# data_bpressures_threats_info

pressures_info:
G07 - pressure/threat is disturbance due to hunting on other species - it is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Kadletz K., Nebel C., Gamauf A., Haring E., Tiefenbach M., Sackl P., Winkler H.-C., Zachos F. E. (2016): Genetische Diversität der rückläufigen Blaurackenpopulation Coracias garrulus in Österreich. Vogelwarte 54: 347–349.
Kadletz K., Nebel C., Zachos F. E., Haring E., Tiefenbach M., Sackl P., Winkler H., Gamauf A. (2016): Genetische Diversität der rückläufigen Blaurackenpopulation Coracias garrulus in Österreich. Poster. 149. Jahresversammlung der Deutschen Ornithologen-Gesellschaft, 28 Sep–3 Okt 2016, Stralsund. [https://www.deutsches-meeresmuseum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/DO–G_Stralsund_2016_Tagungsband_WEB.pdf], 08/12/2017.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (1984): Magyarország fészkelo madarai. Natura, Budapest. 211-212 p.


pressures_source:
Bugariu, S., Fântâna, C. (2009) Plan na?ional de ac?iune pentru pelicanul cre? Pelecanus crispus
Catsadorakis, G., O. Onmus, S. Bugariu, O. Gül, D. Hatzilacou, O. Hatzofe, M. Malakou, T. Michev, T. Naziridis, H. Nikolaou, A. Rudenko, D. Saveljic, S. Shumka, M. Siki & A.J. Crivelli (2015). Current status of the Dalmatian Pelican and the Great White Pelican of the Black Sea / Mediterranean flyway. Endangered Species Research 27: 119-130.
Catsadorakis, G. and Portolou, D. (compilers). 2018. International Single Species Action Plan the Conservation of the Dalmatian Pelican (Pelecanus crispus). CMS Technical Series No. 39, AEWA Technical Series No. 69, EAAFP Technical Report No. 1. Bonn, Germany and Incheon, South Korea.


pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Neovison vison


pressures_source:
Bergmanis U. (in preparation) Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Lesser Sptted Eagle Clanga pomarina in Latvia. Riga: Latvian Fund for Nature.

pressures_info:
Xe - Threats and pressures from outside the EU territory: Illegal shooting during migration mainly in Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Georgia and the Caucasus region.
Xo - Threats and pressures from outside the Member State: Illegal shootings during migration mainly in Greece and Malta.


pressures_info:
G07-Threat is disturbance due to hunting on other species - it is being addressed on management planning level 
G07-Pressure is disturbance due to hunting on other species - it is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_info:
B07, B08, B09 - It is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Škornik I. (2018): Naravovarstveni monitoring Secoveljskih solin 2017. Strokovno porocilo. – SOLINE Pridelava soli d.o.o., Seca.

pressures_info:
K04 - Potential pressure/threat is being addressed on management planning level.


pressures_source:
Denac K. (2013): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 144-155. In: Denac, K., L. Božic, T. Mihelic, D. Denac, P. Kmecl, J. Figelj & D. Bordjan: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2012 in 2013. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2014): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 122-132. In: Denac, K., L. Božic, T. Mihelic, P. Kmecl, D. Denac, D. Bordjan, T. Jancar & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2014. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2015): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 125-132. In: Denac, K., T. Mihelic, P. Kmecl, D. Denac, D. Bordjan, J. Figelj, L. Božic & T. Jancar: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2015. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2016): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 113-121. In: Denac, K., P. Kmecl, T. Mihelic, L. Božic, T. Jancar, D. Denac, D. Bordjan & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2016. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2017): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 88-92. In: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Ugotavljanje rabe habitata hribskega škrjanca Lullula arborea za dolocitev varstveno prioritetnih površin na obmocju Natura 2000 Goricko. Porocilo. Projekt Goricka krajina (OP20.06.02.006/1). Naložbo sofinancirata Republika Slovenija in Evropska unija iz Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Popis 120 nakljucnih tock za hribskega škrjanca Lullula arborea na Gorickem v letu 2018. Porocilo. Projekt Goricka krajina (OP20.06.02.006/1). Naložbo sofinancirata Republika Slovenija in Evropska unija iz Evropskega sklada za regionalni razvoj. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Hribski škrjanec Lullula arborea. pp. 120-125. In: Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K., Kmecl P., Domanjko G., Denac D. (2017): Trendi ptic kmetijske krajine na Gorickem. Acrocephalus 38 (174/175): 127–159.


pressures_info:
B06, B08, B15 - pressures/threats are controlled


pressures_info:
F07 - potential pressure/threat is controlled by protected area management


pressures_info:
B15 - it is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Denac K. (2015): Popis triprstega in belohrbtega detla na SPA Kocevsko v letu 2015. Porocilo. Projekt »Ohranjanje Natura 2000 obmocij na Kocevskem - LIFE KOCEVSKO (LIFE13 NAT/SI/000314)«. Narocnik: Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Bertoncelj I., Perušek M., Hudoklin A., Bitorajc Z. (2015): Popis triprstega detla Picoides tridactylus na obmocju Natura 2000 Kocevsko. Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Obmocna enota Kocevje, Kocevje.
Perušek M. (2016): Ožji gnezdilni habitat in hranjenje mladicev triprstega detla Picoides tridactylus na Kocevskem. Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Obmocna enota Kocevje, Kocevje.
Denac K. (2017): Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. pp. 118-130. In: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2018): Triprsti detel Picoides tridactylus. pp. 141-151. In: Denac K., Jancar T., Božic L., Mihelic T., Koce U., Kmecl P., Kljun I., Denac D., Bordjan D. (2018): Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2018 in sinteza monitoringa 2016-2018. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.

pressures_info:
Threat/pressure M10 listed above refers to sleet and windthrow which have affected Slovenian forests mostly in 2014 and 2017. As a result of these natural catastrophes, heavy sanitary logging was performed in some parts of SPAs, resulting in almost complete removal of coniferous trees from the forest (e.g. in many parts of SPA Snežnik - Pivka).


pressures_info:
C02 - Potential threat is being addressed


pressures_source:
Johannot F. et Weltz M. 2012. Oiseaux. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000., MATE/MAP/ MNHN/La Documentation française.


pressures_source:
Libois R. & Libois F. 2013. Causes de mortalités et survie du Martin-pêcheur Alcedo attise en Europe.. Aves, 50, 2, 65-79


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Pie-grièche à poitrine rose, Lanius minor (Gmelin, 1788). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française ;  . Lefranc, N. & Issa, N. (2013) . Plan national d'actions en faveur des Pies-grièches (Pie-grièche à poitrine rose, Pie-grièche à tête rousse, Pie-grièche écorcheur, Pie-grièche grise).


pressures_source:
Bourgeois, K. 2012. Le puffin yelkouan Puffinus yelkouan : Etat des connaissances et de conservation actualisé des populations nicheuses des petites îles Méditerranée, Initiative PIM. 22 p. ; Bonnaud E., Bourgeois K., Vidal E., Legrand J. & Le Corre M. 2009. How can the Yelkouan shearwater survive feral cat predation? A meta-population structure as a solution?. Population Ecology 51, 262-270 ; Bourgeois K. & Vidal E. 2008. The endemic Mediterranean Yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan: distribution, threats and a plea for new data. Oryx 42, 187-194 ; Bourgeois K., Vorenger J., Faulquier L., Legrand J. & Vidal E. 2011. Diet and contamination of the Yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan in the Hyères archipelago, Mediterranean Basin, France. Journal of Ornithology 152, 947-953 ; Bourgeois K. & Dromzée S. 2012. Dynamique des populations de puffins sur les îles d’Hyères. Rapport pour le Parc national de Port-Cros, 28 p. ; Militão T., Bourgeois K., Roscales J.L. & González-Solís J. 2013. Individual migratory patterns of two threatened seabirds revealed using stable isotope and geolocation analyses. Diversity and Distribution 19, 317-329 ; Courbin N., Grémillet D. & Besnard A. 2018. Etude de la dynamique des populations de puffins de Scopoli et yelkouan du Parc national des Calanques et du Parc national de Port-Cros. Rapport pour le Parc national de Port-Cros et des Calanques, 94 p. ; Bonnaud E., Berger G., Bourgeois K., Legrand J. & Vidal E. 2012. Predation by cats could lead to the extinction of the Mediterranean endemic yelkouan shearwater at a major world breeding site. Ibis 154, 566-577 ; Bourgeois K., Ouni R., Pascal M., Dromzée S., Fourcy D. & Abiadh A. 2013. Dramatic increase in the Zembretta Yelkouan shearwater breeding population following ship rat eradication spurs interest in managing a 1500-year old invasion. Biological Invasions 15, 475-482 ; Gaudard C. (compiler) 2018. International Single Species Action Plan for the Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus Yelkouan.. Project LIFE 14 PRE/UK/000002. Coordinated Efforts for International Species Recovery EuroSAP, Rochefort, LPO/BirdLife France45 p. ; Oppel S., Raine A.F., Borg J.J., Raine H., Bonnaud E., Bourgeois K. & Breton A.R. 2011. Is the Yelkouan shearwater Puffinus yelkouan threatened by low adult survival probabilities?. Biological Conservation 144, 2255-2263 ; Cortés, V., García-Barcelona, S. & González-Solís, J. 2018. Sex- and age-biased mortality of three shearwater species in longline fisheries of the Mediterranean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 588, 229-241


pressures_source:
. PNA EN FAVEUR DU PUFFIN DES BALEARES COPIL 14 juin 2019, document préparé par l'AFB et Biotope..


pressures_source:
Deceuninck B., Fouque C. 2010. Canards dénombrés en France en hiver : importance des zones humides et tendances. Ornithos, 17266-283


pressures_source:
Cadiou B. & les coordinateurs 2015. 5e recensement des oiseaux marins nicheurs de France métropolitaine (2009-2012).. Ornithos 22, LPO Rochefort233-257 ; Lefeuvre C. & Yésou P. 2018. La prédation de l’océanite tempête Hydrobates pelagicus par les chats à Molène.. Ornithos 25, 92-99. ; Cadiou B., Pons J.-M. & Yésou P. (éds) 2004. Oiseaux marins nicheurs de France métropolitaine (1960-2000), Éditions Biotope, Mèze. 218 p. ; Cadiou B. 2002. Conservation de l’avifaune en milieu insulaire : le cas de l’océanite tempête.. Penn ar Bed 184-185, 87-93.


pressures_source:
Pôle relais lagunes méditerranéennes 2014. Méthodes et outils de diagnostic des roselières méditerranéennes françaises en faveur de l’avifaune paludicole - Recueil d’expériences.. Pôle relais lagunes méditerranéennes, 34 p. ; Sternalski A. et al. 2013. Comparative breeding performance of Marsh Harriers Circus aeruginosus along a gradient of land-use intensification and implications for population management. Ibis, 55-67


pressures_source:
Girard O. & Trolliet B. 2012. Plan National de Gestion (2012-2016) Barge rousse (Limosa lapponica). 71 p


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Chevalier sylvain, Tringa glareola (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Prodon R. 1999. Traquet rieur Oenanthe leucura.  in Rocamora, G. & Yetman-Berthelot, D. (1999) Oiseaux menacés et à surveiller en France. Listes rouges et recherche de priorités. Populations. Tendances. Menaces. Conservation. SEOF/LPO. Paris 560 p., SEOF-LPO486-487


pressures_source:
Based on field observations and experts' opinion
Konter A. (2014): Recent developments of the breeding population of Little Grebes Tachybaptus ruficollis along the river Sauer and possible causes for the changes in population numbers. Regulus Wissenschaftliche Berichte Nr.29, S. 1-13.

pressures_info:
increase of canoe tourism; based on field observations and expert opinion


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766; Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758;
based on field observations and expert opinion


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Dendrocopos major. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22681124A59979685. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22681124/59979685).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Máñez, M. & Rendón-Martos, M. (Eds.). (2009). El morito, la espátula y el flamenco en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 122pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventariosnacionales/25_morito_espatula_y_flamenco_tcm30-208184.pdf)

SEO/BirdLife (2018). Censos de aves acuáticas. (http://www.acuaticas.org/WebForms/ConsultaContenidos/Paginas/RealMapasDistAbunEspecie.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información proporcioanda por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_info:
Además de las presiones y amenazas consignadas en este apartado sería necesario incluir las siguientes:
Presiones: K04
Amenazas: G12, I02, J02


pressures_source:
Alonso, J.C. (2014). The Great Bustard: past, present and future of a globally threatened species. Ornis Hungarica, 22(2), 1-13.

Barrientos, R., Ponce, C., Palacín, C., Martín, C.A., Martín, B., & Alonso, J.C. (2012). Wire marking results in a small but significant reduction in avian mortality at power lines: a BACI designed study. PLoS One, 7(3), e32569.

