Rodríguez, Y., Frias, J.P.G.L., Carriço, R., Neves, V., Bried, J., Martins, H.R., Vandeperre, F., Santos, M.R., van Franeker, J.A., Bolten, A.B., Bjorndal, K.A.  and C.K. Pham. (2016). Monitoring Plastic Ingestion in Selected Azorean Marine Organisms. Fate and Impact of Microplastics in Marine Ecosystems. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304355102_Monitoring_plastic_ingestion_in_selected_Azorean_marine_organisms

Silva, C. Silva, L., Oliveira N., Geraldes P., Hervías S. 2011. Control of giant reed Arundo donax on Vila Franca do Campo Islet, Azores, Portugal. Conservation Evidence. 8, 93 - 99.;

Silva, C. (2013). Restauração Ecológica do Ilhéu de Vila Franca do Campo, Açores. A recuperação de habitat para as aves marinhas – Tese de Mestrado do Curso de Sustentabilidade dos Sistemas Florestais, Escola Superior Agrária do Instituto Politécnica de Castelo Branco, Portugal. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22732244A132661794.en 

http://lifecorvo.blogspot.com/ 

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Veronica_Neves2/publication/312009929_Monitoring_Plastic_Ingestion_in_Selected_Azorean_Marine_Organisms/links/5a579f910f7e9bbacbdf016c/Monitoring-Plastic-Ingestion-in-Selected-Azorean-Marine-Organisms.pdf

pressures_info:
I02 Other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern) -  inclui a destruição de habitat por plantas invasoras, sendo que as maiores alterações na vegetação têm ocorrido na linha de costa e nas falésias. Atualmente, nestas áreas existem diversos tipos de vegetação, principalmente devido à flora invasora, como é o caso das canas (Arundo donax), resultando na perda de solo disponível para ninhos e tocas. Os mamíferos introduzidos como as ratazanas exerceram um elevado impacto sobre os Procellariiformes dos Açores.

I04 Problematic native species - impacto de predadores como cães, gatos, furões. As lagartixas (Lacerta dugesii), conhecidas pela predação de crias de cagarro na Selvagem Grande, são comuns nas ilhas principais e em alguns ilhéus. Esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir a competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos, destruição de habitat pelos coelhos, cabras, e eventualmente vacas. Os coelhos têm ainda um efeito negativo pois as suas tocas promovem a erosão e perda de habitat devido à alteração da vegetação como resultado da herbivoria. 

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F24 e F25 e E01 – elevado impacto da poluição luminosa proveniente de luzes artificiais de zonas residenciais, recreativas (como estádios e campos desportivos), comerciais e industriais (como portos, painéis luminosos, etc.) e ainda iluminação nas estradas que causa encandeamento e mortalidade, principalmente, nas crias dos Procellariiformes. Todos os anos, milhares de cagarros são recolhidos e salvos no âmbito da Campanha SOS Cagarro (http://www.azores.gov.pt/gra/dramsoscagarro). Nas Canárias e Madeira existem campanhas semelhantes. Se não existissem, um grande número de cagarros juvenis morreria vitima de predadores (cães e gatos), por atropelamento nas estradas e de fome. Mesmo as aves que não se encontram feridas seriam incapazes de sobreviver, uma vez que estas aves necessitam de bastante espaço para levantar voo.

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (proveniente de dentro e fora da UE, pois o estudo de Pieper et al. (2019) estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa: grandes navios costeiros e oceânicos e outras fontes de larga escala)

L01 - Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover - perda de habitat com origem em processos físicos, erosão, colapso de ninhos, derrocadas

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
Bried J. (2003) Impact of vagrant predators on the native fauna: a Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) preying on Madeiran Storm Petrels (Oceanodroma castro) in the Azores. Arquipélago - Life and Marine Sciences 20A: 57-60

Bried J., Magalhães M. C., Bolton M., Neves V. C., Bell E., Pereira J. C., Aguiar L., Monteiro L. R., Santos R. S. (2009) Seabird Habitat Restoration on Praia Islet, Azores Archipelago. Ecological Restoration 27, 27-36; 

Bolton M., Medeiros R., Hothersall B., Campo A.(2004) The Use of artificial chambers as a conservation measure for cavity-nesting procellariiform seabirds: a case study of the Madeiran storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Biological Conservation 116, 73-80; 

Cabral M. J., Almeida P. R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almneida, N., Oliveira M. E., Palmeirim J. M., Queiroz A. L., Rogado L. & Santos- Reis M. 2005. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal - Peixes dulçaquicolas e migradores, Anfíbios, Répteis, Aves e Mamíferos. Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa.; 

Matias R., Rebelo R., Granadeiro J. P., Catry P. (2009) Predation by Madeiran Wall Lizards Teira dugesii, on Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea Hatchlings Waterbirds 32, 600-603;

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L. R., J.A. Ramos, R. W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological G92Conservation. 78, 319-328;

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Bried J. (2003) Impact of vagrant predators on the native fauna: a Short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) preying on Madeiran Storm Petrels (Oceanodroma castro) in the Azores. Arquipélago - Life and Marine Sciences 20A: 57-60

Bried J., Magalhães M. C., Bolton M., Neves V. C., Bell E., Pereira J. C., Aguiar L., Monteiro L. R., Santos R. S. (2009) Seabird Habitat Restoration on Praia Islet, Azores Archipelago. Ecological Restoration 27, 27-36; 

Bolton M., Medeiros R., Hothersall B., Campo A.(2004) The Use of artificial chambers as a conservation measure for cavity-nesting procellariiform seabirds: a case study of the Madeiran storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Biological Conservation 116, 73-80; 

Cabral M. J., Almeida P. R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almneida, N., Oliveira M. E., Palmeirim J. M., Queiroz A. L., Rogado L. & Santos- Reis M. 2005. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal - Peixes dulçaquicolas e migradores, Anfíbios, Répteis, Aves e Mamíferos. Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa.; 

Matias R., Rebelo R., Granadeiro J. P., Catry P. (2009) Predation by Madeiran Wall Lizards Teira dugesii, on Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea Hatchlings Waterbirds 32, 600-603;

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L. R., J.A. Ramos, R. W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological G92Conservation. 78, 319-328;

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos J. A., Monteiro L.R., Sola E., Moniz Z.(1997) Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641;

pressures_info:
L06 Interspecific faunal and floral relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens)  -  Esta pressão/ameaça inclui predação por gaivotas ou aves errantes, competição por ninhos por outros Procellariformes e pombos-da-rocha (Columba livia domestica), etc. Os paínhos-da-madeira competem com os cagarros (Calonectris diomedea) e com os frulhos (Puffinus lherminieri), e pombos-da-rocha (Columba livia domestica) pelos ninhos. No ilhéu da Vila, alguns ninhos de paínhos-da-madeira encontraram-se ocupados por estorninhos (Sturnus vulgaris granti), o que impede a ocupação pelos paínhos no outono seguinte. A instalação de ninhos artificiais tem reduzido esta competição no ilhéu da Praia. No Ilhéu de Baixo, algumas gaivotas-de-patas-amarelas (Larus michaellis atlantis) tornaram-se predadores do paínho-de-monteiro e do paínho-da-madeira. Há registos de predação de crias por Buteo buteo em 1995 e de Asio flammeus ter exercido forte predação nesta espécie durante um curto período de tempo (algumas semanas), no ilhéu da Praia, durante o Inverno de 2002-2003. 

I02 - other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern): Os mamíferos introduzidos exerceram um elevado impacto sobre os Procellariiformes dos Açores, estando agora a maioria restrita a alguns ilhéus onde não existem mamíferos introduzidos como as ratazanas. A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está também restrita a ilhéus devido à presença de invasoras na zona costeira das ilhas, incluindo a destruição de habitat por plantas invasoras como canas, roca e chorão, entre outras.

I04 Problematic native species - A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está praticamente restrita a ilhéus na maioria das espécies de pequenos Procellariformes devido ao forte impacto de predadores como cães, gatos, furões. As lagartixas-da-madeira Teira dugesii, que predam pintos de pardelas na Selvagem Grande, foram introduzidas no Ilhéu da Vila e da Praia, onde são atualmente abundantes. Há registos de predação de crias por lagartixas. No ilhéu da Praia há também registo de formigas a predar crias de painhos após a eclosão (Verónica Neves, 2018, dados não publicados). Esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos e destruição de habitat pelos coelhos, cabras, eventualmente vacas.

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F24 e F25 – poluição luminosa proveniente de zonas residenciais, recreativas (como estádios e campos desportivos), comerciais e industriais (como portos, painéis luminosos, etc.); considerou-se de ranking médio uma vez que a nidificação está praticamente restrita aos ilhéus.

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (proveniente de dentro e fora da UE, pois o estudo de Pieper et al. (2019) estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa: grandes navios costeiros e oceânicos e outras fontes de larga escala)

L01 - Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover - perda de habitat com origem em processos físicos, erosão, colapso de ninhos, derrocadas

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
I02 Other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern) - H – 4

I04 Problematic native species - H – 4

L06 Interspecific faunal and floral relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) - H – 4

F24 Residential or recreational  activities and structures generating  noise, light,  heat or other forms of pollution - M – 4

F25 Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating noise, light,  heat or other forms of pollution - M – 4

F22 Residential or recreational  activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g. plastic bags, Styrofoam) – M – 1

F23 Industrial or commercial activities and structures generating marine macro- and micro- particulate pollution (e.g.  plastic bags, Styrofoam) – M – 1

L01 Abiotic natural processes (e.g. natural erosion in areas with naturally low vegetation cover, silting up, drying out, submersion, salinization) - M – 4

N05 Change of habitat location, size, and / or quality due to climate change – M – 1

N07 Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change – M – 1

pressures_info:
Bried J. (2003) Impact of vagrant predators on the native fauna: short-eared Owl (Asio flammeus) preying on Madeiran Storm Petrels (Oceanodroma castro) in Azores. Arquipélago, Life and Marine Sciences 20A: 57-60.

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L.R., J. A. Ramos, R. W. Furness. 1996b. Past and Present and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological Conservation. 78, 319-328.

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos J. A., Monteiro L. R., Sola E., Moniz Z. (1997) Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641.; J. Bried, Universidade dos Açores, Informação não publicada.


pressures_source:
Bolton M., Medeiros R., Hothersall B., Campo A.(2004) The Use of artificial chambers as a conservation measure for cavity-nesting procellariiform seabirds: a case study of the Madeiran storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Biological Conservation 116, 73-80; 

Bolton M., Smith A. L., Gómez-diaz D., Friesen V., Medeiros R., Bried J., Roscales J. L., Furness R. W. (2008) Monteiro's Storm Petrel Oceanodroma monteiroi: a new species from the Azores. Ibis 150, 717-727.

Bried J., Magalhães M. C., Bolton M., Neves V. C., Bell E., Pereira J. C., Aguiar L., Monteiro L. R., Santos R. S. (2009) Seabird Habitat Restoration on Praia Islet, Azores Archipelago. Ecological Restoration 27, 27-36; 

Bried, J., and Neves, V. C. (2015). Habitat restoration on Praia Islet, Azores Archipelago, proved successful for seabirds, but new threats have emerged. Airo, 23: 25–35.

Cabral M. J., Almeida P. R., Dellinger T., Ferrand de Almeida, N., Oliveira M. E., Palmeirim J. M., Queiroz A. L., Rogado L. & Santos-Reis M. 2005. Livro Vermelho dos Vertebrados de Portugal - Peixes dulçaquicolas e migradores, Anfíbios, Répteis, Aves e Mamíferos. Instituto da Conservação da Natureza, Lisboa.; 

Matias R., Rebelo R., Granadeiro J. P., Catry P. (2009) Predation by Madeiran Wall Lizards Teira dugesii, on Cory's shearwater Calonectris diomedea Hatchlings Waterbirds 32, 600-603;

MISTIC SEAS II consortium (2018) Macaronesian Roof Report (TRWP2) - Applying a sub-regional coherent and coordinated approach to the monitoring and assessment of marine biodiversity in Macaronesia for the second cycle of the MSFD. WP2 - Towards a coherent update of initial assessment, GES and targets, Task 2.1. Update of the Initial Assessment and Task 2.2. Finding common GES definition and Environmental Targets for the Macaronesia GA No 11.0661/2017/750679/SUB/ENV.C2., Brussels, 132pp. 

Monteiro L. R., J.A. Ramos, R. W. Furness. 1996. Past and Present Status and Conservation of the Seabirds Breeding in the Azores Archipelago. Biological G92Conservation. 78, 319-328;

Neves, V.C., Nava, C., Monteiro, E.V., Monteiro, P.R. and Bried, J. (2017). Depredation of Monteiro's Storm-petrel (Hydrobates monteiroi) Chicks by Madeiran Wall Lizard (Lacerta dugesii). "Waterbirds", 40(1): 82-86.

Oliveira N. (compiler) (2018) International Single Species Action Plan for the conservation of Monteiro’s Storm Petrel Hydrobates monteiroi (2018 to 2028). European Commission Technical Report, May-2018.

Pieper, Catharina, Linda Amaral-Zettler, Kara Lavender Law, Clara Magalhães Loureiro, and Ana Martins. "Application of Matrix Scoring Techniques to evaluate marine debris sources in the remote islands of the Azores Archipelago." Environmental Pollution 249 (2019): 666-675. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2019.03.084

Ramos J. A., Monteiro L.R., Sola E., Moniz Z.(1997) Characteristics and Competition for Nest Cavities in Burrowing Procellariiformes. Condor 99, 634-641;

pressures_info:
L06 Interspecific faunal and floral relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) - Esta pressão/ameaça inclui predação por gaivotas ou aves errantes, competição por ninhos por outros Procellariformes e pombos-da-rocha (Columba livia domestica), etc.  No Ilhéu de Baixo, algumas gaivotas-de-patas-amarelas (Larus michahellis atlantis) parecem ter-se especializado como predadores dos painhos-da-madeira e dos painhos-de monteiro. Esta predação ocorreu ocasionalmente, desde 2012, no ilhéu da Praia.  Os paínhos-de-monteiro têm que competir pelos ninhos, maioritariamente, com os cagarros (Calonectris diomedea), que por vezes os matam, mas também com os pombos-das-rochas (Columba livia domestica). A instalação de ninhos artificiais tem reduzido o nível de competição no Ilhéu da Praia. No ilhéu da Praia há também registo de formigas a predar crias de painhos após a eclosão (Verónica Neves, 2018, dados não publicados).

I02 - other invasive alien species (other than species of Union concern): Os mamíferos introduzidos exerceram um elevado impacto sobre os Procellariiformes dos Açores, estando agora a maioria restrita a alguns ilhéus onde não existem mamíferos introduzidos como as ratazanas. A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está também restrita a ilhéus devido à presença de invasoras na zona costeira das ilhas, incluindo a destruição de habitat por plantas invasoras como canas, roca e chorão, entre outras.

I04 Problematic native species - A distribuição das colónias de nidificação está praticamente restrita a ilhéus na maioria das espécies de pequenos Procellariformes devido ao forte impacto de predadores como cães, gatos, furões. As lagartixas-da-madeira Teira dugesii, que predam pintos de pardelas na Selvagem Grande, foram introduzidas no Ilhéu da Vila e da Praia, onde são atualmente abundantes. Há registos de predação de crias por lagartixas. No ilhéu da Praia há também registo de formigas a predar crias de painhos após a eclosão (Verónica Neves, 2018, dados não publicados). Esta pressão/ameaça também pode incluir competição com coelhos por tocas/ninhos e destruição de habitat pelos coelhos, cabras, eventualmente vacas.

Ver descrição das pressões/ameaças I02, I04 e L06 para definição de espécies "nativas", invasoras, ação humana ou natural e relações interespecíficas.

F24 e F25 – poluição luminosa proveniente de zonas residenciais, recreativas (como estádios e campos desportivos), comerciais e industriais (como portos, painéis luminosos, etc.); considerou-se de ranking médio uma vez que a nidificação está restrita aos ilhéus 

F22 e F23 - Lixo marinho de origem urbana, industrial ou comercial (location 1 pois um estudo estima que 85% do lixo marinho que chega à região é de origem externa)

N05 e N07 - As ameaças das alterações climáticas podem ter causas e efeitos diversos, no entanto devido à limitação do n.º de ameaças a 10, escolheram-se as mais ligadas às pressões já identificadas no presente com nível elevado, ie, aquelas relacionadas com as perdas de habitat e relações interespecíficas.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term trend of -27%: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. MENDEL, B., SONNTAG, N., WAHL, J., SCHWEMMER, P., DRIES, H., GUSE, N., MULLER, S. & GARTHE, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. ICES 2015. Report of the Joint OSPAR/HELCOM/ICES Working Group on Seabirds (JWGBIRD). ICES CM2015/ACOM:28.
Pressure Xxp: Expert judgement
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. MENDEL, B., SONNTAG, N., WAHL, J., SCHWEMMER, P., DRIES, H., GUSE, N., MULLER, S. & GARTHE, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. ICES 2015. Report of the Joint OSPAR/HELCOM/ICES Working Group on Seabirds (JWGBIRD). ICES CM2015/ACOM:28.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Continuing population increase


pressures_source:
Pressure A15: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf
Pressure A17: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf
Pressure A33: UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions: Reedbeds: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5706
Threat A15: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf
Threat A17: RSPB/Natural England crop nesting harriers project: http://www.rspb.org.uk/Images/cropnestingharriers_tcm9-149080.pdf
Threat A33: UK Biodiversity Action Plan Priority Habitat Descriptions: Reedbeds: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5706
Threat G10: Annual RSPB Birdcrime reports 2000-2011; English Nature 2000. The illegal persecution of raptors in England. English Nature Research Report 343.