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Ponce, C. (2016). Eficacia de medidas compensatorias para la conservación de estepas agrícolas en áreas importantes para las aves del centro peninsular. Tesis doctoral. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Prunella collaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22718617A60275077. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718617/60275077)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Ficedula hypoleuca. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22709308A131952521. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709308A131952521.en)


pressures_source:
García Fernández, J. (2012). La graja en España. Población reproductora en 2011 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 38 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/fr/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/37-%20Graja_tcm36-208185.pdf)

Purroy, J., Purroy, F.J. (2016). Graja – Corvus frugilegus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/corfru.html)

pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Ophiostoma ulmi. It is a species of fungus and It is one of the causative agents of Elm disease.


pressures_source:
Álvarez, D. & Velando, A. (2007). El cormorán moñudo en España. Población en 2006-2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). 2004. Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

pressures_info:
También M08 - Flooding, solo como amenaza


pressures_source:
Barrientos, R. (2015). Camachuelo trompetero – Bucanetes githagineus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/habitat/bucgitha.html)


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Máñez, M. & Rendón-Martos, M. (Eds.). (2009). El morito, la espátula y el flamenco en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 122pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/25_morito_espatula_y_flamenco_tcm30-208184.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Dryobates minor. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22681076A59978228. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22681076/59978228).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Mareca strepera. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680149A59957746. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680149/59957746).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Máñez, M. & Rendón-Martos, M. (Eds.). (2009). El morito, la espátula y el flamenco en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/25_morito_espatula_y_flamenco_tcm30-208184.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Branta leucopsis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22679943A59954365. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22679943/59954365).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. (2014). Estrategia para la conservación de la cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris), focha moruna (Fulica cristata) y malvasía cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) en España. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_estrategia_cerceta_focha_malvasia_tcm30-197259.pdf)

Salvador, A. (2017). Malvasía cabeciblanca – Oxyura leucocephala. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. Http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766; Oxyura jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789


pressures_source:
Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Limosa limosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22693150A60029072. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693150/60029072).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Tringa totanus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693211A86687799. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693211A86687799.en)

Información proporcioanda por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Tringa ochropus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693243A86680632. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693243A86680632.en)


pressures_source:
Sáez, P. & Camacho, C. (2016). Chotacabras cuellirrojo  – Caprimulgus ruficollis. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/capruf.html)


pressures_source:
Pressure A33: Ramsar Advisory Mission 49, Ouse Washes, UK (2001) http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-rams-ram49/main/ramsar/1-31-112%5E22936_4000_0__
Pressure N01: Zockler C. (2002). Declining ruff Philomachus pugnax populations: a response to global warming? Wader Study Group Bulletin 97: 19-29. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Pressure N03: Smart, J. & Gill, J.A. 2003. Climate change and the potential impact on breeding waders in the UK. Wader Study Group Bulletin 100: 80-85.
Threat A33: Ramsar Advisory Mission 49, Ouse Washes, UK (2001) http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-rams-ram49/main/ramsar/1-31-112%5E22936_4000_0__
Threat N01: Zockler C. (2002). Declining ruff Philomachus pugnax populations: a response to global warming? Wader Study Group Bulletin 97: 19-29. Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N03: Smart, J. & Gill, J.A. 2003. Climate change and the potential impact on breeding waders in the UK. Wader Study Group Bulletin 100: 80-85.

pressures_info:
Pressure N01: Regional contraction of range in Ireland


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Baines, D. (1996). The implications of grazing and predator management on the habitats and breeding success of black grouse Tetrao tetrix. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 54-62. Calladine, J.R., Baines, D., & Warren, P.K. (2002). Effects of reduced grazing on population density and breeding success of black grouse in northern England. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39: 772-780.
Pressure B01: White,P.J.C., Warren,P.K., & Baines,D. (2013). Forest expansion in Scotland and its potential effects on black grouse Tetrao tetrix conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, 308: 145-152.
Pressure B21: Baines, D., & Summers, R.W. (1997). Assessment of bird collisions with deer fences in Scottish forests. J. Appl. Ecol. 34: 941-948. Baines, D. & Andrew, M. (2003). Marking of deer fences to reduce frequency of collisions by woodland grouse. Biological Conservation, 110: 169-176
Pressure F07: Baines, D. & Richardson, M. (2007). An experimental assessment of the potential effects of human disturbance on Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in the North Pennines, England. Ibis, 149 Supplement 1: 56-64. Warren, P.K., Baines, D., & Richardson, M. (2009). Mitigating against the impacts of human disturbance on black grouse Tetrao tetrix in northern England. Folia Zoologica, 58: 183-189.
Pressure I04: Baines, D. (1991). Factors contributing to local and regional variation in Black Grouse breeding success in northern Britain. Ornis Scandinavica, 22: 264-269. Summers, R.W., Green, R.E., Proctor, R., Dugan, D., Lambie, D., Moncrieff, R., Moss R. & Baines, D. (2004). An experimental study of the effects of predation on the breeding productivity of capercaillie and black grouse. J Appl. Ecol. 41: 513-525. Bowker, G., Bowker, C., & Baines, D. (2007). Survival rates and causes of mortality in black grouse Tetrao tetrix at Lake Vyrnwy, North Wales, UK. Wildlife Biology, 13: 231-237.
Pressure N03: Summers, R.W., Green, R.E., Proctor, R., Dugan, D., Lambie, D., Moncrieff, R., Moss R. & Baines, D. (2004). An experimental study of the effects of predation on the breeding productivity of capercaillie and black grouse. J Appl. Ecol. 41: 513-525.
Pressure N06: Baines, D., Wilson, I.A., & Beeley, G. (1996). Timing of breeding in Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix and Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and distribution of insect food for the chicks. Ibis, 138: 181-187.
Threat A09: Baines, D. (1996). The implications of grazing and predator management on the habitats and breeding success of black grouse Tetrao tetrix. Journal of Applied Ecology, 33: 54-62. Calladine, J.R., Baines, D., & Warren, P.K. (2002). Effects of reduced grazing on population density and breeding success of black grouse in northern England. Journal of Applied Ecology, 39: 772-780.
Threat B01: White,P.J.C., Warren,P.K., & Baines,D. (2013). Forest expansion in Scotland and its potential effects on black grouse Tetrao tetrix conservation. Forest Ecology and Management, 308: 145-152.
Threat F07: Baines, D. & Richardson, M. (2007). An experimental assessment of the potential effects of human disturbance on Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix in the North Pennines, England. Ibis, 149 Supplement 1: 56-64. Warren, P.K., Baines, D., & Richardson, M. (2009). Mitigating against the impacts of human disturbance on black grouse Tetrao tetrix in northern England. Folia Zoologica, 58: 183-189.
Threat I04: Baines, D. (1991). Factors contributing to local and regional variation in Black Grouse breeding success in northern Britain. Ornis Scandinavica, 22: 264-269. Summers, R.W., Green, R.E., Proctor, R., Dugan, D., Lambie, D., Moncrieff, R., Moss R. & Baines, D. (2004). An experimental study of the effects of predation on the breeding productivity of capercaillie and black grouse. J Appl. Ecol. 41: 513-525. Bowker, G., Bowker, C., & Baines, D. (2007). Survival rates and causes of mortality in black grouse Tetrao tetrix at Lake Vyrnwy, North Wales, UK. Wildlife Biology, 13: 231-237.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N03: Summers, R.W., Green, R.E., Proctor, R., Dugan, D., Lambie, D., Moncrieff, R., Moss R. & Baines, D. (2004). An experimental study of the effects of predation on the breeding productivity of capercaillie and black grouse. J Appl. Ecol. 41: 513-525.
Threat N06: Baines, D., Wilson, I.A., & Beeley, G. (1996). Timing of breeding in Black Grouse Tetrao tetrix and Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus and distribution of insect food for the chicks. Ibis, 138: 181-187.

pressures_info:
Pressure A09: Loss of habitat due to overgrazing
Pressure B01: Afforestation leads to long-term loss of habitat as forest matures after initial usefulness when young.
Pressure B21: Mortality through collision with fences
Pressure F07: Impact of recreational distrubance
Pressure I04: Predation by fox, crow, raptors
Pressure N03: Negative effect of rainfall on breeding success
Pressure N06: Peak insect availability desynchronised with chick hatch
Threat A09: Loss of habitat due to overgrazing
Threat B01: Afforestation leads to long-term loss of habitat as forest matures after initial usefulness when young.
Threat F07: Impact of recreational distrubance
Threat I04: Predation by fox, crow, raptors
Threat N03: Negative effect of rainfall on breeding success
Threat N06: Peak insect availability desynchronised with chick hatch


pressures_source:
According to the established methodology within the Project SMIS code 119428, funded through LIOP 2014-2020, pressures have been identified based on a number of data sources: Natura 2000 Standard Data Forms, Management Plans, Spatial Analysis of CLC 2012-2018 and of Agri-environmental Measures implemented in the time span 2013-2018, etc.


pressures_source:
Stanic D., Kmecl P., Figelj J., Sovinc A. (2017): Gnezditveni areal, velikost populacije in populacijski trend vrtnega strnada Emberiza hortulana v Sloveniji v obdobju med letoma 1979 in 2016. – Acrocephalus 38 (172/173): 7–24.


pressures_info:
G07 - Pressure/threat is disturbance due to hunting on other species - it is being addressed on management planning level


pressures_source:
Vrezec A., Bordjan D., Perušek M., Hudoklin A. (2009a): Population and ecology of the White-tailed Eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and its conservation status in Slovenia. – Denisia 27: 103–114.


pressures_info:
F07 -potential pressure/threat is controlled by protected area management


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384 ; Marion L. 2015. Impacts collatéraux des destructions d'Ibis sacrés Threskiornis aethiopicus en France.  , 6 p. http://eee.mnhn.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/10/MARION-2015.pdf; Marion, L. 2019. Recensement national des Hérons coloniaux de France 2014. Héron cendré, Héron pourpré, Héron bihoreau, Héron crabier, Héron garde-boeufs, Aigrette garzette et Grande Aigrette..  , SESLG, Université Rennes 1109 p.


pressures_source:
CASTEGE I. & MILON E. coord. 2018. Atlas des oiseaux marins et cétacés du Sud Gascogne - De l'estuaire de la Gironde à la Bidassoa. Atlas des oiseaux marins et cétacés du Sud Gascogne, Publications Sc. MNHN, coll. Patrimoines Naturels n° 78280


pressures_source:
Powolny, P. et al. 2018. Draft AEWA International Species Management plan for the Greylag goose (Anser anser)/Northwest/Southwest European population. AEWA Documents, AEWA, Bonn21


pressures_info:
Selon les cahiers d'habitats :
"L'utilisation de milieux artificiels par l'espèce ne doit pas masquer la disparition et la dégradation des zones humides, des  lagunes  et  des  milieux  littoraux  par  l'urbanisation,  la  mise  en  culture  et  le  développement  des  diverses  activités humaines. Le dérangement par les activités de loisir sur le littoral en  période de reproduction est  mentionné parmi les facteurs pouvant  expliquer  le  développement  des  cas  de  nidification  continentale  [19].  Plusieurs  études  indiquent  que  le dérangement peut également affecter la distribution spatiale ou l’abondance des tadornes en hiver [3 ; 4]."

Soit la pression/menace F07 en hiver qui est justifiée, l'utilisation d'un site par l'espèce s'expliquant par la présence de ses proies favorites type Hydrobia ulvae est influencée par les dérangements anthropiques.


pressures_source:
Aulert C. & Hémery D. 2007. L’Avocette élégante Recurvirostra avosetta dans l'estuaire de la Seine : historique de l'hivernage et de la nidification. Alauda 75, 49-55 ; Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_info:
Forte proportion de nichées abandonnées en raison de dérangements ou des menaces évoquées plus haut qui entraîne une destruction des colonies. Espèce "habituée" à connaître un fort taux d'échec de la reproduction.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Bécasseau minute, Calidris minuta (Leisler, 1812). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Hunault, S. & Kerbiriou, E. 2007. Le Butor étoilé (Botaurus stellaris) Plan national de restauration 2008 - 2012, Paris, MEEDDAT. 108


pressures_source:
Marion L. 2015. Impacts collatéraux des destructions d'Ibis sacrés Threskiornis aethiopicus en France.  , 6 p. http://eee.mnhn.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/10/MARION-2015.pdf; Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Tadorne de Belon, Tadorna tadorna (Linnaeus, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012.  Balbuzard pêcheur, Pandion haliaetus (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française ; Dennis, R 2016. Plan for the recovery and conservation of Ospreys in Europe and the mediterranean region in particular. Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats., Strasbourg: Council of Europe24 https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiN_5i9sI7hAhVfAWMBHebUDM0QFjAAegQIBxAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Frapaces.lpo.fr%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fbalbuzard%2F3122%2Fplan-recovery-and-conservation-osprey-europe-and-mediterranean-region-particular2016.pdf&usg=AOvVaw0S6s7YAYkYkscxSnO4lrz2


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Faucon d'Eléonore, Falco eleonorae (Géné, 1839). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Attié, C. & Jolivet, C. 2011. Deuxième Plan national d'actions en faveur de l'Outarde canepetière Tetrax tetrax 2011-2015, Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement Durable, des Transports et du Logement. 130 p.


pressures_source:
Aubry, P., Anstett, L., Ferrand, Y., Klein, F., Ruette, S., Sarasa, M., Arnauduc, J.P. & Migot, P. 2016. Enquête nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir Saison 2013-2014 Résultats nationaux. Faune Sauvage, 310, janvier - mars 2016, ONCFS8 ; MNHN 2012. Pluvier argenté, Pluvialis squatarola (Linnaeus, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Bicknell, A. W., Oro, D., Camphuysen, K. C., & Votier, S. C. 2013. Potential consequences of discard reform for seabird communities. . Journal of Applied Ecology, 50(3), 649-658. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/1365-2664.12072; Garthe, S., & Hüppop, O. 2004. Scaling possible adverse effects of marine wind farms on seabirds: developing and applying a vulnerability index.. Journal of applied Ecology, 41(4), 724-734. https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00918.x; Cadiou B. & Yésou P. 2006. Évolution des populations de goélands bruns, argentés et marins Larus fuscus, L. argentatus, L. marinus dans l’archipel de Molène (Bretagne, France) : bilan de 50 ans de suivi des colonies.. Revue d'Écologie (Terre et Vie) 61, 159-173


pressures_source:
Desmet J-F . Pic tridactyle . in Cahier d'Habitat "Oiseaux", MEEDDAT-MNHN6p ; MNHN 2012. Pic tridactyle, Picoides tridactylus (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Burger, J., Hiessler, N., Pochon, C. & Vincent-Martin, N. 2013. 3ème Plan National d'Actions en faveur de l'Aigle de Bonelli 2014-2023 6ème projet, Conservatoire d'espaces naturels du Languedoc-Roussillon. 155 p.


pressures_source:
. Le Plan National de Gestion du Courlis cendré (2015-2020).