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2002. Determining the cause of the Hen Harrier decline on the Orkney Islands: an experimental test of two hypotheses. Animal Conservation 5: 21-28. Amar, A., Redpath, S. & Thirgood, S. 2003. Evidence for food limitation in the declining Hen Harrier population on the Orkney Islands, Scotland. Biological Conservation 111: 374-388. Amar, A., Picozzi, N., Meek, E.R., Redpath, S.M. & Lambin, X. 2005. Decline of the Orkney Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus population: do changes to demographic parameters and mating system fit a declining food hypothesis? Bird Study 52: 18-24. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2005. . Habitat use by Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus on Orkney: implications of land-use change for this declining population. Ibis 147: 37-47. Amar, A., Davies, J., Meek, E., Williams, J., Knight, A. & Redpath, S. 2011. Long-term impact of changes in sheep Ovis aries densities on the breeding output of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 220-227.
Pressure G10: Etheridge, B., Summers, R.W. & Green, R.E. 1997. The effects of illegal killing and destruction of nests by humans on the population dynamics of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus in Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 1081-1105. Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.; Thompson, P.S., Amar, A., Hoccom, D.G., Knott, J. & Wilson, J.D. 2009. Resolving the conflict between driven-grouse shooting and conservation of hen harriers. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 950-954. Fielding, A. Haworth, P., Whitfield, P., McLeod, D. & Riley, H. 2011. A Conservation Framework for Hen Harriers in the United Kingdom. JNCC Report No: 441. JNCC, Peterborough. 90 pp. Natural England (2009) A future for the hen harrier in England? Natural England report no. 140 http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/40030
Pressure L06: Baines, D. & Richardson, M. (2013). Hen harriers on a Scottish grouse moor: multiple factors predict breeding density and productivity. Journal of Applied Ecology. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12154. Whitfield, D.P. & Fielding, A.H. 2009. Hen Harrier population studies in Wales. CCW Contract Science No. 879. www.alanfielding.co.uk/fielding/pdfs/CCW contract science report 879.pdf McMillan, R.L. (2014) Hen Harriers on Skye 2000-12: nest failuresand predation. Scottish Birds 34:2. SOC. Fielding, A., Haworth, P., McLeod, D. & Riley, H. 2011. A Conservation Framework for Hen Harriers in the United Kingdom. JNCC Report 441. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.
Threat A09: Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2002. Determining the cause of the Hen Harrier decline on the Orkney Islands: an experimental test of two hypotheses. Animal Conservation 5: 21-28. Amar, A., Redpath, S. & Thirgood, S. 2003. Evidence for food limitation in the declining Hen Harrier population on the Orkney Islands, Scotland. Biological Conservation 111: 374-388. Amar, A., Picozzi, N., Meek, E.R., Redpath, S.M. & Lambin, X. 2005. Decline of the Orkney Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus population: do changes to demographic parameters and mating system fit a declining food hypothesis? Bird Study 52: 18-24. Amar, A. & Redpath, S.M. 2005. . Habitat use by Hen Harriers Circus cyaneus on Orkney: implications of land-use change for this declining population. Ibis 147: 37-47. Amar, A., Davies, J., Meek, E., Williams, J., Knight, A. & Redpath, S. 2011. Long-term impact of changes in sheep Ovis aries densities on the breeding output of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus. Journal of Applied Ecology 48: 220-227.
Threat G10: Etheridge, B., Summers, R.W. & Green, R.E. 1997. The effects of illegal killing and destruction of nests by humans on the population dynamics of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus in Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 1081-1105. Etheridge, B. 2007. Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus (Linnaeus). Pp. 460-464. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Thompson, P.S., Amar, A., Hoccom, D.G., Knott, J. & Wilson, J.D. 2009. Resolving the conflict between driven-grouse shooting and conservation of hen harriers. Journal of Applied Ecology 46: 950-954. Fielding, A. Haworth, P., Whitfield, P., McLeod, D. & Riley, H. 2011. A Conservation Framework for Hen Harriers in the United Kingdom. JNCC Report No: 441. JNCC, Peterborough. 90 pp. Sim, I.M.W., Dillon, I.A., Eaton, M.A., Etheridge, B., Lindley, P., Riley, H., Saunders, R., Sharpe, C. & Tickner, M. 2007. Status of the Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus in the UK and the Isle of Man in 2004, and a comparison with the 1988/89 and 1998 surveys. Bird Study 54: 256-267. Natural England (2009) A future for the hen harrier in England? Natural England report no. 140 http://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/category/40030
Threat L06: Baines, D. & Richardson, M. (2013). Hen harriers on a Scottish grouse moor: multiple factors predict breeding density and productivity. Journal of Applied Ecology. doi: 10.1111/1365-2664.12154. Whitfield, D.P. & Fielding, A.H. 2009. Hen Harrier population studies in Wales. CCW Contract Science No. 879. www.alanfielding.co.uk/fielding/pdfs/CCW contract science report 879.pdf McMillan, R.L. (2014) Hen Harriers on Skye 2000-12: nest failures and predation. Scottish Birds 34:2. SOC. Fielding, A., Haworth, P., McLeod, D. & Riley, H. 2011. A Conservation Framework for Hen Harriers in the United Kingdom. JNCC Report 441. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough.

pressures_info:
Pressure L06: Ground predators, especially Red Foxes , are involved, and have been photographed predating nests on Skye, Clyde Muirshiel SPA and perhaps elsewhere. There appears to be a strong correlation between recent Hen Harrier breeding density and success in relation to foxes, eg fox-free islands and legally keepered moors v islands and mainland areas with Red Foxes.
Threat L06: Ground predators, especially Red Foxes , are involved, and have been photographed predating nests on Skye, Clyde Muirshiel SPA and perhaps elsewhere. There appears to be a strong correlation between recent Hen Harrier breeding density and success in relation to RedFoxes, eg Fox-free islands and legally keepered moors v islands and mainland areas with Foxes.


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Pressure G01: Frederiksen, M., Harris, M.P., Daunt, F., Rothery, P. and Wanless, S. 2004. The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 1129-1139. OSPAR COMMISSION 2009b. Background document for black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla tridactyla). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series. Carroll, M. J., Bolton, M., Owen, E., Anderson, G. Q., Mackley, E. K., Dunn, E. K., & Furness, R. W. (2017). Kittiwake breeding success in the southern North Sea correlates with prior sandeel fishing mortality. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems, 27(6), 1164-1175.
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Threat G01: Frederiksen, M., Harris, M.P., Daunt, F., Rothery, P. and Wanless, S. 2004. The role of industrial fisheries and oceanographic change in the decline of North Sea black-legged kittiwakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 41: 1129-1139. OSPAR COMMISSION 2009b. Background document for black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla tridactyla). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Threat N01: Sandvik, H., Reiertsen, T.K., Erikstad, K.E., Anker-Nilssen, T., Barrett, R.T., Lorentsen, S.H., Systad, G.H. & Myksvoll, M.S. 2014. The decline of Norwegian kittiwake populations: modelling the role of ocean warming. Climate Research60: 91-102. OSPAR COMMISSION 2009b. Background document for black-legged kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla tridactyla). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series. RUSSELL, D.J.F., WANLESS, S., COLLINGHAM, Y.C., HUNTLEY, B. & HAMER, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359.

pressures_info:
Threat N01: Carroll, M. J., Butler, A., Owen, E., Ewing, S. R., Cole, T., Green, J. A., ... & Daunt, F. (2015). Effects of sea temperature and stratification changes on seabird breeding success. Clim Res, 66, 75-89.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase of 27%. BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat B01: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Turdus torquatus. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org 
Threat B02: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Turdus torquatus. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org 
Threat F05: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Turdus torquatus. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org 
Threat H08: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Turdus torquatus. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org 
Threat L06: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Turdus torquatus. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org 
Threat N01: Beale, C,M., Burfield, I.J., Sim, I.M.W., Rebecca, G.W., Pearce-Higgins, J.W., & Grant, M.C. 2006. Climate change may account for the decline in British Ring Ouzels Turdus torquatus. Journal of Animal Ecology 75: 826-835. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure B04: Mallord, J. W., Smith, K. W., Bellamy, P. E., Charman, E. C. and Gregory, R. D. (2016). Are changes in breeding habitat responsible for recent population changes of long-distance migrant birds? Bird Study 63: 250-261.
Pressure B07: Mallord, J. W., Smith, K. W., Bellamy, P. E., Charman, E. C. and Gregory, R. D. (2016). Are changes in breeding habitat responsible for recent population changes of long-distance migrant birds? Bird Study 63: 250-261.
Pressure N06: Both, C., Bouwhuis, S., Lessells, C. M. and Visser, M. E. (2006). Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird. Nature 441: 81-83.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.; Goodenough, A.E., Elliot, S.L. & Hart, A.G. 2009. The challenges of conservation for declining migrants: are reserve-based initiatives during the breeding season appropriate for the Pied Flycatcher Ficedula hypoleuca? Ibis 151: 429-439.
Threat B04: Mallord, J. W., Smith, K. W., Bellamy, P. E., Charman, E. C. and Gregory, R. D. (2016). Are changes in breeding habitat responsible for recent population changes of long-distance migrant birds? Bird Study 63: 250-261.
Threat B07: Mallord, J.W., Smith, K.W., Bellamy, P.E., Charman, E.C. & Gregory, R.D. 2016. Are changes in breeding habitat responsible for recent population changes of long-distance migrant birds? Bird Study 63: 250-261.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N06: Both, C., Bouwhuis, S., Lessells, C. M. and Visser, M. E. (2006). Climate change and population declines in a long-distance migratory bird. Nature 441: 81-83.
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure N06: Although tropic mismatch is much more debated now,it should be included as a pressure. Although note no evidence of demographic consequences found by any study of this or similar species
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat N06: Although tropic mismatch is much more debated now,it should be included as a pressure. Although note no evidence of demographic consequences found by any study of this or similar species
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Long-term fluctuating CBC/ BBS UK index with a signfiicant increase since the late 1990s and recent stability (BTO BirdTrends). Most signficant increase in density in East Anglia and Kent 1994-1996 to 2007-2009; only modest declines from Devon across the Midlands to Yorkshire 1988-1991 to 2008-2011. Breeding distribution extended widely into Scotland 1988-1991 to 2007-2011 (BTO Atlas online).
Threat Xxt: Long-term fluctuating CBC/ BBS UK index with a signfiicant increase since the late 1990s and recent stability (BTO BirdTrends). Most signficant increase in density in East Anglia and Kent 1994-1996 to 2007-2009; only modest declines from Devon across the Midlands to Yorkshire 1988-1991 to 2008-2011. Breeding distribution extended widely into Scotland 1988-1991 to 2007-2011 (BTO Atlas online).