pressures_source:
Gendry G., Boué A.   2013. Les causes de mortalité des oiseaux marins sur le littoral Atlantique français. Action 3.C Report from FAME Project, LPO - SEPN, France ; Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_source:
Johannot F. et Weltz M. 2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux.  ; Trolliet B, Bonnin P, Farau S. 2018. Les prélèvements cynégétiques de vanneaux huppés et de pluviers dorés en France. Faune Sauvage n°318, ONCFS9-14 ; AUBRY P., L. ANSTETT, Y. FERRAND, F. REITZ, F. KLEIN, S. RUETTE, M. SARASA, J.-P. ARNAUDUC, P. MIGOT.  2016. Enquête nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir Saison 2013-2014. Résultats nationaux.. Faune sauvage, 310, supplément janvier-mars ,


pressures_source:
Cortés, V., García-Barcelona, S. & González-Solís, J.  2018. Sex- and age-biased mortality of three shearwater species in longline fisheries of the Mediterranean.. Marine Ecology Progress Series 588, 229-241 ; Anselme L., Durand J. P.  2012. Le Puffin cendré Calonectris diomedea diomedea, Etat des connaissances et de conservation actualisé des populations nicheuses des petites îles de Méditerranée, Initiative PIM. 18 p. http://www.initiative-pim.org


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384 ; Gendry G., Boué A.   2013. Les causes de mortalité des oiseaux marins sur le littoral Atlantique français. Action 3.C Report from FAME Project, LPO - SEPN, France ; Drogou M., Laurans M., Fritsch M. 2008. Analyse de l'impacte des engins de pêche sur les habitats et espèces listés dans les directives "habitats" et "oiseaux" (Natura 2000). Réponse à la saisine DPMA n°2008-1014. . https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11541/8131.pdf, Ifremer85 p.


pressures_source:
AUBRY P., L. ANSTETT, Y. FERRAND, F. REITZ, F. KLEIN, S. RUETTE, M. SARASA, J.-P. ARNAUDUC, P. MIGOT.  2016. Enquête nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir Saison 2013-2014. Résultats nationaux.. Faune sauvage, 310, supplément janvier-mars ,  ; Trolliet B, Bonnin P, Farau S. 2018. Les prélèvements cynégétiques de vanneaux huppés et de pluviers dorés en France. Faune Sauvage n°318, ONCFS9-14 ; Johannot F. et Weltz M. 2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux.


pressures_info:
biocide used in agriculture area where the species is expanding


pressures_info:
some mortality with train or car
encroachment of vegetation in rocky habitat


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758;
Pressure on trecking route


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.
Pressure Xu: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Small reduction of distribution (Atlas) and non-significant population decline (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increasse of 23%. Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel. 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Pressure A03: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Pressure A08: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Pressure A17: Perkins, A.J., Maggs, W.E., & Wilson, J.D. 2015. Crop sward structure explains seasonal variation in nest site selection and informs agri-enviornment scheme design for a species of high conservation concern: the Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra. Bird Study 62: 474-485. Brickle, N.W. & Harper, D.G.C. 2015. Agricultural intensification and the timing of breeding of Corn Buntings Milaria calandra. Bird Study 49: 219-228.
Pressure A21: Brickle, N.W., Harper, D.G.C., Aebischer, N.J. & Cockayne, C.H. 2000. Effects of agricultural intensification on the breeding success of corn buntings Miliaria calandra. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 742-755. Perkins, A.J., Maggs, W.E., & Wilson, J.D. 2015. Crop sward structure explains seasonal variation in nest site selection and informs agri-enviornment scheme design for a species of high conservation concern: the Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra. Bird Study 62: 474-485.
Threat A02: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Threat A03: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Threat A08: Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Threat A17: Perkins, A.J., Maggs, W.E., & Wilson, J.D. 2015. Crop sward structure explains seasonal variation in nest site selection and informs agri-enviornment scheme design for a species of high conservation concern: the Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra. Bird Study 62: 474-485. Brickle, N.W. & Harper, D.G.C. 2015. Agricultural intensification and the timing of breeding of Corn Buntings Milaria calandra. Bird Study 49: 219-228. Donald, P.F. and Forrest, C. 1995. The effects of agricultural change on population size of Corn Buntings Miliaria calandra on individual farms. Bird Study 42: 205-215.
Threat A21: Brickle, N.W., Harper, D.G.C., Aebischer, N.J. & Cockayne, C.H. 2000. Effects of agricultural intensification on the breeding success of corn buntings Miliaria calandra. Journal of Applied Ecology 37: 742-755. Perkins, A.J., Maggs, W.E., & Wilson, J.D. 2015. Crop sward structure explains seasonal variation in nest site selection and informs agri-enviornment scheme design for a species of high conservation concern: the Corn Bunting Emberiza calandra. Bird Study 62: 474-485.


pressures_source:
Pressure G10: Carss, D.N. 1994. Killing of piscivorous birds at Scottish fin fish farms, 1984-1987. Biological Conservation 68: 181-188. Carss, D. & Murray, R. 2007. Atlantic Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). Pp. 400-403. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. DEFRA 2013. Review of fish eating birds policy. Evidence summary. 83 pp. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224186/pb13972-fish-eating-birds-evidence-130719.pdf
Pressure G12: Northridge, S., Coram, A. & Kingston, A. 2012. The susceptibility of sensitive species through analysis of their distribution and the overlap with relevant fishing effort distribution. In: DefineIt Final Report. Defra, London.
Threat G10: Carss, D.N. 1994. Killing of piscivorous birds at Scottish fin fish farms, 1984-1987. Biological Conservation 68: 181-188. Carss, D. & Murray, R. 2007. Atlantic Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo carbo (Linnaeus). Pp. 400-403. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. DEFRA 2013. Review of fish eating birds policy. Evidence summary. 83 pp. www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/224186/pb13972-fish-eating-birds-evidence-130719.pdf
Threat G12: Northridge, S., Coram, A. & Kingston, A. 2012. The susceptibility of sensitive species through analysis of their distribution and the overlap with relevant fishing effort distribution. In: DefineIt Final Report. Defra, London.


pressures_source:
Pressure F07: Jensen, F.P. 2007. European Union management plan for Curlew (Numenius arquata) 2007-2009. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Natura 2000 Technical Report - 003 - 2007. 48 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/curlew.pdf
Threat A06: Jensen, F.P. 2007. European Union management plan for Curlew (Numenius arquata) 2007-2009. Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, Luxembourg. Natura 2000 Technical Report - 003 - 2007. 48 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/curlew.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Charman, E.C., Smith, K.W., Dillon, I.A., Dodd, S., Gruar, D.J., Cristinacce, A., Grice, P.V. & Gregory, R.D. 2012. Drivers of low breeding success in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos minor in England: testing hypotSmith, K.W. & Charman, E.C. 2012. The ecology and conservation of the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. British Birds 105: 183-192.eses for the decline. Bird Study 59: 255-265.
Threat Xt: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Charman, E.C., Smith, K.W., Dillon, I.A., Dodd, S., Gruar, D.J., Cristinacce, A., Grice, P.V. & Gregory, R.D. 2012. Drivers of low breeding success in the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos minor in England: testing hypotSmith, K.W. & Charman, E.C. 2012. The ecology and conservation of the Lesser Spotted Woodpecker. British Birds 105: 183-192.eses for the decline. Bird Study 59: 255-265.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Major contraction of range and long-term decline in numbers (RBBP). Decline seems driven by low breeding success related to lack of food in breeding period but ultimate drivers unknown, although likely related in some way to woodland maagement or structure
Threat Xt: Major contraction of range and long-term decline in numbers (RBBP). Decline seems driven by low breeding success related to lack of food in breeding period but ultimate drivers unknown, although likely related in some way to woodland maagement or structure


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Significantly expanded distribution (Atlas) and +274% 25 yearincrease (RBBP)


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Jackson, D.B. 2007. Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica (Linnaeus). Pp. 329-333. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat D01: Jackson, D.B. 2007. Black-throated Diver Gavia arctica (Linnaeus). Pp. 329-333. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased non-breeding distribution (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat F07: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. (2013) Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population due to natural expansion in E Anglia/Yorkshire since 1981, supplemented by introductions in Somerset since 2010. As the population is increasing, then pressures are minimal.
Threat F07: Increasing population, though expansion may be limited in the future by human disturbance.


pressures_source:
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Pressure Xu: -33% short-term decline: Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel. 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xp: Population stable: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Tru
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf MacLean, I.M.D., et al. 2008. Climate change causes rapid changes in the distribution and site abundance of birds in winter. Global Change Biology 14: 2489-2500.


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A13: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A20: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Pressure A31: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure B27: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A13: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A20: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.
Threat A31: Wilson, A.M., Ausden,M. & Milsom, T.P. (2004). Changes in breeding wader populations on lowland wet grasslands in England and Wales: causes and potential solutions. Ibis 146 (Suppl. 2): 32-40. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat B27: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. (2005). Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. O'Brien, M. 2007. Common Snipe Gallinago gallinago (Linnaeus). Pp. 644-646. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Pressure A13: Reseeding with rye-grass
Pressure A20: Fertilisation of grassland
Pressure A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Pressure B27: Drainage for forestry.
Threat A02: Large-scale conversion of pasture to tillage.
Threat A13: Reseeding with rye-grass
Threat A20: Fertilisation of grassland
Threat A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Threat B27: Drainage for forestry.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Short-term trend of -19%: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure I04: ap Rheinallt,T.. 2007. Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin. Pp. 874-878. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat I04: ap Rheinallt,T.. 2007. Rock Pigeon Columba livia Gmelin. Pp. 874-878. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure I04: Hybridization with commensal feral pigeons. Possibly competition with them as well.
Threat I04: Hybridization with commensal feral pigeons. Possibly competition with them as well.


pressures_source:
Pressure A03: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A09: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A17: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure A21: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Pressure I04: Donald, P.F. 1999. The ecology and conservation of Skylarks Alauda arvensis on lowland farmland. Oxford: DPhil thesis, Wolfson College.; Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A03: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A09: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A17: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A21: Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat I04: Donald, P.F. 1999. The ecology and conservation of Skylarks Alauda arvensis on lowland farmland. Oxford: DPhil thesis, Wolfson College.; Donald, P.F. & Vickery, J. 2001. The Ecology and Conservation of Skylarks. Sandy: RSPB.; Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.; Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure A03: Regional contraction of range in Ireland; -22% abundance decline in UK 1995-2015 (BBS)
Pressure A09: Regional contraction of range in Ireland; -22% abundance decline in UK 1995-2015 (BBS)
Pressure A17: Regional contraction of range in Ireland; -22% abundance decline in UK 1995-2015 (BBS). Coversion from hay to silage production
Pressure A21: Regional contraction of range in Ireland; -22% abundance decline in UK 1995-2015 (BBS). Greater use of pesticides in intensive cereal production systems
Pressure I04: Regional contraction of range in Ireland; -22% abundance decline in UK 1995-2015 (BBS). Predation greater along tram-lines in more intsenive cereal production systems
Threat A17: Coversion from hay to silage production
Threat A21: Greater use of pesticides in intensive cereal production systems
Threat I04: Predation greater along tram-lines in more intensive cereal production systems


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: <1% change in range over 40%; near complete distribution across UK


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Population fluctuating with no long term trend. Though seems to be recovering after winters of 1962/63. Has benefitted from conifer plantations.
Threat Xxt: Benefits from increase in conifer plantations and milder winters, therefore no threats


pressures_source:
Pressure A21: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Pressure B04: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Pressure B07: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Pressure B08: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Pressure L06: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143. Stevens, D.K., Anderson, G.Q.A., Grice, P.V., Norris, K & Butcher, N. (2008) Predators of Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata nests in southern England as determined by digital nest-cameras, Bird Study, 55:2, 179-187
Pressure N02: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat A21: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Threat B04: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Threat B07: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Threat B08: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143
Threat L06: Fuller, R.J, Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsberg, D. 2005. Recent declines in populations of woodland brids in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98:116-143. Stevens, D.K., Anderson, G.Q.A., Grice, P.V., Norris, K & Butcher, N. (2008) Predators of Spotted Flycatcher Muscicapa striata nests in southern England as determined by digital nest-cameras, Bird Study, 55:2, 179-187
Threat N02: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure A21: Increased first year survival perhaps due to reduced abundance of invertebrates.
Pressure B07: Loss of nest sites
Pressure B08: Loss of nest sites
Pressure L06: Predation by introduced Red Squirrels; increased predation by Great Spotted Woodpecker and especially Jay.
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat A21: increased first year survival perhaps due to reduced abundance of invertebrates.
Threat B07: Loss of nest sites
Threat B08: Loss of nest sites
Threat L06: Predation by introduced Red Squirrels; increased predation by Great Spotted Woodpecker?
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel 2018. Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2016. British Birds 111: 644-694.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Small population not clearly known


pressures_source:
Pressure N01: Hearn, R.D. 2004. Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons (Baltic/North Sea population) in Britain, 1960/61 - 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series, The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat N01: Hearn, R.D. 2004. Greater White-fronted Goose Anser albifrons albifrons (Baltic/North Sea population) in Britain, 1960/61 - 1999/2000. Waterbird Review Series, The Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust/Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Slimbridge. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. & Burton, N.H.K. In press. Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology
Pressure XXp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. & Burton, N.H.K. In press. Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology
Threat G12: Furness, R.W. 1992. Implications of changes in net mesh size, fishing effort and minimum landing size regulations in the North Sea for seabird populations. JNCC Report No. 133. Joint Nature Conservation Committee, Peterborough. 60 pp. Calladine, J. 2004. Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus. Pp. 226-241. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser.
Threat I02: Craik (2000-2002), unpublished mink-seabird project reports cited in Mitchell et al. (2004) Seabird populations of Britain & Ireland. Poyser, London.
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359..