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Feare, Dunnet & Patterson (1974) Ecological Studies of the Rook (Corvus frugilegus) in NE Scotland: food intake and feeding behaviour. J. Applied Ecology 11:3 pp. 867-896. Marchant, J.H. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Numbers of nesting Rooks Corvus frugilegus in the United Kingdom in 1996. Bird Study 46: 3
Threat A02: Feare, C.J., Dunnet, G. & Patterson, I. 1974. Ecological Studies of the Rook (Corvus frugilegus) in NE Scotland: food intake and feeding behaviour. J. Applied Ecology 11: 867-896. Marchant, J.H. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Numbers of nesting Rooks Corvus frugilegus in the United Kingdom in 1996. Bird Study 46: 3

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Declines in Rook are likely to be linked to changes in summer and perhaps also winter food availability influenced by changes to agrarian and livestock agricultural practices, suggestions include intensification, reduced crop diversity, loss of winter stubble and pemaent pasture.
Threat A02: Declines in Rook are likely to be linked to changes in summer and perhaps also winter food availability influenced by changes to agrarian and livestock agricultural practices, suggestions include intensification, reduced crop diversity, loss of winter stubble and pemaent pasture.


pressures_source:
Pressure A03: Field, R.H. & Anderson, G.Q.A (2004) Habitat use by breeding Tree Sparrows Passer montanus. Ibis 146 p. 60-68 
Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat A03: Field, R.H. & Anderson, G.Q.A (2004) Habitat use by breeding Tree Sparrows Passer montanus. Ibis 146 p. 60-68 
Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends

pressures_info:
Pressure A03: Lack of diversity in agricultural landscapes due to ag intensification leads to lack of diversity in insect food required for long breeding season. Conversion to specialised systems also reduces winter seed food and nest site availability. Increasing popuation (BBS: +38% during reporting period)


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: A. D. Evans & K. W. Smith (1994) Habitat selection of Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain, Bird Study, 41:2, 81-87
Pressure A03: Evans, A.D., Smith, K.W., Buckingham D.L. and Evans, J. 1997. Seasonal variation in breeding performance and nestling diet of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in England. Bird Study 44: 66-79.
Pressure A05: Evans, A.D. 1997. Cirl buntings in Britain. British Birds 90: 267-282.
Pressure A17: A. D. Evans & K. W. Smith (1994) Habitat selection of Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain, Bird Study, 41:2, 81-87
Pressure A20: Evans, A.D., Smith, K.W., Buckingham D.L. and Evans, J. 1997. Seasonal variation in breeding performance and nestling diet of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in England. Bird Study 44: 66-79.
Pressure A21: Bradbury, R.B., Baily, C.M., Wright, D. and Evans A.D. 2008. Wintering cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in southwest England select cereal stubbles that follow a low-input herbicide regime. Bird Study 55: 23-31.
Pressure F01: https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/cirl-bunting-project
Pressure F03: https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/cirl-bunting-project
Threat A02: A. D. Evans & K. W. Smith (1994) Habitat selection of Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain, Bird Study, 41:2, 81-87
Threat A03: Evans, A.D., Smith, K.W., Buckingham D.L. and Evans, J. 1997. Seasonal variation in breeding performance and nestling diet of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in England. Bird Study 44: 66-79.
Threat A05: Evans, A.D. 1997. Cirl buntings in Britain. British Birds 90: 267-282.
Threat A17: A. D. Evans & K. W. Smith (1994) Habitat selection of Cirl Buntings Emberiza cirlus wintering in Britain, Bird Study, 41:2, 81-87
Threat A20: Evans, A.D., Smith, K.W., Buckingham D.L. and Evans, J. 1997. Seasonal variation in breeding performance and nestling diet of cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in England. Bird Study 44: 66-79.
Threat A21: Bradbury, R.B., Baily, C.M., Wright, D. and Evans A.D. 2008. Wintering cirl buntings Emberiza cirlus in southwest England select cereal stubbles that follow a low-input herbicide regime. Bird Study 55: 23-31.
Threat F01: https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/cirl-bunting-project
Threat F03: https://www.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/projects/cirl-bunting-project

pressures_info:
Pressure A03: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure A05: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure A17: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure A20: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure A21: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure F01: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)
Pressure F03: Strong 25 year increase - 814% (RBBP)


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Reed, S. 1995. Factors limiting the distribution and population size of Twite in the Pennines. Naturalist 120: 93-102
Pressure A03: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Pressure A08: Reed, S. 1995. Factors limiting the distribution and population size of Twite in the Pennines. Naturalist 120: 93-102
Pressure A09: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Pressure A10: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Pressure A17: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Threat A02: Reed, S. 1995. Factors limiting the distribution and population size of Twite in the Pennines. Naturalist 120: 93-102
Threat A03: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Threat A08: Reed, S. 1995. Factors limiting the distribution and population size of Twite in the Pennines. Naturalist 120: 93-102
Threat A09: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Threat A10: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Threat A17: Newton, I. (2004) The recent declines of farmland bird populations in Britain: an appraisal of causal factors and conservation actions. Ibis 146:579-600.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: CBC/BBS indicate 29% increase in population since 1967. Atlas shows no change in distribution.
Threat Xxt: CBC/BBS indicate 29% increase in population since 1967. Atlas shows no change in distribution.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Regional decline in western Britain (Atlas) but significat increase in UK population (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing and spreading population (WeBS & Atlas)
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure D02: West Inverness Lochs Partnership study (RSPB, WWT, SSE) and Alastair Stephen (SSE) pers comm
Pressure I02: Russell, N. 2007. Common Scoter Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus). Pp. 258-261. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure L06: West Inverness Lochs Partnership study (RSPB, WWT, SSE) 2014 Unpublished report
Threat D01: Russell, N. 2007. Common Scoter Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus). Pp. 258-261. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Huddleston (2010) Understanding the Environmental Impacts of Offshore Windfarms. COWRIE. Newton & Little (2009) Assessment of wind-farm and other bird casualties from carcasses found on a Northumbrian beach over an 11-year period. Bird Study 56: 158-167. Kaiser et al (2006) Distribution and behaviour of Common Scoter Melanitta nigra relative to prey resources and environmental parameters. Ibis 148: 110-128.
Threat I02: Russell, N. 2007. Common Scoter Melanitta nigra (Linnaeus). Pp. 258-261. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure D02: Offsetting of hydro and wind generation due to limited grid capacity and energy company policy to maximise water capture potential during wind generation periods causing excessive lowering of water levels with several major impacts resulting including loss of island integrity, loss of shallows for adults and broods feeding and as result of former, increased predation.
Pressure I02: Canada Geese are moving north in West Highlands with up to 100 birds present on a single loch in the West Inverness Lochs SPA. The full impacts they are having on the Common Scoter population yet to be studied.
Pressure L06: Pine Marten and Red Fox predation of eggs and incubating females


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Okill, J.D. 2007. Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). Pp. 324-328. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat D01: Okill, J.D. 2007. Red-throated Diver Gavia stellata (Pontoppidan). Pp. 324-328. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Thinning of distribution (Atlas)


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Recent colonist
Threat Xxt: Recent colonist


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: rapidly increasing and spreading population (BBS - 63% increase in reporting period & Atlas)


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment - increase in range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Waltho, C.M. 2007. Common Eider Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus). Pp. 243-248. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure I02: Loss of range in western Scotland attributed to Mink predation (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat G10: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Contraction of breeding range. Possibly linked to illegal killing but no good evidence.


pressures_source:
Pressure G08: Ewing, S.R., Rebecca, G.W., Heavisides, A., Court, I., Lindley, P., Ruddock, M., Cohen, S. & Eaton, M.A. 2011. Breeding status of the Merlin Falco columbarius in the UK in 2008. Bird Study 58: 379-389.
Threat G08: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Dickson, R.C. & Heavisides, A. 2007. Merlin Falco columbarius Linnaeus. Pp. 500-504. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure G08: North East Scotland Raptor Study Group 2015. Peregrines in North-east Scotland in 2014 - further decline in the uplands. Scottish Birds 35: 202-206.
Threat G08: North East Scotland Raptor Study Group 2015. Peregrines in North-east Scotland in 2014 - further decline in the uplands. Scottish Birds 35: 202-206.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.
Threat L06: Hill, D. (1988) Population dynamics of the Avocet breeding in Britain, UK. Journal of Animal Ecology 57: 669-684. Hotker, H. & Segebade, A. (1996) Optimal nest densities in colonies of Pied Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta. Wader Study Bulletin 79: 42. Hotker, H. & Segebade, A. (2000). Effects of predation and weather on the breeding success of Avocets Recurvirostra avosetta. Bird Study 47(1): 91-101.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing range (Atlas) and numbers (+47% short-term; RBBP)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term decrease of-50%Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Threat N01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Tasker, M.L. 2007. Black-headed Gull Larus ridibundus Linnaeus. Pp. 754-758. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased breeding distribution ( +9%, Atlas) and increasing population (+38%, SMP 1998/2002 - 2015)


pressures_source:
Threat G12: Ewins, P.J. 1988. An analysis of rining recoveries of Black Guillemots Cepphus grylle in Britain and Ireland. Ringing and Migration 9: 95-102
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known. Some ringing recovery evidence towards bycatch occurring in UK and Irish waters.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term decrease of -21%: BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure A03: Robinson, R.A., Leech, D.I., Massimino, D., Woodward, I., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., & Baillie, S.R. (2016) BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends (https://app.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=misth&year=2016) [Online] Accessed: 11 August 2017
Threat A03: Robinson, R.A., Leech, D.I., Massimino, D., Woodward, I., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., & Baillie, S.R. (2016) BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends (https://app.bto.org/birdtrends/species.jsp?s=misth&year=2016) [Online] Accessed: 11 August 2017


pressures_source:
Pressure N02: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat B04: Mallord, J.W., Charman, E. C., Cristinacce, A. (2012) Habitat associations of Wood Warblers Phylloscopus sibilatrix breeding in Welsh oakwoods. Bird Study 59: 403-415
Threat I04: Mallord, J.W., Orsman, C.J., Cristinacce, A., Butcher, N., Charman, E. C. (2012) Mortality of Wood Warbler Phylloscopus sibilatrix nests in Welsh Oakwoods: predation rates and the identification of nest predators using miniature nest cameras. Bird Study 59: 286-295
Threat N02: Ockendon, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. (2012) Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement, Bird Study, 59:2, 111-125
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term trend of 29.5% BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat A03: Proffitt, FM, Newton, I, Wilson, JD & Siriwardena, GM 2004. Bullfinch Pyrrhula pyrrhula pileata breeding ecology in lowland farmland and woodland: comparisons across time and habitat. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 78-86.
Threat B02: Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143.

pressures_info:
Threat A03: BOCC4 review classified Bullfinch as amber (code BDMp1) due to a 27% decline in its UK breeding population over 25 year period (Eaton et al. 2015), but has increased since 2000 (CBC/ BBS data BTO online). The ecological drivers inconclusive (Robinson et al 2014, contra BTO), but egg and nestling losses and reduced adult survival suspected (expert opinion pers Parkin & Knox 2010). No significant changes to brood and clutch sizes or to nest failure rates (BTO online).
Threat B02: Agricultural intensification and reduced floristic diversity in woodlands contrinuted to reduced food resource and suitable nest sites (Fuller et al 2005).


pressures_source:
Pressure A33: Ratcliffe, N., Schmitt, S. & Whiffen, M. 2005. Sink or swim? Viability of a black-tailed godwit population in relation to flooding. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 834-843.
Pressure N03: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Smart, J. & Gill, J.A. (2003) Climate change and the potential impact on breeding waders in the UK. Wader Study Group Bulletin 100: 80-85.
Threat A33: Ratcliffe, N., Schmitt, S. & Whiffen, M. 2005. Sink or swim? Viability of a black-tailed godwit population in relation to flooding. Journal of Applied Ecology 42: 834-843.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N03: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Smart, J. & Gill, J.A. (2003) Climate change and the potential impact on breeding waders in the UK. Wader Study Group Bulletin 100: 80-85.


pressures_source:
Pressure A26: Tomankova, I., Harrod, C., Fox, A.D. & Reid, N. 2014. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and macroinvertebrate declines coincide with the collapse of overwintering diving duck populations in a large eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 59: 249-256.
Pressure N01: Lehikoinen, A., Jaatinen, K., Vahatalo, A.V., Clausen, P., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hearn, R., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Nilsson, L., Langendoen, T., Tomankova, I., Wahl, J. & Fox, A.D. 2013. Rapid climate driven shifts in wintering distributions of three common waterbird species. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12200. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf
Threat A26: Tomankova, I., Harrod, C., Fox, A.D. & Reid, N. 2014. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and macroinvertebrate declines coincide with the collapse of overwintering diving duck populations in a large eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 59: 249-256.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat A26: Allen, D., Mellon, C. & Enlander, I. 2004 Factors relating to the wintering population of diving ducks on the Lough Neagh System. Report for EHS CON 2/1 (162), Allen & Mellon Environmental Ltd. Belfast
Threat G12: Kirby et al. 1993. Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3: 105-135.
Threat J02: Kirby et al (1993) Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic conservation: marine ad freshwater ecosystems 3, 105-135. Forrester et al (2007) Birds of Scotland (Vol 1). Hearn et al (2015) International single species action plan for the conservation of the Long-tailed Duck Clangula hyemalis 2016-2025. Bonn: AEWA. Camphuysen et al (2009) Oil pollution and seabirds. Thematic report no. 5.3 In: Marencic & Vlas (Eds) 2009. Quality Status Report 2009. Waddensea Ecosystem No.25.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Increase in range (Atlas). Numbers declining (WeBS): - 51% in last ten years
Threat G12: Poor understanding of this threat at UK level. Impacts of ghost fishing on seaducks also unknown but may be a pressure/threat, large amounts of ghost gear found in Scapa Flow by the Global Ghost Gear Initiative where internationally important of Long-tailed Ducks overwinter.


pressures_source:
Pressure A21: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Chamberlain, D. E., Fuller, R. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Duckworth, J. C. and Shrubb, M. 2000. Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 771-788.
Pressure A23: Walker, L.A.; Chaplow, J.S.; Llewellyn, N.R.; Pereira, M.G.; Potter, E.D.; Sainsbury, A.W.; Shore, R.F.. 2013 Anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds 2011: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. Lancaster, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 29pp. (CEH Project no. C04288) http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/500093/1/N500093%28report%29CR.pdf
Threat A21: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Chamberlain, D. E., Fuller, R. J., Bunce, R. G. H., Duckworth, J. C. and Shrubb, M. 2000. Changes in the abundance of farmland birds in relation to the timing of agricultural intensification in England and Wales. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 771-788.
Threat A23: Walker, L.A.; Chaplow, J.S.; Llewellyn, N.R.; Pereira, M.G.; Potter, E.D.; Sainsbury, A.W.; Shore, R.F.. 2013 Anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds 2011: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. Lancaster, NERC/Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, 29pp. (CEH Project no. C04288) http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/500093/1/N500093%28report%29CR.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure A21: Regional contraction of range in western Britain. Intensification of agricultural practices causing popualtion decline of Kestrels. Code A21 applied here but other aspects of intensification are probably also involved - see Chamberlain et al. 2000
Pressure A23: Increased used of rodenticides is significantly associated with a population decline in the UK (Roos et al. in prep.)
Threat A21: Regional contraction of range in western Britain. Intensification of agricultural practices causing popualtion decline of Kestrels. Code A21 applied here but other aspects of intensification are probably also involved - see Chamberlain et al. 2000
Threat A23: Increased used of rodenticides is significantly associated with a population decline in the UK (Roos et al. in prep.)