pressures_info:
Pressure XXp: +63% increase in range 1988-91 to 2008-2011
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known


pressures_source:
Pressure J03: Hayhow, D.B., Ewing, S.R., Baxter, A., Douse, A., Stanbury, A., Whitfield, D.P. & Eaton, M.A. 2015. Changes in the abundance and distribution of a montane specialist bird, the Dotterel Charadrius morinellus, in the UK over 25 years. Bird Study 62: 443-456. Pearce, I.S.K. & van der Wal, R. 2002. Effects of nitrogen deposition on growth and survival of montane Racomitrium lanuginosum heath. Biolgoical Conservation 104: 83-89. Britton, A.J., Beale, C.M., Towers, W., & Hewison, R.L. 2009. Biodiversity gains and losses: Evidence for homogenisation of Scottish alpine vegetation. Biological Conservation 142: 1728-1739.
Pressure N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Thompson, D.B.A. & Whitfield, D.P. 2007. Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. Pp. 571-576. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat J03: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Pearce, I.S.K. & van der Wal, R. 2002. Effects of nitrogen deposition on growth and survival of montane Racomitrium lanuginosum heath. Biolgoical Conservation 104: 83-89. Britton, A.J., Beale, C.M., Towers, W., & Hewison, R.L. 2009. Biodiversity gains and losses: Evidence for homogenisation of Scottish alpine vegetation. Biological Conservation142: 1728-1739.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf Thompson, D.B.A. & Whitfield, D.P. 2007. Eurasian Dotterel Charadrius morinellus Linnaeus. Pp. 571-576. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Manx Sheaterwater Puffinus puffinus (Brunnich). Pp. 377-380. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Appleton, D., Booker, H., Bullock, D.J., Cordrey, L. & Sampson, B. 2006. The Seabird Recovery Project: Lundy island. Atlantic Seabirds 8: 51-59.
Pressure L06: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Manx Sheaterwater Puffinus puffinus (Brunnich). Pp. 377-380. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. HEANEY, V., RATCLIFFE, N., BROWN, A., ROBINSON, A. & LOCK, L. 2002. The status and distribution of European storm-petrels Hydrobates pelagicus and Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus on the Isles of Scilly. Atlantic Seabirds 4: 1-16.
Threat I02: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Manx Sheaterwater Puffinus puffinus (Brunnich). Pp. 377-380. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Appleton, D., Booker, H., Bullock, D.J., Cordrey, L. & Sampson, B. 2006. The Seabird Recovery Project: Lundy island. Atlantic Seabirds 8: 51-59.
Threat L06: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Manx Sheaterwater Puffinus puffinus (Brunnich). Pp. 377-380. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. HEANEY, V., RATCLIFFE, N., BROWN, A., ROBINSON, A. & LOCK, L. 2002. The status and distribution of European storm-petrels Hydrobates pelagicus and Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus on the Isles of Scilly. Atlantic Seabirds 4: 1-16.

pressures_info:
Pressure I02: Mink, Brown Rat. Manx Shearwaters are mainly restricted to breeding on predator-free sites in the UK, with the exception of the Isle of Rum which does have Brown Rats.
Pressure L06: Brown Rat. Manx Shearwaters are mainly restricted to breeding on predator-free sites in the UK, with the exception of the Isle of Rum which does have Brown Rats.
Threat I02: Mink, Brown Rat. Manx Shearwaters are mainly restricted to breeding on predator-free sites in the UK, with the exception of the Isle of Rum which does have Brown Rats.
Threat L06: Brown Rat. Manx Shearwaters are mainly restricted to breeding on predator-free sites in the UK, with the exception of the Isle of Rum which does have Brown Rats.


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. Manx Sheaterwater Puffinus puffinus (Brunnich). Pp. 377-380. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. HEANEY, V., RATCLIFFE, N., BROWN, A., ROBINSON, A. & LOCK, L. 2002. The status and distribution of European storm-petrels Hydrobates pelagicus and Manx shearwaters Puffinus puffinus on the Isles of Scilly. Atlantic Seabirds 4: 1-16.
Pressure L06: Booth, C.J. & Adam, R.G. 2006. Predation of European Storm Petrels by Great Black-backed Gulls on the island of Auskerry, Orkney. Scottish Birds 26: 43-45. Votier, S.C., Crane, J.E., Bearhop, S., de Leon, A., McSorley, C.A., Minguez, E., Mitchell, I.P., Parsons, M., Phillips, R.A. & Furness, R.W. 2006. Nocturnal foraging by Great Skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of Storm-petrel populations. Journal of Ornithology 147: 405-413.
Threat D05: Sage, B. 1979. Flare up over North Sea birds. New Scientist 81: 464-466.; Weise, F. K., Montevecchi, W. A., Davoren, G. K., Huettmann, F., Diamond, A. W. & Linke, J. 2001. Seabirds at risk around Offshore Oil Platforms in the North-west Atlantic. Marine Pollution Bulletin 42: 1285-1290.; Bolton et al. 2017. Resurvey reveals arrested population growth of the largest UK colony of European Storm-petrels Hydrobates pelagicus, Mousa, Shetland. Seabird 30, 15-30.
Threat I02: Zonfrillo, B. 2007. European Storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus (Linnaeus). Pp. 386-388. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat L06: Booth, C.J. & Adam, R.G. 2006. Predation of European Storm Petrels by Great Black-backed Gulls on the island of Auskerry, Orkney. Scottish Birds 26: 43-45. Votier, S.C., Crane, J.E., Bearhop, S., de Leon, A., McSorley, C.A., Minguez, E., Mitchell, I.P., Parsons, M., Phillips, R.A. & Furness, R.W. 2006. Nocturnal foraging by Great Skuas Stercorarius skua: implications for conservation of Storm-petrel populations. Journal of Ornithology 147: 405-413.

pressures_info:
Pressure I02: Species is largely restricted to islands without mammalian predators and rapidly recolonises newly rat-free islands. Mice have been thought benign in the past but this is increasingly questioned now, and populations are thought to be declining in major colonies where mice are present.
Pressure L06: Predation by Great Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas as well as mammalian predators
Threat D05: Attraction to and incination by flares from oil platforms and rigs. Recent RSPB tracking data shows overlap in foraging areas of the UK's largest colony (which supports c. 35% of the UK pop) and oil production platforms commissioned since 2008, with high incidence of flaring.
Threat I02: Species is largely restricted to islands without mammalian predators. Mice have been thought benign in the past but this is increasingly questioned now, and populations are thought to be declining in major colonies where mice are present
Threat L06: Predation by Great Black-backed Gulls and Great Skuas as well as mammalian predators


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat G14: Expert assessment
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment. Increasing population (BBS)


pressures_source:
Threat G14: Newth, J.L., Brown, M.J. & Rees, E.C. 2011. Incidence of embedded shotgun pellets in Bewick's swans Cygnus columbianus bewickii and whooper swans Cygnus cygnus wintering in the UK. Biological Conservation 144: 1630-1637.; Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_source:
Threat I02: Waltho, C.M. 2007. Common Eider Somateria mollissima (Linnaeus). Pp. 243-248. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xp: Small increase in range (Atlas). Numbers currently stable (WeBS). Losses on the Northern Isles since the 70's and big declines in the Moray Firth since the 80's. Evans, R.J. 1998. Numbers of seaducks, divers and grebes in the Moray Firth, 1977-1995. Scottish Birds 19: 206-222. Forrester et al (2007) Birds of Scotland (Vol 1). Musgrove et al (2013) Population estimates of birds in Great Britain and the United Kingdom. British Birds, 106, 64-100.
Threat G12: Kirby et al (1993) Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic conservation: marine ad freshwater ecosystems 3, 105-135.
Threat J02: Kirby et al (1993) Wintering seaducks in Britain and Ireland: population, threats, conservation and research priorities. Aquatic conservation: marine ad freshwater ecosystems 3, 105-135. Forrester et al (2007) Birds of Scotland (Vol 1). Hearn et al (2015) International single species action plan for the conservation of the long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis 2016-2025. Bonn: AEWA. Camphuysen et al (2009) Oil pollution and seabirds. Thematic report no. 5.3 In: Marencic & Vlas (Eds) 2009. Quality Status Report 2009. Waddensea Ecosystem No.25.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure Xp: It is notoriously difficult to survey seaducks using land based surveys like WeBS and Atlas. Therefore actual trends are unknown at UK level. With this in mind populations appear to be declining at least at local levels and reasons for observed declines are not understood.
Threat G12: Poor understanding of this threat at UK level. Impacts of ghost fishing on seaducks also unknown but may be a pressure/threat, large amounts of ghost gear found in Scapa Flow by the Global Ghost Gear Initiative where internationally important of Long-tailed Ducks overwinter.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat N01: Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing breeding range (Atlas) and numbers (+54% short-term; WeBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure A31: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure B27: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure G11: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure G12: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure L02: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat A31: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat B27: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat G11: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat G12: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat L02: Gibson, I. 2007. Jack Snipe Limnocryptes minimum (Brunnich). Pp. 639-642. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Pressure B27: Drainage for forestry.
Pressure G11: Illegal shooting. Gibson estimates 15-30% of wintering Jack Snipe shot annually
Pressure G12: Illegal shooting. Gibson estimates 15-30% of wintering Jack Snipe shot annually
Threat A31: Drainage for agricultural improvement.
Threat B27: Drainage for forestry.
Threat G11: Illegal shooting. Gibson estimates 15-30% of wintering Jack Snipe shot annually
Threat G12: Illegal shooting. Gibson estimates 15-30% of wintering Jack Snipe shot annually


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. JNCC 2016. Seabird Monitoring Programme data (http://www.jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-3201). Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
Threat I02: Craik, J.C.A. 2007. Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan. Pp. 833-836. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat L06: Craik, J.C.A. 2007. Arctic Tern Sterna paradisaea Pontoppidan. Pp. 833-836. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. EICHSTADT, W., SCHELLER, W., SELLIN, D., STARKE, W. & STEGEMANN, K-D. 2006. Atlas der Brutvogel in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Steffen Verlag, Friedland.
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359.. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N04: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. MOLLER, A.P., FLENSTED-JENSEN, E. & MARDAL, W. 2006. Dispersal and climate change: a case study of the Arctic tern Sterna paradisaea. Global Change Biology 12: 2005-2013. MENDEL, B., SONNTAG, N., WAHL, J., SCHWEMMER, P., DRIES, H., GUSE, N., MULLER, S. & GARTHE, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn. RUSSELL, D.J.F., WANLESS, S., COLLINGHAM, Y.C., HUNTLEY, B. & HAMER, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: -27% decrease in range (Atlas 1988/91- to 2008/11); +52% increase in numbers (SMP - 1998/02 to 2015)
Threat I02: Mink, rats, cats, Hedgehogs, sheep, ponies
Threat L06: Otters, Peregrine, Stoats, Foxes


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase of 19%. Lloyd, C., Tasker, M.L. & Partridge, K. 1991. The status of seabirds in Britain and Ireland. London, T. & A.D. Poyser. 355 pp. Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. 2004. Atlantic Puffin Fratercula arctica. Pp. 392-406. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser.
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66.
Threat G01: Greenstreet, S., Fraser, H., Armstrong, E., & Gibb, I. 2010. Monitoring the consequences of the Northwestern North Sea Sandeel fishery closure. Scottish Marine and Freshwater Science 1(6): 1-31. Finney, S.K., Harris, M.P., Keller, L.F., Elston, D.A., Monaghan, P. & Wanless, S. 2003. Reducing the density of breeding gulls influences the pattern of recruitment of immature Atlantic puffins Fratercula arctica to a breeding colony. Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 545-552. Furness, B., MacArthur, D., Trinder, M. & MacArthur, K. (2013) Evidence to support the identification of potential conservation measures for selected species of seabirds. MacArthur Green report, Glasgow, UK. Pp 158.
Threat G12: WWT Consulting 2016. Risk assessment of seabird bycatch in UK waters. Report to Defra. Project MB0126. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Consulting, Slimbridge. Tasker, M.L., Camphuysen, C.J., Cooper, J., Garthe, S., Montevecchi, W.A. & Blaber, S.J.M. 2000. The impacts of fishing on marine birds. ICES Journal of Marine Science 57: 531-547. Harris, M.P. & Wanless, S. 2011. The Puffin. T & AD Poyser, London.
Threat I02: http://invasivespeciesireland.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/Invasive_Predatory_Small_Mammals_on_Islands_Strategy.pdf; http://www.snh.org.uk/pdfs/publications/commissioned_reports/7125.pdf Zonfrillo, B. 2002. Puffins return to Ailsa Craig. Scottish Bird News 66: 1-2. Harris, M. & Wanless, S. 2007. Puffin Fratercula arctica (Linnaeus). Pp. 867-871. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady. Appleton, D., Booker, H., Bullock, D.J., Cordrey, L. & Sampson, B. 2006. The Seabird Recovery Project: Lundy island. Atlantic Seabirds 8: 51-59. https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/land-and-sea-management/managing-wildlife/orkney-native-wildlife-project
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf; http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8901.2004.00966.x/full and http://www.vliz.be/imis/imis.php?module=ref&refid=211262

pressures_info:
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Threat I02: Stoat, cat, rat and mink. Stoat a feasible future threat for puffins in Orkney (unless removed in next 12 years which is the current plan), but probably no discernible population level impact as stoats very unlikely to reach Sule Skerry stronghold. Also anecdotal evidence of cat predation on Shetland.