pressures_source:
Pressure A06: Green, R.E. 2007. Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus). Pp. 525-528. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure A09: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A17: Green, R.E. 2007. Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus). Pp. 525-528. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A06: Green, R.E. 2007. Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus). Pp. 525-528. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A09: Green, R.E. 2007. Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus). Pp. 525-528. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A17: Green, R.E. 2007. Corncrake Crex crex (Linnaeus). Pp. 525-528. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure A06: Threat of more abandonment if support measures for crofting not maintained or increased.
Pressure A09: Contraction of range through intensive livestock sytems, particularly in Orkney
Pressure A17: Contraction of range in Orkney through early mowing regimes
Threat A06: Threat of more abandonment if support measures for crofting not maintained or increased.
Threat A17: Threat of earlier grassland cutting dates with gaps in, reduction in or cessation of agri-environemt scheme.
Threat N01: Regional contraction of range in Ireland and western Britain


pressures_source:
Pressure A15: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.
Pressure E01: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.
Pressure F01: Sharp, J., Clarke, R.T., Liley, D. & Green, R.E. 2008. The effect of housing development and roads on the distribution of stone curlews in the Brecks. Footprint Ecology report to Breckland District Council.
Pressure F07: Taylor, E.C., Green, R.E. & Perrins, J. 2007. Stone-curlews Burhinus oedicnemus and recreational disturbance: developing a management tool for access. Ibis 149: 37-44.
Pressure L06: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.
Threat A15: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.
Threat E01: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.
Threat F01: Sharp, J., Clarke, R.T., Liley, D. & Green, R.E. 2008. The effect of housing development and roads on the distribution of stone curlews in the Brecks. Footprint Ecology report to Breckland District Council.
Threat F07: Taylor, E.C., Green, R.E. & Perrins, J. 2007. Stone-curlewsBurhinus oedicnemus and recreational disturbance: developing a management tool for access. Ibis 149: 37-44.
Threat L06: Green, R.E., Tyler, G.A., & Bowden, C.G.R. 2000. Habitat selection, ranging behaviour and diet of the stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus) in southern England. Journal of Zoology 250: 161-183.


pressures_source:
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf
Threat N05: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf

pressures_info:
Threat N05: Fewer winter visitors because of short-stopping


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: +15% short-term increase: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A08: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A09: Green, R.E. (1988). Effects of environmental factors on the timing and success of breeding common snipe (Aves: Scolopacidae). J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 79-93. Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40.
Pressure A13: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A20: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A31: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure B27: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat A02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A08: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A09: Green, R.E. (1988). Effects of environmental factors on the timing and success of breeding common snipe (Aves: Scolopacidae). J. Appl. Ecol. 25: 79-93. Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40.
Threat A13: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A20: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A31: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat B27: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Pressure A08: More frequent and earlier grass cutting
Pressure A13: Reseeding with rye-grass
Pressure A20: Fertilisation of grassland
Pressure A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Pressure B27: Drainage for forestry.
Threat A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Threat A08: More frequent and earlier grass cutting
Threat A13: Reseeding with rye-grass
Threat A20: Fertilisation of grassland
Threat A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Threat B27: Drainage for forestry.


pressures_source:
Pressure A13: Grant, M.C. 1992. The effects of re-seeding heathland on breeding Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus in Shetland. I. Nest distributions. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 501-508.; Grant, M.C., Chambers, R.E. & Evans, P.R. 1992b. The effects of re-seeding heathland on breeding Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus in Shetland. III. Habitat use by broods. Journal of Applied Ecology 29: 516-523.
Pressure I04: RSPB unpubl. data; www.vikingenergy.co.uk/the-project; Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat A07: No specific source relating to Whimbrel breeding areas (ie. Shetland), but wider UK studies suggest abandonment/undergrazing is a pressure/threat
Threat D01: www.vikingenergy.co.uk/the-project; Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N02: Pearce-Higgins et al. 2010. Impacts of climate on prey abundance account for fluctuations in a population of a northern wader at the southern edge of its range. Global Change Biology.

pressures_info:
Pressure A13: Heathland conversion to improved grassland, involving ploughing/reseeding which destroys nesting habitat. Major issue in the 1980s, but no longer an active threat. However, resulting habitat loss may hamper population recovery.
Pressure I04: A 2010s study in Fetlar/Unst showed increased nest predation rates since the 1980s, with Arctic Skuas implicated (possibly linked to food shortages in the marine environment). Great skua populations have also increased substantially, which are known to kill whimbrel chicks and adults. In a Mainland Shetland study, crows were thought to be the main nest predator.
Threat A07: Loss of grazing on heathlands leading to taller/denser swards and reducing the quality of breeding habitats
Threat D01: Windfarm construction in key breeding areas. Eg. one large-scale consented project is predicted to displace 5-6 pairs and kill 3.7 adults per year.
Threat N02: Drying out of soils reduces abundance of/access to soil invertebrates, which has been shown to impact on other waders with similar diet (eg. golden plover/cranefly larvae).


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increase in distribution (Atlas) and numbers (WeBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Robinson et. al. 2016. BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends. Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: +45% during reporting period)
Threat Xxt: Increasing population (BBS: +45% during reporting period)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N03: Peach, W.J., du Feu, C. & McMeeking, J. (1995) Site tenacity and survival rates of Wrens Troglodytes troglodytes and Treecreepers Certhia familiaris in a Nottinghamshire wood. Ibis 137: 497-507

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: BirdTrends shows the population as fluctuating with no long term trend
Threat N03: Treecreeper numbers and survival rates are reduced by wet winter weather, therefore, climate change is a threat.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2017). Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2015. British Birds 110: 706-754.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Unclear trend in abundance (RBBP) but -24% decrease in range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Threat G01: http://www.abdn.ac.uk/ibes/speakman/pdf_docs/224.pdf and http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/295194/0099668.pdf
Threat G12: Tasker, M.L., Camphuysen, C.J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W.A. & Blaber, S.J.M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 531-547. Harris, M. & Wanless, S. 2007. Common Guillemot Uria aalge (Pontoppidan). Pp. 845-849. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Wahl, J., Schwemmer, P., Dries, H., Guse, N., Muller, S. & Garthe, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x/full Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N06: Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., Redman, P. & Speakman, J. 2005. Low fish quality as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294: 1-8. Harris, M. & Wanless, S. 2007. Common Guillemot Uria aalge (Pontoppidan). Pp. 845-849. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N07: Wanless, S., Harris, M.P., Redman, P. & Speakman, J. 2005. Low fish quality as a probable cause of a major seabird breeding failure in the North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 294: 1-8. Harris, M. & Wanless, S. 2007. Common Guillemot Uria aalge (Pontoppidan). Pp. 845-849. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Threat N06: Storminess reducing energy value of prey fish and thus increase foraging effort of chick-rearing adults. Cause of almost complete breeding failure in eastern Scotland in 2004
Threat N07: Storminess reducing energy value of prey fish and thus increase foraging effort of chick-rearing adults. Cause of almost complete breeding failure in eastern Scotland in 2004


pressures_source:
Pressure C01: Cook, A.S.C.P. & Burton, N.H.K. (2010). A review of the potential impacts of marine aggregate extraction on seabirds. Marine Environment Protection Fund Project 09/P130. British Trust for Ornithology. Thetford, Norfolk, UK. Natural England (2010). Departmental Brief: Outer Thames Estuary Special Protection Area. Peterborough, UK.
Pressure D01: Garthe, S. & Huppop, O. 2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 724-734. McCluskie, A.E., Langston, R.H.W. & Wilkinson, N.I. 2012. Birds and wave & tidal stream energy: an ecological review. RSPB Research Report No. 42. Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Pressure F07: Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V., Garthe, S. (2011). Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. Ecological Applications 21: 1851-1860. Cook, A.S.C.P. & Burton, N.H.K. (2010). A review of the potential impacts of marine aggregate extraction on seabirds. Marine Environment Protection Fund Project 09/P130. British Trust for Ornithology. Thetford, Norfolk, UK.
Pressure G12: Natural England (2010). Departmental Brief: Outer Thames Estuary Special Protection Area. Peterborough, UK. ; Guse, N., Garthe, S., Schirmeister, B. (2009). Diet of red-throated divers Gavia stellata reflects the seasonal availability of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Journal of Sea Research 62: 268-275. Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Wahl, J., Schwemmer, P., Dries, H., Guse, N., Muller, S., Garthe, S. (2008). Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn.
Threat C01: Cook, A.S.C.P. & Burton, N.H.K. (2010). A review of the potential impacts of marine aggregate extraction on seabirds. Marine Environment Protection Fund Project 09/P130. British Trust for Ornithology. Thetford, Norfolk, UK. Natural England (2010). Departmental Brief: Outer Thames Estuary Special Protection Area. Peterborough, UK.
Threat D01: Garthe, S. & Huppop, O. 2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index. Journal of Applied Ecology, 41: 724-734. McCluskie, A.E., Langston, R.H.W. & Wilkinson, N.I. 2012. Birds and wave & tidal stream energy: an ecological review. RSPB Research Report No. 42. Sandy, Bedfordshire, UK. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Threat F07: Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V., Garthe, S. (2011). Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. Ecological Applications 21: 1851-1860. Cook, A.S.C.P. & Burton, N.H.K. (2010). A review of the potential impacts of marine aggregate extraction on seabirds. Marine Environment Protection Fund Project 09/P130. British Trust for Ornithology. Thetford, Norfolk, UK.
Threat G12: Natural England (2010). Departmental Brief: Outer Thames Estuary Special Protection Area. Peterborough, UK. ; Guse, N., Garthe, S., Schirmeister, B. (2009). Diet of red-throated divers Gavia stellata reflects the seasonal availability of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the southwestern Baltic Sea. Journal of Sea Research 62: 268-275. Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Wahl, J., Schwemmer, P., Dries, H., Guse, N., Muller, S., Garthe, S. (2008). Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn.