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.
Pressure F01: Underhill-Day, J.C. 2005. A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough. Van den Berg et al. 2001. Territory selection by Dartford Warbler (Sylvia undata) in Dorset, England: role of vegetation type, habitat fragmentation and population size. Biological Conservation 101: 217-229.
Pressure F02: Underhill-Day, J.C. (2005). A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough. Van den Berg et al. (2001). Territory selection by Dartford Warbler (Sylvia undata) in Dorset, England: role of vegetation type, habitat fragmentation and population size. Biological Conservation 101: 217-229.
Pressure F07: Murison, G., Bullock, J.M., Underhill-Day, J., Langston, R., Brown, A.F. & Sutherland, W.J. 2007. Habitat type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata. Ibis 149: 16-26.
Pressure L02: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat A09: Simm, I.M.W., Stanbury, A.J., Tomankova, I. & Douglas, D.J.T. 2016. Changes in moorland and heathland bird abundance in southwest Englnd in relation to environmental change. Bird Study 63: 543-553.
Threat F01: Underhill-Day, J.C. 2005. A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough. Van den Berg et al. (2001). Territory selection by Dartford Warbler (Sylvia undata) in Dorset, England: role of vegetation type, habitat fragmentation and population size. Biological Conservation 101: 217-229.
Threat F02: Underhill-Day, J.C. (2005). A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough. Van den Berg et al. (2001). Territory selection by Dartford Warbler (Sylvia undata) in Dorset, England: role of vegetation type, habitat fragmentation and population size. Biological Conservation 101: 217-229.
Threat F07: Murison, G., Bullock, J.M., Underhill-Day, J., Langston, R., Brown, A.F. & Sutherland, W.J. (2007). Habitat type determines the effects of disturbance on the breeding productivity of the Dartford Warbler Sylvia undata. Ibis 149: 16-26.
Threat H04: Westerhoff, D. & Tubbs, C.R. 1991. Dartford Warblers Sylvia undata, their habitat and conservation in the New Forest, Hampshire, England in 1988. Biological Conservation 56: 89-100. Underhill-Day, J.C. (2005). A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough. Arson & accidental fires more likely when near to housing, but also occur when not associated with housing.
Threat L03: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure F01: Housing built near heathlands continues to exert a recreational pressure on heathlands, and continues to be a source of predation from cats/garden waste dumping/increased risk of fire. Most SPA heathlands have strategic approaches to mitigating recreational disturbance from new housing, but there is still a threat to SSSI and undesignated heathlands. Also for infill housing in existing urban areas.
Pressure F02: Housing built near heathlands continues to exert a recreational pressure on heathlands, and continues to be a source of predation from cats/garden waste dumping/increased risk of fire. Most SPA heathlands have strategic approaches to mitigating recreational disturbance from new housing, but there is still a threat to SSSI and undesignated heathlands. Also for infill housing in existing urban areas.
Pressure L02: Lack of management of heathlands results in natural succession to woodland, reducing open nesting habitat.
Threat F01: Housing built near heathlands continues to exert a recreational pressure on heathlands, and continues to be a source of predation from cats/garden waste dumping/increased risk of fire. Most SPA heathlands have strategic approaches to mitigating recreational disturbance from new housing, but there is still a threat to SSSI and undesignated heathlands. Also for infill housing in existing urban areas.
Threat F02: Housing built near heathlands continues to exert a recreational pressure on heathlands, and continues to be a source of predation from cats/garden waste dumping/increased risk of fire. Most SPA heathlands have strategic approaches to mitigating recreational disturbance from new housing, but there is still a threat to SSSI and undesignated heathlands. Also for infill housing in existing urban areas.
Threat L03: Lack of management of heathlands results in natural succession to woodland, reducing open nesting habitat.


pressures_source:
Pressure B04: Bellamy, P.E., Hill, R.A., Rothery, P., Hinsley, S.A., Fuller, R.J. & Broughton, R.K. 2009. Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus habitat in woods with different structure and management in southern England. Bird Study 56: 338-348.
Pressure I01: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286. Amar, A., Hewson, C.M., Thewlis, R.M., Smith, K.W., Fuller, R.J., Lindsell, J.A., Conway, G., Butler, S. & MacDonald, M.A. 2006. What's happening to our woodland Birds? Long-term changes in the populations of woodland birds. Thetford: BTO. BTO Research Report 169.
Pressure I04: Amar, A., Hewson, C.M., Thewlis, R.M., Smith, K.W., Fuller, R.J., Lindsell, J.A., Conway, G., Butler, S. and MacDonald, M.A. 2006. What's Happening to Our Woodland Birds? Long-Term Changes in the Populations of Woodland Birds, Thetford: BTO. BTO Research Report 169
Pressure N02: Morrison, C.A., Robinson, R.A.. Clark, J.A., Risely, K. & Gill, J.A. 2013. Recent population declines in Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds: the influence of breeding and non-breeding seasons. Diveristy and Distribution 19:1051-1058
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat B04: Bellamy, P.E., Hill, R.A., Rothery, P., Hinsley, S.A., Fuller, R.J. & Broughton, R.K. 2009. Willow Warbler Phylloscopus trochilus habitat in woods with different structure and management in southern England. Bird Study 56: 338-348.
Threat I01: Amar, A., Hewson, C.M., Thewlis, R.M., Smith, K.W., Fuller, R.J., Lindsell, J.A., Conway, G., Butler, S. and MacDonald, M.A. 2006. What's Happening to Our Woodland Birds? Long-Term Changes in the Populations of Woodland Birds, Thetford: BTO. BTO Research Report 169
Threat I04: Amar, A., Hewson, C.M., Thewlis, R.M., Smith, K.W., Fuller, R.J., Lindsell, J.A., Conway, G., Butler, S. and MacDonald, M.A. 2006. What's Happening to Our Woodland Birds? Long-Term Changes in the Populations of Woodland Birds, Thetford: BTO. BTO Research Report 169
Threat N02: Morrison, C.A., Robinson, R.A.. Clark, J.A., Risely, K. & Gill, J.A. 2013. Recent population declines in Afro-Palaearctic migratory birds: the influence of breeding and non-breeding seasons. Diveristy and Distribution 19:1051-1058
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure I01: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Reeve's Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi via likely impacts on understorey vegetation reducing woodland structure
Pressure I04: Predation by mammals and birds
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat I01: Muntjac browsing reducing woodland structure
Threat I04: Predation by mammals and birds
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat L02: Malzer, I. & Hansell, M. 2017. Nest timing, nest site selection and nest structure in a high latitude population of Bearded Reedlings Panurus biarmicus. Bird Study 64 1:51-61.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.
Threat N04: Cadbury, C.J. (2005) Bearded tit and other reedswamp passerine populations in the Hickling Broad complex1980-2004. Norfolk Bird and Mammal Report 2004: 273-280

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Atlas shows significant increase in range, and that species has taken advantage of newly created or expanded reedbeds. Therefore no pressures.
Threat N04: Could be affected by loss of coastal reedbeds to sea level rise, although this will be offset by creation of reedbed habitat inland.


pressures_source:
Threat A06: Johnstone, I., Mucklow, C., Cross, T., Lock, L. & Carter, I. 2011. The return of the red-billed chough to Cornwall: the first ten years and prospects for the future. British Birds 104: 416-431. McKay, C.R. 2007. Red-billed Chough Pyrrhocorax pyrrhorcorax (Linnaeus). Pp.1345-1348. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: +40% decrease in range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: -64% decrease in distribution: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. -79% short-term decline: Gibbons, D.W., Reid, J.B. & Chapman, R.A. 1993. The New Atlas of Breeding Birds in Britain and Ireland: 1988-1991. Poyser, London. Clements, R. 2013. A UK population estimate for the Hawfinch. British Birds 106: 42-44.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term trend of 20.2%BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat A03: Peach, W.J., Siriwardena, G.M. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Long-term changes in the abundance and demography of British reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 798-811
Threat A17: Peach, W.J., Siriwardena, G.M. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Long-term changes in the abundance and demography of British reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 798-811
Threat A21: Gruar, D., Barritt, D. & Peach, W.J. (2006) Summer utilization of Oilseed Rape by Reed Buntings Emberiza schoeniclus and other farmland birds. Bird Study 53: 47-54; Peach, W.J., Siriwardena, G.M. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Long-term changes in the abundance and demography of British reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 798-811
Threat A31: Peach, W.J., Siriwardena, G.M. & Gregory, R.D. (1999) Long-term changes in the abundance and demography of British reed buntings Emberiza schoeniclus. Journal of Applied Ecology 36: 798-811

pressures_info:
Threat A03: Identified as threat rather than pressure as conversion of mixed systems to mono-cultures is less prevalent now than historically. Agricultural intensification has reduced populaitons away from wetland areas
Threat A17: Loss of weedy winter stubbles, and grain spillage in association with agricultural intensification is a major issue for winter survival. Assume A17 is correct code
Threat A21: Invertebrate rich food souces needed in breeding season; oil seed rape has become an important offset to population dependancy on wetlands, probably because it is weedier and more invert-rich than cereals.
Threat A31: Identified as threat as current recovery likely to be linked to wetland restoration, at the current time rate of wetladn conversion to agriculture more limited than historically


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: No change in distribution (Atlas), unknown population change (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing population (WeBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: WWT/JNCC/SNH Goose and Swan Monitoring Programme https://monitoring.wwt.org.uk/our-work/goose-swan-monitoring-programme/species-accounts/dark-bellied-brent-goose/
Threat N01: Ebbinge, B.S., Blew, J., Clausen, P., Gunther, K., Hall, C., Holt, C., Koffijberg, K., Le Drean Quenec'hdu, S., Maheo, R. & Pihl, S. 2013. Population development and breeding success of Dark-bellied Brent Geese Branta b. bernicla from 1991-2011. Wildfowl 63
Threat N07: Nolet, B.A., Bauer, S., Feige, N., Kokorev, Y.I., Popov, I.Y. & Ebbinge, B.S. 2013. Faltering lemming cycles reduce productivity and population size of a migratory Arctic goose species. Journal of Animal Ecology doi: 10.1111/1365-2656.12060.


pressures_source:
Pressure A26: Tomankova, I., Harrod, C., Fox, A.D. & Reid, N. 2014. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and macroinvertebrate declines coincide with the collapse of overwintering diving duck populations in a large eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 59: 249-256,
Pressure G14: Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7. Green R.G. & Pain, D.J. 2016. Possible effects of ingested lead gunshot on populations of ducks wintering in the UK. Ibis 158: 699-710.
Threat A26: Tomankova, I., Harrod, C., Fox, A.D. & Reid, N. 2014. Chlorophyll-a concentrations and macroinvertebrate declines coincide with the collapse of overwintering diving duck populations in a large eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 59: 249-256,
Threat G14: Newth, J.L., Cromie, R.L., Brown, M.J., Delahay, R.J., Meharg, A.A, Deacon, C., Norton, G.J., O'Brien, M.F. & Pain, D.J 2012. Poisoning from lead gunshot: still a threat to wild waterbirds in Britain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, DOI 10.1007/s10344-012-0666-7. Green R.G. & Pain, D.J. 2016. Possible effects of ingested lead gunshot on populations of ducks wintering in the UK. Ibis 158: 699-710.
Threat N01: Holt, C., Austin, G., Calbrade, N., Mellan, M., Mitchell, C., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S. & Musgrove, A. (2011). Waterbirds in the UK 2009/10. The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, WWT, RSPB & JNCC, Thetford. 185 pp.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing distribution (Atlas)and population (BBS: +30% during reporting period)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer et al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: -30% short-term trend: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.Q614
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xp: Population stable: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat F07: Insley, H. 2007. Bar-tailed Godwit Limosa lapponica (Linnaeus). Pp. 663-665. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_info:
Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens)


pressures_info:
Marine fish and shellfish harvesting (professional, recreational) causing reduction of species/prey populations and disturbance of species


pressures_source:
Balsby, T.J.S., Clausen, P., Krause-Jensen, D., Carstensen, J. & Madsen, J. (2017). Long-term patterns of eelgrass (Zostera marina) occurrence and associated herbivorous waterbirds in a Danish coastal inlet. – Frontiers in Marine Science 3:285. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00285 

Clausen, P. & Holm, T.E. (2011). Målsætning af levesteder for vandfugle. Resultater fra et pilotprojekt i 6 udvalgte jyske EF-fuglebeskyttelsesområder med særligt fokus på vegetationstilknyttede arter. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 10. 88 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR10.pdf.

Clausen, P., Kahlert, J., Andersen-Harild, P. & Nilsson, L. (1996). Base-Line Investigations of Moulting Mute Swans around Saltholm, 1993-1995: Results and Conclusions. National Environmental Research Institute. Commissioned report to Øresundskonsortiet. 59 pp.

Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Therkildsen, O.R., Jørgensen, H.E. & Nielsen, R.D. (2014). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 2: De enkelte reservater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 132. 236 pp.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR132.pdf.
 
Clausen, P., Therkildsen, O.R., Nielsen, R.D. & Holm, T.E. (2017). Kortlægning af levesteder med forslag til målsætning og tilstandsvurdering for rastende vandfugle. Arter tilknyttet bundvegetation, enge og moser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 248. 120 pp. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR248.pdf.

Fælled, C.C. (2011). Impacts of habitat loss on a herbivorous waterbird guild in the Danish estuary, Mariager Fjord. – Masters Thesis, Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience. 33 pp.

Kahlert, J., Clausen, P. & Nilsson, L. (2000). Monitoring of Moulting Mute Swans around Saltholm, 1999. Commissioned report to Øresundskonsortiet. 42 pp.

 

Meltofte, H. & Clausen, P. (2011). Svømmefuglene på Tipperne 1929-2007. - Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 1-120.

pressures_info:
F07: Primarily during the moulting period where large aggregations of mute swans (Cygnus olor) can be found in shallow areas in large parts of Denmark, and the birds are known to respond at long distance to leisure activities such as wind-surfing and boating (e.g. Madsen 1998, Clausen et al. 1996, Kahlert et al. 2000).  
J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including mute swans (e.g. Clausen & Holm 2011, Meltofte & Clausen 2011, Fælled 2011, Clausen et al. 2014). But more recent evidence also show that some of these affected systems are recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings, and subsequently that waterbird numbers are increasing if not totally recovering to previous levels (Clausen et al. 2014, Balsby et al. 2017, Clausen et al. 2017).


pressures_info:
Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture


pressures_source:
Balsby, T.J.S., Clausen, P., Krause-Jensen, D., Carstensen, J. & Madsen, J. (2017). Long-term patterns of eelgrass (Zostera marina) occurrence and associated herbivorous waterbirds in a Danish coastal inlet. – Frontiers in Marine Science 3:285. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00285

Clausen, P. & Fischer, K. (1994). Lysbuget Knortegås (Branta bernicla hrota). Forekomst og økologi i Vadehavet. - Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 88: 9-22. 

Clausen, P. & Percival, S.M. (1998). Changes in Distribution and Habitat Use of Svalbard Light-Bellied Brent Geese Branta bernicla hrota 1980-95: Driven by Zostera Availability? - Norsk Polarinstitutt Skrifter 200: 245-268.

Clausen, K.K., Clausen, P., Fælled, C.C. & Mouritsen, K.N. (2012). Energetic consequences of a major change in habitat use: endangered Brent Geese Branta bernicla hrota losing their main food resource. – Ibis 154: 803-814.

Clausen, K.K., Stjernholm, M. & Clausen, P. (2013). Grazing management can counteract the impacts of climate change-induced sea level rise on salt marsh-dependent waterbirds. – Journal of Applied Ecology 50: 528-537.

Clausen, K.K. & Clausen, P. (2014). Forecasting future drowning of coastal waterbird habitats reveals a major conservation concern. - Biological Conservation 171: 177-185.

Fælled, C.C. (2011). Impacts of habitat loss on a herbivorous waterbird guild in the Danish estuary, Mariager Fjord. – Masters Thesis, Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience. 33 pp. 

Nielsen, R.D., Holm, T.E., Clausen, P., Bregnballe. T., Clausen, K.K., Petersen, I.K., Sterup, J., Balsby, T.J.S., Pedersen, C.L., Mikkelsen, P. & Bladt, J. (2019). Fugle 2012-2017. NOVANA. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport nr. 314. http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR314.pdf and http://novana.au.dk/fugle

pressures_info:
A06: Cessation of saltmarsh management through grazing by cattle or mowing is a widespread problem in the Danish coastal landscape, and it is evident from a comprehensive study that marshes were poorly managed or unmanaged over large areas (47-87% of area within two important SPA’s designated for the species), but well managed in two other sites (only 18% was poor or un-managed)(Clausen et al. 2013). 

N04: This important alternative feeding habitat is also heavily threated, and that half or most likely more of this habitat will be lost as a consequence of projected sea level rises, unless managed realignment (i.e. through changes in seawall positioning) allows the shoreline to move inland (Clausen & Clausen 2014).   

J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including four important sites used by Light-bellied Brent Geese in the western and northern parts of Denmark (e.g. Clausen & Percival 1998, Clausen & Fischer 1994, Fælled 2011, Balsby et al. 2017). This may have caused that the Brent Geese when feeding on alternative food resources (Ulva lactuca or terrestrial habitats) have a poorer autumn-fattening, hence poorer body condition during winter, and this may inflate already known high mortality rates in severe winters (Clausen et al. 2012). More recent evidence show that at least one of these affected sites are recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings, and subsequently that waterbird numbers (including Light-bellied Brent Geese) are increasing in this area (Balsby et al. 2017). The birds have also found several alternative staging areas with seagrass sources in other parts of the country (Nielsen et al. 2019).


pressures_info:
The species is probably still shot in small numbers due to the similarity with Common Snipe. The species is not huntable in Denmark.


pressures_info:
Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning)


pressures_source:
Brandt, T., Lund, T., Sørensen, D., Sørensen, F., Skyllberg, U., Therkildsen, O.R. & Fox, A.D. (2017). Recent status and changes in abundance of Taiga Bean Geese wintering in NE Jutland. – Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 111: 138-146.
Marjakangas, A., Alhainen, M, Fox, A. D., Heinicke, T., Madsen, J., Nilsson, L. & Rozenfeld, S. (2015). International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Taiga Bean Goose Anser fabalis fabalis. African-Eurasian Waterbird Agreement Technical Series No. 56.

pressures_info:
G06: Disturbance from hunting of other species and the hunting of the species itself. The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed most likely sustainable.
B02, B15, B27: The direct and indirect changes caused by forestry practices are assumed to have adversely affected the breeding population of the Taiga Bean Goose, but the magnitude of this impact is not currently known.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.

pressures_info:
The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.

pressures_info:
The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed likely sustainable but with increased attention due to the species being on the EU Red List. 
The level of bycatch in Denmark is not known but studies from the Baltics and the Netherlands has shown several 1000’s to be bycaught annually.


pressures_source:
Bregnballe, T. and Frederiksen, M. 2006. Net-entrapment of great cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo sinensis in relation to individual age and population size. Wildlife Biology 12(2): 143-150.
Bregnballe, T. & Sterup, J. 2018. Danmarks ynglebestand af skarver i 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 40 s. - Teknisk rapport nr. 125. http://dce2.au.dk/pub/TR125.pdf
Sørensen, H.L. & Bregnballe, T. 2016: Forvaltningsplan for skarv i Danmark 2016-2020. Miljø- og Fødevareministeriet, Styrelsen for Vand- og Naturforvaltning

pressures_info:
H08: Oiling of eggs and shooting of birds near fishing gear is allowed in Denmark. Additionally permits for shooting Great Cormorants in rivers can be obtained.


pressures_info:
Other forestry activities, excluding those relating to agro-forestry


pressures_source:
Ens, B.J., A.C. Small, & J. de Vlas (2004): The effects of shellfish fishery on the ecosystem of the Dutch Wadden Sea and Oosterschelde. - Alterra-rapport 10111; RIVO-rapport C056/04; RIKZ-rapport RKZ/2004.031. Alterra, Wageningen. 212 s.

Kraan, C., J. Gils, B. Spaans, A. Dekinga, A.L. Bijleveld, M. van Roomen, R. Kleefstra, & T. Piersma (2009): Landscape-scale experiment demonstrates that Wadden Sea intertidal flats are used to capacity by molluscivore migrant shorebirds. - Journal of Animal Ecology 78: 1259-1268.


pressures_info:
Modification of hydrological conditions, or physical alteration of water bodies and drainage for forestry (including dams)


pressures_source:
Brichetti P., Fracasso G., 2018. The Birds of Italy. Vol. I. Anatidae-Alcidae. Ed. Belvedere, Latina (Italy), "historia naturae" (6), pp. 512.


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782;
IAS union concern :  Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782;


pressures_source:
Expert working group of the Lithuanian Ornithological Society (lod@birdlife.lt) 2015-2018. Lietuvos perinciu paukšciu atlaso duomenu baze (Lithuanian Breeding Birds Atlas Database). Vilnius. 
Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. 2012. Status and trends of bird populations (Article 12, Birds Directive 2009/147/EC) National Summary 2008-2012 Lithuania.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2018). Rissa tridactyla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694497A132556442. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694497A132556442.en.) Downloaded on 09 July 2019.

Mouriño, J. & Alcalde, A. (2004). Gaviota tridáctila Rissa tridactyla. En: Madroño, A., González, G.G. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro rojo de las aves de España. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. ISO 690.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Motacilla flava. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T103822349A60266934. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103822349/60266934). 

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Erithacus rubecula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22709675A131953953. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22709675A131953953.en)

SEO/BirdLife (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

pressures_info:
G11: se refiere al silvestrismo, del cual siguen existiendo permisos en algunos lugares de España pese a que está prohibido desde hace años por la Directiva 2009/147/CE del Parlamento Europeo. También se contempla el parany, método masivo y no selectivo declarado ilegal pero que se sigue practicando en determiandos municipios del entorno del mediterráneo.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Oenanthe oenanthe. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T103773898A132192232. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103773898A132192232.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Turdus pilaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22708816A60193349. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708816/60193349).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Hippolais polyglotta (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22714912A111814759. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714912A111814759.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Oriolus oriolus (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T103692938A111783061. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T103692938A111783061.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Giralt, D., Rivas, J.L. & Albero, J.C. (Eds.). (2010). El alcaudón chico en España. Población reproductora en 2010 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 62pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/35-alcaudonchico_tcm30-208008.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

pressures_info:
G10: se refiere a la caza mediante el parany (Comunidad Valenciana), barraca (Cataluña) y liga (SEO/BirdLife, 2013). En este caso, el mosquitero común es el más capturado por ser el más abundante pero no se descartan capturas de otras especies de mosquiteros.


pressures_source:
Abelló P. & Esteban A. (2013). Trawling bycatch does affect Balearic Shearwaters Puffinus mauretanicus. Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia , 28: 34-39.

Arcos, J.M. (compiler) (2011). International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. SEO/Birdlife & Birdlife International. Christel, I. 2012. Offshore wind energy and birds:integrating assessment tools in space and time. PhD thesis, Universitat de Barcelona.

Arcos, J.M., Alonso, J., López, I. &Mayol, J. (2017). Study, monitoring and conservation of the Balearic shearwater in Spain: an update. Fourth Meeting of the Population and Conservation Status Working Group, ACAP - PACSWG Inf 25 Rev 1. 

Genovart, M., Arcos, J. M., Álvarez, D., McMinn, M., Meier, R., Wynn,R. B., … & Oro, D. (2016). Demography of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater: the impact of fisheries and time to extinction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(4), 1158-1168.

SEO/BirdLife, (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Zapornia pusilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692667A86163860. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692667/86163860)

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Ardea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696993A60152140. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696993/60152140)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Green, A.J. (2016). Cerceta pardilla – Marmaronetta angustirostris. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/marang.html)

Grupo de trabajo de la Cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris) (2016). Propuesta de consideración en situación crítica (https://www.miteco.gob.es/images/es/justificacioncercetapardilla_tcm30-429314.pdf)

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. (2014). Estrategia para la conservación de la cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris), focha moruna (Fulica cristata) y malvasía cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) en España. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_estrategia_cerceta_focha_malvasia_tcm30-197259.pdf)

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766; Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb.; Asclepias syriaca L.; Oxyura jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789;


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Aythya ferina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: T22680358A59966548. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680358/59966548)

Fox, A.D., Caizergues, A., Banik, M.V., Devos, K., Dvorak, M., Ellermaa, M., Folliot, B., Green, A.J., Grüneberg, Guillemain, C.M., Håland, A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Koshelev, A.I., Kostiushyn, V.A., Kozulin, A., L awicki, L., Luigujõe, L., Müller, C., Musil, P., Musilová, Z., Nilsson, L., Mischenko, A., Pöysä, H., Šc?iban, M., Sjenic?ic´, J., Stïpniece, A., Švažas, S. & Wahl, J. (2016). Recent changes in the abundance of Common Pochard Aythya ferina breeding in Europe. Wildfowl, 66(66), 22-40. (https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2638/1758).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Pluvialis squatarola (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693749A111753197. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693749A111753197.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Calidris ferruginea (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693431A110631069. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693431A110631069.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Bubo bubo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22688927A59996806. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22688927/59996806)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Directive 79/409/EEC on the conservation of wild birds (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/skylark.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Acrocephalus melanopogon. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22714693A60231061. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714693/60231061)

Castany, J. (2004). El carricerín real (Acrocephalus melanopogon) en el P.N. del Prat de Cabanes-Torreblanca. Tesis doctoral. Universitat de València.

Castany, J. & López, G. (2006). El carricerín real en España, I Censo Nacional (2005). SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 71 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/6_carricerin_real_2005_tcm30-208090.pdf)

Ceresa, F. (2016). Breeding ecology and dispersal capability of wetland birds: a comparison between two Acrocephalus warblers with unsynchronized life histories. Tesis doctoral. Universitat de València.

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). 2004. Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Sylvia borin. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716906A60245448. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716906/60245448).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Garrulus glandarius. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T103723684A60181111. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103723684/60181111).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife (2018). (https://www.seo.org/ave/arrendajo/).

pressures_info:
G10: Según el Real Decreto 1095/1989, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se declaran las especies objeto de caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protección, y las últimas órdenes de veda, el Arrendajo (Garrulus glandarius) no es especie cinegética en nuestro país por lo que cualquier captura de individuos se considera caza ilegal.


pressures_source:
Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las comunidades autónomas.

SEO/BirdLife (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

pressures_info:
G10: se refiere a la caza mediante el parany (Comunidad Valenciana), barraca (Cataluña) y liga (SEO/BirdLife, 2013).

G11: se refiere al silvestrismo, del cual siguen existiendo permisos en algunos lugares de España pese a que está prohibido desde hace años por la Directiva 2009/147/CE del Parlamento Europeo.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Anser albifrons. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22679881A85980652. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22679881A85980652.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Carduelis citrinella. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22720062/60280086).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
SEO/BirdLife, (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.

Lorenzo, J.A. (2004). Pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea borealis) en Madroño, A., González, G.G. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro rojo de las aves de España. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales. ISO 690.

pressures_info:
J02 y K04 son también amenazas

I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern) is the american mink (Neovison vison).

I04 - Problematic native species is the feral cat (Felis silvestris catus).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Circus aeruginosus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22695344A93503491. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695344A93503491.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Haematopus ostralegus (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22733462A117739875. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22733462A117739875.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Charadrius alexandrinus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22727487A66725029. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22727487/66725029).

Información aportada por las Comunidades Autónomas. 

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Vanellus vanellus (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693949A111044786. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693949A111044786.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Munilla, I. (2017). Seguimiento y evaluación de las poblaciones reproductoras de cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea), arao común (Uria aalge) y gaviota tridáctila (Rissa tridactyla). Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Ordenación do Territorio. Informe no publicado. 65 pp.

Munilla, I. & Velando, A. (2008). Propuesta técnica del Plan integral de recuperación y conservación de las aves nidificantes en cantiles costeros: Uria aalge, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Rissa tridactyla. Dirección Xeral de Conservación da Natureza, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible. Informe no publicado. 141 pp.

SEO/BirdLife. (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.

pressures_info:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern) is the  american mink (Neovison vison).

I04 - Problematic native species is the feral cat (Felis silvestris catus).


pressures_source:
Amado, C.C., Guzmán, J.M.S. & Villegas, M.A. (2009). Pagazas, charranes y fumareles en España: población reproductora en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. 133 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/24_pagazas_charranes_y_fumareles_tcm30-208121.pdf).

BirdLife International. (2015). Chlidonias niger. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22694787A60106958. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694787/60106958).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_info:
L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens) refers to feral cats and rats which predate on eggs and nestlings.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Turdus torquatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22708768A60191422. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708768/60191422).