pressures_info:
Pressure G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known


pressures_source:
Threat N01: Lehikoinen, A., Jaatinen, K., Vahatalo, A.V., Clausen, P., Crowe, O., Deceuninck, B., Hearn, R., Holt, C.A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Nilsson, L., Langendoen, T., Tomankova, I., Wahl, J. & Fox, A.D. 2013. Rapid climate driven shifts in wintering distributions of three common waterbird species. Global Change Biology, doi: 10.1111/gcb.12200. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp.


pressures_source:
Threat G08: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp. Dickson, R.C. & Heavisides, A. 2007. Merlin Falco columbarius Linnaeus. Pp. 500-504. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Threat G08: Reduction in availability of prey items


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Extinct
Threat Xxt: Extinct


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: No change in distribution (Atlas) and small increase in numbers (BBS). However lower abundance in SE England


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure N02: Peach, W.J., Baillie, S.R., & Underhill, L. 1991. Survival of British Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus in relation to West African rainfall. Ibis 133: 300-305.
Threat K02: Hatton, L. 2007. Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus shoenobaenus (Linneus). Pp. 1177-1180. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N02: Peach, W.J., Baillie, S.R., & Underhill, L. 1991. Survival of British Sedge Warblers Acrocephalus schoenobaenus in relation to West African rainfall. Ibis 133: 300-305.

pressures_info:
Pressure N02: Breeding numbers in UK are determined largely by rainfall in the Sahel
Threat K02: Wetland drainage
Threat N02: Breeding numbers in UK are determined largely by rainfall in the Sahel


pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Current sporadic breeding occurrence on coasts; long-term decline to extinction elsewhere - causes uncertain


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase of 12.6%. BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat A03: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Sylvia communis. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org on 10/08/2017.
Threat A05: BirdLife International. 2017. Species factsheet: Sylvia communis. [Online]. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: http://www.birdlife.org on 10/08/2017.
Threat A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Massimino, D., Woodward, I.D., Hammond, M.J., Harris, S.J., Leech, D.I., Noble, D.G., Walker, R.H., Barimore, C., Dadam, D., Eglington, S.M., Marchant, J.H., Sullivan, M.J.P., Baillie, S.R. & Robinson, R.A. (2017) BirdTrends 2017: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 704. BTO, Thetford. www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat I04: Lawson, B., Lachish, S., Colvile, K.M., Durrant, C., Peck, K.M., Toms, M.P., Sheldon, B.C. & Cunningham, A.A. (2012a) Emergence of a novel avian pox disease in British tit species. PLoS ONE 7(11): e40176. doi

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: +12% during reporting period). CBC/BBS indicate 99% increase in population since 1967. Atlas shows little change in distribution but increase in abundance.
Threat I04: Increasing incidence of avian pox could be a threat.


pressures_info:
Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern)


pressures_source:
Nielsen, R.D., Holm, T.E., Clausen, P., Bregnballe. T., Clausen, K.K., Petersen, I.K., Sterup, J., Balsby, T.J.S., Pedersen, C.L., Mikkelsen, P. & Bladt, J. (2019). Fugle 2012-2017. NOVANA. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport nr. 314. http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR314.pdf and http://novana.au.dk/fugle/

pressures_info:
The species was banned as a hunting quary in 1982. There is no known pressures at this moment.


pressures_info:
Agricultural activities generating diffuse pollution to surface or ground waters


pressures_info:
Conversion to other types of forests including monocultures


pressures_info:
Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.)


pressures_info:
Conversion into agricultural land (excluding drainage and burning)


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Balsby, T.J.S., Clausen, P., Krause-Jensen, D., Carstensen, J. & Madsen, J. (2017). Long-term patterns of eelgrass (Zostera marina) occurrence and associated herbivorous waterbirds in a Danish coastal inlet. – Frontiers in Marine Science 3:285. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00285
Clausen, P. & Holm, T.E. (2011). Målsætning af levesteder for vandfugle. Resultater fra et pilotprojekt i 6 udvalgte jyske EF-fuglebeskyttelsesområder med særligt fokus på vegetationstilknyttede arter. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 10. 88 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR10.pdf.
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Nielsen, R.D. & Christensen, T.K. (2013). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 1: Nationale resultater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. 118 pp. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 72.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR72.pdf.
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Therkildsen, O.R., Jørgensen, H.E. & Nielsen, R.D. (2014). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 2: De enkelte reservater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 132. 236 pp.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR132.pdf.
Clausen, P., Therkildsen, O.R., Nielsen, R.D. & Holm, T.E. (2017). Kortlægning af levesteder med forslag til målsætning og tilstandsvurdering for rastende vandfugle. Arter tilknyttet bundvegetation, enge og moser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 248. 120 pp. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR248.pdf.
Fælled, C.C. (2011). Impacts of habitat loss on a herbivorous waterbird guild in the Danish estuary, Mariager Fjord. – Masters Thesis, Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience. 33 pp. 
Madsen, J. (1998). Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands. II. Tests of hunting disturbance effects. - Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 398-417. 
Madsen, J., Pihl, S. & Clausen, P. (1998). Establishing a Reserve Network for Waterfowl in Denmark. A Biological Evaluation of Needs and Consequences. - Biological Conservation 85: 241-255. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00172-9
Meltofte, H. & Clausen, P. (2011). Svømmefuglene på Tipperne 1929-2007. - Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 1-120.

pressures_info:
G07: Eurasian Wigeons and other dabbling ducks are sensitive to disturbance from hunting, as evidenced from experimental reserve studies in Denmark (e.g. Madsen 1998). Today hunting on dabbling ducks in the coastal parts of Denmark is heavily regulated through a comprehensive network of shooting-free reserves, that were created during the 1990’s (Madsen et al. 1998), and dabbling ducks numbers are generally stable or increasing in this network (Clausen et al. 2013). The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable. 
J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including Eurasian Wigeons (e.g. Clausen & Holm 2011, Meltofte & Clausen 2011, Clausen et al. 2014, Fælled 2013). But more recent evidence also show that some of these affected sites are recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings, and subsequently that waterbird numbers (including Eurasian Wigeon) are increasing if not totally recovering to previous levels (Clausen et al. 2014, Balsby et al. 2017, Clausen et al. 2017).


pressures_source:
Clausen, P. & Holm, T.E. (2011). Målsætning af levesteder for vandfugle. Resultater fra et pilotprojekt i 6 udvalgte jyske EF-fuglebeskyttelsesområder med særligt fokus på vegetationstilknyttede arter. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 10. 88 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR10.pdf.

Clausen, P., Therkildsen, O.R., Nielsen, R.D. & Holm, T.E. (2017). Kortlægning af levesteder med forslag til målsætning og tilstandsvurdering for rastende vandfugle. Arter tilknyttet bundvegetation, enge og moser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 248. 120 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR248.pdf.

Meltofte, H. & Clausen, P. (2011). Svømmefuglene på Tipperne 1929-2007. - Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 1-120.

pressures_info:
J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including some important sites used by Bewick’s Swans in the western parts of Denmark (e.g. Clausen & Holm 2011, Meltofte & Clausen 2011). But more recent evidence also show that some of these affected sites are recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings, and subsequently that waterbird numbers (including Bewick’s Swan) are increasing if not totally recovering to previous levels (Clausen et al. 2017)


pressures_info:
Since 2014 permits to regulate Barnacle Goose has been given by local units of the Danish Nature Agency. The number of regulated birds in the period 2014-2017 have varied between 983-9,351 birds. Data from the last hunting season 2017/2018 is only preliminary (http://fauna.au.dk/en/hunting-and-game-management/bag-statistics/statistics-online-since-1941/).


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Degel, H., Petersen, I.K., Holm, T.E. & Kahlert, J. (2010): Fugle som bifangst i garnfiskeriet. Estimat af utilsigtet bifangst af havfugle i garnfiskeriet i området omkring Ærø. – DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 227-2010. 56 pp.
Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D., Therkildsen, O.R., & Balsby, T.J.S. (2017). Fældende havdykænders antal og fordeling i Sejerøbugten i relation til menneskelige forstyrrelser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE, Nr. 239
Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V. & Garthe, S. (2011): Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. – Ecol. Appl. 21(5): 1851-1860.
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.
Zydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76-88.

pressures_info:
The species is very susceptible to human disturbances, in particular during the moulting season when the birds are flightless. The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable. From the initiation of the 2018/2019 hunting season a sex differentiated hunting rule was applied where only males are legal quarry.  
The level of bycatch in Denmark is not known but studies from the Baltic has shown several 1000’s to be bycaught annually.


pressures_info:
Agricultural activities generating marine pollution


pressures_info:
Drainage, land reclamation or conversion of wetlands, marshes, bogs, etc. to industrial/commercial areas


pressures_info:
Droughts and decreases in precipitation due to climate change


pressures_source:
Laursen, K., Kahlert, J. & Frikke, J. (2005): Factors affecting escape distances of staging waterbirds. - Wildlife Biology 11: 13-19.

pressures_info:
The species is very easily disturbed or flushed.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195. Madsen, J. & Williams, J.H. (Compilers) 2012. International Species Management Plan for the Svalbard Population of the Pink-footed Goose

pressures_info:
The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable. An adoptive management plan under the AEWA-agreement for the species was implemented in 2013 and in effect from the 2014/15 hunting season (Madsen & Williams 2012).


pressures_source:
Brichetti P. & Fracasso G., 2010. Ornitologia italiana. Vol. 6 - Sylviidae-Paradoxornithidae. Oasi Alberto Perdisa Editore, Bologna.