Información aportada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)


pressures_source:
LIFE16 NAT/ES/000168. (2017-2020) LIFE PALUDICOLA - Habitat restoration for the Spring and Autumn migration of the Aquatic Warbler in the Iberian Peninsula. (https://carricerincejudo.es/) (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=6299)

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Munilla. I. (2017). Seguimiento y evaluación de las poblaciones reproductoras de cormorán moñudo (Phalacrocorax aristotelis), pardela cenicienta (Calonectris diomedea), arao común (Uria aalge) y gaviota tridáctila (Rissa tridactyla). Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Ordenación do Territorio. Informe no publicado. 65 pp.

Munilla, I. & Velando, A. (2008). Propuesta técnica del Plan integral de recuperación y conservación de las aves nidificantes en cantiles costeros: Uria aalge, Phalacrocorax aristotelis, Rissa tridactyla. Dirección Xeral de Conservación da Natureza, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible. Informe no publicado. 141 pp.

SEO/BirdLife. (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.


pressures_source:
De la Cruz, C. & Valencia, J. (2016). Rabilargo – Cyanopica cooki. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Limosa limosa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22693150A60029072. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22693150/60029072).

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas. 

Species Action Plan for the Purple Gallinule Porphyrio porphyrio In Europe (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/porphyrio_porphyrio.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Delichon urbicum. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103811886/60225618).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
k04 y m08 también son amenazas M y "inside", pero no caben en el listado


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Uria aalge. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22694841A60108623. Downloaded on 09 July 2019.

Mouriño, J., Arcos, F. & Alcalde, A. Arao común Uria aalge. En: Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). 2004. Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Gavia stellata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22697829A131942584. Downloaded on 08 July 2019.

(http://ennidosajenos.blogspot.com/2013/01/muerto-uno-de-los-colimbos-chicos.html)

De Souza, J.A., Sandoval, A., Barros, A. & Bao, R. Colimbo chico (Gavia stellata). En SEO/BirdLife (2012). Atlas de las aves en invierno en España 2007-2010. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente-SEO/ BirdLife. Madrid. 817 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/atlas_aves_invierno_tcm30-198034.pdf)


pressures_source:
I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Neogobius melanostomus


pressures_source:
Lucic, V., Kapelj, S., Andevski, J., Budinski, I., Modric , M., Vuleta, E. (2019.): Rezultati istraživanja bjeloglavih supova 2018. i 2019. godine, u sklopu projekta OPKK 2014.-2020. "Izrada prijedloga planova upravljanja strogo zašticenim vrstama (s akcijskim planovima)“ Udruga BIOM. Zagreb


pressures_source:
Jurcevic, Ivancica: Ekologija i dinamika populacija vrsta roda Corvus (Aves) u istocnoj Hrvatskoj, Sveucilište u Zagrebu, 2002.
Komljenovic, Josip: Zimovanje i gniježdenje vrane gacac (Corvus frugilegusL. 1758) na podrucju Požege tijekom2016./2017. godine, Sveucilište Josipa Jurja Strossmayera u Osijeku, 2017.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.


pressures_source:
Dumbovic Mazal V., Pintar V., Zadravec M. (2019): Prvo izvješce o brojnosti i rasprostranjenosti ptica u Hrvatskoj sukladno odredbama Direktive o pticama.
Tutiš, V., Kralj, J., Radovic, D., Cikovic, D., Barišic, S. (ur.) (2013): Crvena knjiga ptica Hrvatske. Ministarstvo zaštite okoliša i prirode, Državni zavod za zaštitu prirode, Zagreb, 258 str.


pressures_source:
Krunoslav Pintur: Uzgoj sitne divljaci, Veleucilište u Karlovcu, Karlovac, 2010.
Jeno J. Purger, Jasmina Mužinic, Dragica Purger: Artificial Ground Nest Survival in two Abandoned Farmland Habitats on Šolta Island (Croatia), Avian Biology Research, 2011.,https://doi.org/10.3184%2F175815511X13000366671256
Zdravko Špiric, Emil Srebocan, Andreja Prevendar Crnic: Mercury in pheasant (Phasianus colchicus) organs in Podravina, Croatia, Journal of Environmental Science and Health https://www.tandfonline.com/toc/lesa20/current, Volume 48, 2013 - Issue 4.
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
Denac K. (2013): Belohrbti detel Dendrocopos leucotos. pp. 83-117. In: Denac K., Božic L., Mihelic , Denac D., Kmecl P., Figelj J., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih vrst ptic - popisi gnezdilk 2012 in 2013. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo in okolje. DOPPS-BirdLife Slovenia, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2014): Popis belohrbtega detla na SPA Gluha loza v letu 2014. Koncno porocilo. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2015): Popis triprstega in belohrbtega detla na SPA Kocevsko v letu 2015. Porocilo. Projekt »Ohranjanje Natura 2000 obmocij na Kocevskem - LIFE KOCEVSKO (LIFE13 NAT/SI/000314)«. Narocnik: Zavod za gozdove Slovenije. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Perušek M., Bertoncelj I., Bitorajc Z., Hudoklin A. (2015): Popis belohrbtega detla Dendrocopos leucotos na obmocju Natura 2000 Kocevsko. Zavod za gozdove Slovenije, Obmocna enota Kocevje, Kocevje.
Denac K., Mihelic T. (2015): Status in varstvo belohrbtega detla Dendrocopos leucotos v Sloveniji. Acrocephalus 36 (164/165): 5–20.


pressures_source:
Denac K. (2016): Srednji detel Dendrocopos medius. pp. 85-93. In: Denac, K., P. Kmecl, T. Mihelic, L. Božic, T. Jancar, D. Denac, D. Bordjan & J. Figelj: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2016. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Denac K. (2017): Srednji detel Dendrocopos medius. pp. 64-70. In: Denac K., Kmecl P., Mihelic T., Jancar T., Denac D., Bordjan D.: Monitoring populacij izbranih ciljnih vrst ptic na obmocjih Natura 2000 v letu 2017. Porocilo. Narocnik: Ministrstvo za kmetijstvo, gozdarstvo in prehrano. DOPPS, Ljubljana.
Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds.) (2019): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002–2017. DOPPS, Ljubljana.


pressures_source:
Mihelic T. (2019): Sokol selec.  pp. 272-273. In: Mihelic T., Kmecl P., Denac K., Koce U., Vrezec A., Denac D. (eds): Atlas ptic Slovenije. Popis gnezdilk 2002-2017. – DOPPS, Ljubljana.


pressures_source:
M.Vannetier, F.Girard, S.Ouarmim 2010. Les conséquences possibles des changements climatiques sur la forêt de pin laricio et la sittelle corse. Office de l'environnement de la Corse, HAL56 - 64 ; Office National des Forêts 2017. Plan national d'actions en faveur de la sittelle corse Sitta whiteheadi 2017 - 2026. Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire, La Défence, Ministère de la Transition écologique et solidaire95 ; P.Moneglia, JC.Thibault 2003. Etude sur la fructification du Pin laricio (Pinus nigra laricio) comme ressource alimentaire hivernale de la sittelle corse (Sitta whiteheadi). Université de Corse,  ; Thibault, J.-C., Prodon, R. & Moneglia, P.  2004. Impact des incendies de l’été 2000 sur l’effectif d’une espèce endémique menacée: la Sittelle corse (Sitta whiteheadi). p. 63-71 ; Barbet-Massin, M. & Jiguet, F.  2011. Back from a Predicted Climatic Extinction of an Island Endemic: A Future for the Corsican Nuthatch.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018228; Office National des Forêts 2011. Schéma régional d'aménagement des forêts corses. Office National des Forêts, 315


pressures_source:
Beaudoin J.-C. & Fossé A. 2015. Évolution des effectifs et origines des grands goélands (Goéland brun Larus fuscus, G. argenté L. argentatus, G. leucophée L. michahellis, G. marin L. marinus et G. pontique L. cachinnans), hivernant en Maine-et-Loire, depuis le début des années 2000.. Crex 13, 27-40. ; Ross-Smith, V. H., Robinson, R. A., Banks, A. N., Frayling, T. D., Gibson, C. C., & Clark, J. A. 2014. The Lesser Black-backed Gull Larus fuscus in England: how to resolve a conservation conundrum.. Seabird 27, 41-61.


pressures_info:
Vagrant species observed in too few numbers to allow to link any pressures/threats to the species. Main pressures and threats would be those related to wetlands and waterbirds.


pressures_source:
Mionnet, A., Le Roy, C., Chapelle, F. & Tariel, Y. 2002. Plan National de Restauration du Milan royal Milvus milvus. , LPO Mission FIR - LPO Champagne-Ardenne - MATE, Paris. 76 p.


pressures_source:
Patier N., Armand T., Leblanc G., Moulard C., Lhomer E. 2015. Plan Régional d’Actions Lorraine 2015-2020 grands rapaces piscivores : Balbuzard pêcheur Pandion haliaetus & Pygargue à queue blanche Haliaeetus albicilla.  , LOANA/DREAL Lorraine152 p.


pressures_source:
Arthur, C. P., Clément, C., Constantin, P., Eliotout, B., Moraud, S., Razin, M., Seguin, J.-F., Serre, P., Tariel, Y., & Zimmermann, M. 2010. Plan national d’actions en faveur du gypaète barbu Gypaetus barbatus 2010-2020, Paris, LPO - Mission Rapaces - MEEDDM. 149 p.


pressures_source:
. Ens, B.J. 2006. The conflict between shellfisheries and migratory waterbirds in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Waterbirds around the world. Eds. G.C. Boere, C.A. Galbraith & D.A. Stroud. The Stationery Office, Edinburgh, UK. pp. 806-811..


pressures_source:
Johannot F. et Weltz M.  2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux (vol. 2). p. 303-305 ; BOILEAU N. 1999. Précisions sur la migration et l'hivernage du Chevalier arlequin Tringa erythropus en France. Alauda 67, MNHNp. 37-46 ; TROLLIET B., BONNIN P., FARAU S. 2018. Les prélèvements cynégétiques de limicoles côtiers en France métropolitaine. Faune Sauvage, 30-34 ; AUBRY P., L. ANSTETT, Y. FERRAND, F. REITZ, F. KLEIN, S. RUETTE, M. SARASA, J.-P. ARNAUDUC, P. MIGOT.  2016. Enquête nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir Saison 2013-2014. Résultats nationaux.. Faune sauvage, 310, supplément janvier-mars ,


pressures_source:
Scherzinger, W. 2004. Raufußkauz, Sperlingskauz & Co. - Wie reagieren waldbewohnende Eulenarten auf ein durch Forstwirtschaft verändertes Lebensraumangebot?. Vogelwelt, 125, 297-307

pressures_info:
Il est aujourd'hui communément admis que l'aire de répartition du Pic noir (le principal pourvoyeur de cavité de nidification de cette espèce) s'est considérablement accrue, tout comme la quantité de loges disponibles qu'il engendre. Complété par l'application des consignes de conservation des arbres à loges par les forestiers, le manque de gite ne parait pas être le frein principal au développement des populations de cette chouette.

Alors si ce n'est le gite, serait-ce la disponibilité alimentaire ?:
-Le mode de gestion (irrégulier/régulier) pourrait-il avoir un impact direct sur ses proies ? En tout cas, à l'image de ce qui se pratique en montagne, la récente tendance à l'irrégularisation de peuplements jusqu'en plaine par la création de petites trouées de régénération, ne semble que lui être bénéfique au moins pour chasser. 
-L'amélioration de la composition des peuplements, avec du hêtre et plus de mélange, permet quant à elle probablement d'assurer une production de fruits plus stable dans le temps et d'atténuer ainsi la forte cyclicité de la démographie des populations de micromammifères forestiers, parait également favorable.
-probablement pas entravée par l'utilisation de biocides puisque le milieu forestier ne fait pas l'objet de lourds traitements chimiques.

la concurrence et/ou la prédation ? L'aire de répartition, ou tout au moins la niche écologique de deux de ses principales rivales forestières, la Chouette hulotte et de la Chevêchette d'Europe, sembleraient en augmentation. Mais peut-être est-ce la cas également chez certains mammifères carnivores comme les mustélidés et le renard ?

ou enfin le dérangement ?


pressures_info:
Malgré la stabilité de l'aire de répartition de la sous-espèce dans les Pyrénées. Il est important de signaler, à l'instar de la perdrix bartavelle dans les Alpes, une perte d'habitats favorables à l'hivernage et aussi à la reproduction à basse altitude dans l'étage phytoclimatique boréo-montagnard du fait de l'abandon des activités agro-pastorales.


pressures_info:
Malgré une baisse significative de ses effectifs sur les principales colonies méditerranéennes ces dernières années, l'espèce ne semble pas menacée pour le moment. Du fait de sa grande taille, de son comportement territorial et colonial, de son agressivité, de son opportunisme et de son abondance, cette espèce est à l'origine de multiples problèmes environnementaux : déstructuration de la flore indigène, impact sur l'avifaune par préemption des sites de nidification ou prédation. L’espèce est sur de nombreux sites considérées comme surabondante du fait de ses impacts sur la biodiversité animale et végétale et des ses interférences nombreuses avec différents intérêts humains : nuisances sonores, dégâts matériels, perturbation du trafic aérien.