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Procambarus clarkii Girard, 1852;


pressures_source:
[1] National SAP. 2015. https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/metsis_tk_2015.pdf


pressures_source:
Arroyo, B. (2017). Águila real – Aquila chrysaetos. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
García de la Morena, E.L., Bota, G., Mañosa, S. & Morales, M.B. (2018). El sisón común en España. II Censo Nacional (2016). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.seo.org/boletin/seguimiento/censos/47%20sison%20comun/pdf/SEO%2047%20SISON.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Ponce, C. (2016). Eficacia de medidas compensatorias para la conservación de estepas agrícolas en áreas importantes para las aves del centro peninsular. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de madrid.


pressures_source:
Cuervo, J.J. (2016). Cigüeñuela común – Himantopus himantopus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/himhim.html)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Palomino, D. & Molina, B. (Eds.) (2009). Aves acuáticas reproductoras en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 210pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/26_aves_acuaticas_reproductoras_tcm30-208250.pdf)

pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Racoon (Procyon lotor)

I04 - Problematic native species: dogs, rats, feral cats and gulls.


pressures_source:
SEO/BirdLife. (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Apus pallidus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22686815A59992355. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22686815/59992355).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Melanocorypha calandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22717285A60253609. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22717285/60253609).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Riparia riparia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T103815961A87438023. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103815961A87438023.en).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Anthus spinoletta. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22718571A131988012. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718571/131988012).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Locustella naevia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22714657A60229057. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714657/60229057).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

pressures_info:
L05: Desconexión entre las poblaciones reproductoras.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Emberiza hortulana (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22720916A111136121. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720916A111136121.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Lanius meridionalis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22729533A118845180. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22729533A118845180.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Grupo de Trabajo del urogallo cantábrico (2004). Estrategia para la conservación del urogallo cantábrico (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus) en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 21pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_estrategia_urogallo_cantabrico_tcm30-197267.pdf)

Grupo de trabajo del urogallo cantábrico del Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica. (2018). Censo del urogallo cantábrico (Tetrao urogallus cantabricus). (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/prensa/190125censourogallo_tcm30-486486.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Rodríguez-Muñoz, R. (2016). Urogallo común – Tetrao urogallus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/teturo.html)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)


pressures_source:
Corbacho, C., Sánchez Guzmán, J.M. & Villegas, M.A. (2009). Pagazas, charranes y fumareles en España. Población reproductora en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/24_pagazas_charranes_y_fumareles_tcm30-208121.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Other IAS: Cortaderia selloana (plumero de la pampa)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las comunidades autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Íñigo, A., Infante, O., Valls, J. & Atienza, J.C. (2008). Directrices para la redacción de planes o instrumentos de gestión de las Zonas de Especial Protección para las Aves. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.


pressures_source:
Lukac G., Stipcevic M., Haupt R. (2003): Recent observations on the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus in the Paklenica National Park (Croatia). – Acrocephalus 24 (117): 51–59.
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. – DOPPS, Ljubljana.

pressures_info:
D01 - it is being addressed by consistent implementation of appropriate assessment


pressures_source:
Denac K., Kmecl P., Domanjko G., Denac D. (2017): Trendi ptic kmetijske krajine na Gorickem. Acrocephalus 38 (174/175): 127–159.
Denac K., Kmecl P. (2017): Veliki skovik Otus scops. Str. 99-117. V: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Veliki skovik Otus scops. Str. 132-140. V: Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K., Kmecl P. (2014): Ptice Gorickega. Projekt Visokodebelni biseri – Upkac. Operativni program Slovenija – Madžarska 2007–2013. – DOPPS, Ljubljana.


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K., Kljun I. (2018): Crnoceli srakoper Lanius minor. pp. 115-119. In: Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2017): Crnoceli srakoper Lanius minor. pp. 78-87. In: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2016): Crnoceli srakoper Lanius minor. pp. 101-112. In: Denac, K., P. Kmecl, T. Mihelic, L. Božic, T. Jancar, D. Denac, D. Bordjan & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2016. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac, K. (2014): Crnoceli srakoper Lanius minor. pp. 106-121. In: Denac, K., L. Božic, T. Mihelic, P. Kmecl, D. Denac, D. Bordjan, T. Jancar & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2014. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS, Ljubljana.


pressures_source:
RADOVIC, A., K. VASSILIKI, M. PERCEC TADIC, D. DENAC & D. KOTROŠAN (2014): Modelling the spatial distribution of White Stork Ciconia ciconia breeding populations in Southeast Europe. Bird Study 1–9.
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00063657.2014.981502

Denac, D. (2006): Resource-dependent weather effect in the reproduction of the White Stork Ciconia ciconia. - Ardea 94(2): 233-240.
http://www.avibirds.com/pdf/O/Ooievaar11.pdf

Denac, D. (2001): Gnezditvena biologija, fenologija in razširjenost bele štorklje Ciconia ciconia v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 22: 89-103.
https://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-C4NLUQKB/745bb3dc-a96a-47f4-9977-61b868322488/PDF

Denac, D. (2010): Population dynamics of the White stork Ciconia ciconia in Slovenia between 1999 and 2010.  Acrocephalus 31: 145/146 (101-114).
http://www.dlib.si/stream/URN:NBN:SI:DOC-O9TMTJE7/5591f580-f75a-4823-bc44-8d85ac408dd5/PDF

Denac, D. (2013): Slovenia. Str. 29-30. V: Kai-Michael, T., L. Lachmann: Results of the 6th International White Stork Census 2004/2005. NABU, Berlin.
https://bergenhusen.nabu.de/imperia/md/nabu/images/nabu/einrichtungen/bergenhusen/slovenia_zensus_2004.pdf

Denac, D. (2013): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 56-66. V: Denac, K., L. Božic, T. Mihelic, D. Denac, P. Kmecl, J. Figelj & D. Bordjan: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2012 in 2013. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/201311_denac_monitoring_iba_2012_2013.pdf

Denac, D. (2014): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 54-60. V: Denac, K., L. Božic, T. Mihelic, P. Kmecl, D. Denac, D. Bordjan, T. Jancar & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2014. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/20141110_denac_porocilo_monitoring_iba_2014.pdf

Denac, D. (2015): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 40-44. V: Denac, K., T. Mihelic, P. Kmecl, D. Denac, D. Bordjan, J. Figelj, L. Božic & T. Jancar: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2015. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/20151125_porocilo_monitoring_2015_final.pdf

Denac, D. (2016): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 52-56. V: Denac, K., P. Kmecl, T. Mihelic, L. Božic, T. Jancar, D. Denac, D. Bordjan & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2016. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/2016_27_12_porocilo_monitoring_2016_splet.pdf

Denac D. (2017): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 34-39. V: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/2018_3_1_Porocilo_monitoring_2017_corr.pdf

Denac D. (2018): Bela štorklja Ciconia ciconia. Str. 53-58. Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
http://ptice.si/2014/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/2018512_Porocilo_monitoring_ptice_2018.pdf


pressures_info:
F07 - pressure/threat is controlled 
G07 - pressure/threat is disturbance due to hunting on other species - it is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Kmecl P., Jancar T., Mihelic T. (2014): Spremembe v avifavni Kozjanskega parka med letoma 1999 in 2010: velik upad števila travniških ptic. Acrocephalus 35 (162/163): 125–138.

pressures_info:
The main pressures and threats include the intensification of meadows (which reduces the amount of Wryneck's main prey - ants) and the degradation of traditional orchards (many trees are covered in mistletoe Viscum album which eventually causes their decay, others are cut down and replaced by dwarfish trees, many nesting cavities are destroyed when the trees are pruned by tree surgeons).


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2015): Identifikacija lokacij gnezdišc velikega škurha Numenius arquata na obmocju Krajinskega parka Ljubljansko barje v letu 2015. Narocnik: Javni zavod Krajinski park Ljubljansko barje. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2016): Identifikacija lokacij gnezdišc velikega škurha Numenius arquata na obmocju Krajinskega parka Ljubljansko barje v letu 2016. Narocnik: Javni zavod Krajinski park Ljubljansko barje. DOPPS, Ljubljana.