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384 ; Drogou M., Laurans M., Fritsch M. 2008. Analyse de l'impacte des engins de pêche sur les habitats et espèces listés dans les directives "habitats" et "oiseaux" (Natura 2000). Réponse à la saisine DPMA n°2008-1014. . https://archimer.ifremer.fr/doc/00004/11541/8131.pdf, Ifremer85 p. ; Gendry G., Boué A.   2013. Les causes de mortalité des oiseaux marins sur le littoral Atlantique français. Action 3.C Report from FAME Project, LPO - SEPN, France


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384 ; Gendry G., Boué A.   2013. Les causes de mortalité des oiseaux marins sur le littoral Atlantique français. Action 3.C Report from FAME Project, LPO - SEPN, France


pressures_source:
Issa n. & Muller Y. (coord.) 2015. Atlas des oiseaux de France métropolitaine. Atlas des oiseaux de France métropolitaine, Parisp. 668-669


pressures_source:
Dronneau, C 2017. Atlas des oiseaux d'Alsace - Nidification et hivernage. Muller, Y, Dronneau, C & Bronner, JM, LPO Alsace/DREAL Alsace876 ; Ramirez F, Rodriguez C, Seoane J,Figuerola J, Bustamante J 2018. How will climate change affect endangered Mediterranean waterbirds?. PLoS ONE 13(2),  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192702; Maceda-Veiga, A., López, R., & Green, A. J.  2017. Dramatic impact of alien carp Cyprinus carpio on globally threatened diving ducks and other waterbirds in Mediterranean shallow lakes. Biological conservation, 212, 74-85. ; BROYER, J., CHAVAS, G. & CHAZAL, R. 2017. The effects of cessation of fish farming on duck breeding in French fishpond systems. Hydrobiologia 788, 1, 47-53 ; Giroud, M. 2018. Les Oiseaux de Franche-Comté - Répartition, tendance et conservation. in LPO Franche-Comté, Biotope480 ;  . ONCFS 2012 PLAN NATIONAL DE GESTION (2016-2020) Nette rousse (Netta rufina).


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Grue cendrée, Grus grus (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Jensen P.J. DDH Consulting 2012. European Union Management Plan 2009/2011 - Redshank. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/hunting/docs/Redshank%20EU_MP.pdf, European Commission46 p. ; AUBRY P., L. ANSTETT, Y. FERRAND, F. REITZ, F. KLEIN, S. RUETTE, M. SARASA, J.-P. ARNAUDUC, P. MIGOT.  2016. Enquête nationale sur les tableaux de chasse à tir Saison 2013-2014. Résultats nationaux.. Faune sauvage, 310, supplément janvier-mars ,  ;  . Plan National de Gestion (2012-2016) Chevalier gambette Tringa totanus. Rapport technique ONCFS,


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Cochevis de Thékla, Galerida theklae (Brehm, 1858). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Johannot F. et Weltz M.  2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux (vol. 1). p. 293-296


pressures_source:
C. Novoa, G. Astruc, J.-F. Desmet et   A. Besnardlien Besnard 2016. No short-term effects of climate change on the breeding of Rock Ptarmigan in the French Alps and Pyrenees. Journal of Ornithology, 797–810 ; Novoa, C. (coord.), Desmet, J.-F., Muffat-Joly, B., Arvin-Bérod, M., Belleau, E., Birck, C. et Losinger, I. 2014. Le lagopède alpin en Haute-Savoie, biologie des populations et impact des activités humaines. Publication ONC FS/Asters/GRIFEM ,, ISBN : 978-2-85692-010-764


pressures_source:
. Meyburg, B.-U.; Haraszthy, L.; Strazds, M.; Schäffer, N. 1999. European species action plan for Greater Spotted Eagle (Aquila clanga)..  ; MNHN 2012. Aigle criard, Aquila clanga (Pallas, 1811). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384 ; Marion L. 2015. Impacts collatéraux des destructions d'Ibis sacrés Threskiornis aethiopicus en France.  , 6 p. http://eee.mnhn.fr/wp-content/uploads/sites/9/2017/10/MARION-2015.pdf


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Harle huppé, Mergus serrator (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_info:
G07 = disturbing and hunting outside the member state


pressures_info:
c15= reculvation of mining areas, abandonment of mining activities


pressures_info:
Long-term change of forestry practice (from coppice to high stand) has been identified as the main cause of habitat loss for this species
High deer density could cause a decrease in trophic ressources and high wildboar density can cause a increased predation risks for the nest
Predation by Procyon lotor


pressures_info:
removal of fallowland
Transformation of meadow to other crop
Unintentional destruction of nest by mowing operation
Pressures on trecking route outside EU


pressures_info:
Few regeneration of oak forest, transformation of oak forest to Douglas Fir plantation, removal of old oak


pressures_source:
Demerdzhiev D., S. Stoychev, D. Dobrev, S. Spasov and N. Terziev. 2014. Conservation measures undertaken to improve the population status of eastern imperial eagle (Aquila heliaca) in Bulgaria – Slovak Raptor Journal, 8 (1): 27-39.


pressures_info:
Small part of the population in southern and central Sweden negatively affected by agricultural practices. No information on what it iaffecting large population on mires in northern part of Sweden. Possibly negatively affected by changed conditions on wintering grounds in western Africa.


pressures_source:
Ekenstedt, J. Åtgärdsprogram för jaktfalk (in prep.)

pressures_info:
Hunting of grouse in alpine areas most likely decrease food supplies and thereby carrying capacity in breeding areas.


pressures_source:
Pressure B01: Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.
Pressure B27: Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.
Threat B01: Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.
Threat B27: Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.
Threat G10: Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp. Chisholm, K. 2007. History of the Wood Sandpiper as a breeding bird in Britain. British Birds 100: 112-121.

pressures_info:
Pressure B01: But strong increase - 25 year trend is +663% (Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2017). Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2015. British Birds 110: 706-754.)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase of 26.0%. Lloyd, C., Tasker, M.L. & Partridge, K. 1991. The status of seabirds in Britain and Ireland. London, T. & A.D. Poyser. 355 pp. ; Furness, R.W. & Ratcliffe, N. 2004. Great Skua Stercorarius skua. Pp. 173-186. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S., Ratcliffe, N. & Dunn, T.E. (eds.) Seabird populations of Britain and Ireland. T. & A.D. Poyser.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased breeding distribution ( +42%, Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. & Burton, N.H.K. In press. Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology
Pressure G12: Dunn, E. 1997. Sustainable fisheries and seabirds. RSPB Conservation Review 11: 44-50. Other references cited by Mitchell et al. (2004). Seabird Populations of Britain & Ireland. Poyser, London. HUPPOP, O. & WURM, S. 2000. Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus in the south-eastern North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194: 241-247.
Pressure I02: Craik (2000-2002), unpublished mink-seabird project reports cited in Reid, J.B. 2004. Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. and Dunn, T.E. (eds.) 2004. Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: 263-276. Poyser, London.
Threat D01: Furness, R.W., Wade, H.M. & Masden, E.A. 2013. Assesssing vulnerability of marine bird populations to offshore wind farms. Journal of Environmental Management 119: 56-66. Johnston, A., Cook, A.S.C.P., Wright, L.J., Humphreys, E.M. & Burton, N.H.K. In press. Modelling flight heights of marine birds to more accurately assess collision risk with offshore wind turbines. Journal of Applied Ecology
Threat G12: Dunn, E. 1997. Sustainable fisheries and seabirds. RSPB Conservation Review 11: 44-50. Other references cited by Mitchell et al. (2004). Seabird Populations of Britain & Ireland. Poyser, London. HUPPOP, O. & WURM, S. 2000. Effects of winter fishery activities on resting numbers, food and body condition of large gulls Larus argentatus and L. marinus in the south-eastern North Sea. Marine Ecology Progress Series 194: 241-247. ICES 2013. Report of the Workshop to review and advise on Seabird Bycatch (WKBYCS) 14-18 October 2013, Copenhagen, Denmark. ICES CM 2013/ACOM:77.
Threat I02: Craik (2000-2002), unpublished mink-seabird project reports cited in Reid, J.B. 2004. Great Black-backed Gull Larus marinus. In: Mitchell, P.I., Newton, S.F., Ratcliffe, N. and Dunn, T.E. (eds.) 2004. Seabird Populations of Britain and Ireland: 263-276. Poyser, London.
Threat N01: Russell, D.J.F., Wanless, S., Collingham, Y.C., Huntley, B. & Hamer, K.C. 2015. Predicting future European breeding distributions of British seabird species under climate change and unlimited/no dispersal scenarios. Diversity - Basel 7: 342-359.. Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Johnston, A., Ausden, M., Dodd, A., Newson, S.E., Ockendon, N., Thaxter, C.B., Bradbury, R.B., Chamberlain, D.E, Jiguet, F., Rehfisch, M.M. & Thomas, C.D. 2011. Final Report to the Climate Change Impacts on Avian Interests of Protected Area Networks (CHAINSPAN) Steering Group. BTO Report to DEFRA. 90 pp. Available at: http://randd.defra.gov.uk/Document.aspx?Document=9962_CHAINSPANFINALREPORT.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Pressure I02: Mink and rats
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known
Threat I02: Mink and rats


pressures_source:
Pressure G13: Lusby, J. 2012. Exposure of Barn Owls Tyto alba in Ireland to second generation antcoagulant rodenticides (2006-2011). Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Shaw, G. Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli). Pp. 902-906. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure Xu: Increasing UK popuation (BBS: +68% during reporting period), but regional contraction of range in Northern Ireland
Threat G13: Lusby, J. 2012. Exposure of Barn Owls Tyto alba in Ireland to second generation antcoagulant rodenticides (2006-2011). Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service and the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine. Shaw, G. Barn Owl Tyto alba (Scopoli). Pp. 902-906. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.

pressures_info:
Pressure G13: Greater exposure to rodentices in Ireland compared to Great Britain. 6% of Scottish Barn Owls with potentially fatal levels of 2nd and 3rd generation rodenticides in livers (1990-2000)
Threat G13: Greater exposure to rodentices in Ireland compared to Great Britain. 6% of Scottish Barn Owls with potentially fatal levels of 2nd and 3rd generation rodenticides in livers (1990-2000)


pressures_source:
Pressure A03: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Pressure A05: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Pressure A21: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Pressure A31: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Pressure G10: Brochet, A-L., Van Den Bossche, W., Jbour, S., Kariuki Ndang'Ang'A, P., Jones, V.R., Abdel Latif Ibrahim Abdou, W., Razzaq Al-Hmoud, A., Ghazal Asswad, N., Atienza, J.C., Atrash, I., Barbara, N., Bensusan, K., Bino, T., Celada, C., Imad Cherkaoui, S., Costa, J., Deceuninck, B., Salem Etayeb, K., Feltrup-Azafzaf, C., Figelj, J., Gustin, M., Kmecl, P., Kocevski, V., Korbeti, M., Kotrosan, D., Mula Laguna, J., Lattuada, M., Leitao, D., Lopes, P., Lopez-Jimenez, N., Lucic, V., Micol, T., Moali, A., Perlman, Y., Piludu, N., Portolou, D., Putilin, K., Quaintenne, G., Ramadan-Jaradi, G., Ruzic, M., Sandor, A., Sarajli, N., Saveljic, D., Sheldon, R.D., Shialis, T., Tsiopelas, N., Vargas, F., Thompson, C., Brunner, A., Grimmett, R., and Butchart, S.H.M. 2016. Preliminary assessment of the scope and scale of illegal killing and taking of birds in the Mediterranean. [Online]. 26, pp.1-28. [Accessed 26 October 2017]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296707115_Preliminary_assessment_of_the_scope_and_scale_of_illegal_killing_and_taking_of_birds_in_the_Mediterranean
Pressure I01: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286.
Pressure I04: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286.
Pressure L06: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Pressure N09: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat A03: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat A05: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat A21: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat A31: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat G10: Brochet, A-L., Van Den Bossche, W., Jbour, S., Kariuki Ndang'Ang'A, P., Jones, V.R., Abdel Latif Ibrahim Abdou, W., Razzaq Al-Hmoud, A., Ghazal Asswad, N., Atienza, J.C., Atrash, I., Barbara, N., Bensusan, K., Bino, T., Celada, C., Imad Cherkaoui, S., Costa, J., Deceuninck, B., Salem Etayeb, K., Feltrup-Azafzaf, C., Figelj, J., Gustin, M., Kmecl, P., Kocevski, V., Korbeti, M., Kotrosan, D., Mula Laguna, J., Lattuada, M., Leitao, D., Lopes, P., Lopez-Jimenez, N., Lucic, V., Micol, T., Moali, A., Perlman, Y., Piludu, N., Portolou, D., Putilin, K., Quaintenne, G., Ramadan-Jaradi, G., Ruzic, M., Sandor, A., Sarajli, N., Saveljic, D., Sheldon, R.D., Shialis, T., Tsiopelas, N., Vargas, F., Thompson, C., Brunner, A., Grimmett, R., and Butchart, S.H.M. 2016. Preliminary assessment of the scope and scale of illegal killing and taking of birds in the Mediterranean. [Online]. 26, pp.1-28. [Accessed 26 October 2017]. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/296707115_Preliminary_assessment_of_the_scope_and_scale_of_illegal_killing_and_taking_of_birds_in_the_Mediterranean
Threat I01: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286.
Threat I04: Newson, S.E., Johnston, A., Renwick, A.R., Baillie, S.R. & Fuller, R.J. 2012. Modelling large-scale relationships between changes in woodland deer and bird populations. Journal of Applied Ecology 49: 278-286.
Threat L06: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf
Threat N09: Robinson, R.A., Green, R.E., Baillie, S.R., Peach, W.J. and Thompson, D.L. 2004. Demographic mechanisms of the population decline of the song thrush Turdus philomelos in Britain. Journal of Animal Ecology. 73. pp.670-682. [Online]. [Accessed 16 August 2017]. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.0021-8790.2004.00841.x/epdf

pressures_info:
Pressure I01: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Reeve's Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi via likely impacts on understorey vegetation
Pressure I04: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Fallow Deer Dama dama via likely impacts on understorey vegetation
Threat I01: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Reeve's Muntjac Muntiacus reevesi via likely impacts on understorey vegetation
Threat I04: Geographic and temporal pattern of decline strongly correlated with spread and increase of Fallow Deer Dama dama via likely impacts on understorey vegetation


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Robinson et. al. 2016. BirdTrends 2016: trends in numbers, breeding success and survival for UK breeding birds. Research Report 691. BTO, Thetford. http://www.bto.org/birdtrends
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing population (BBS: +28% during reporting period). Bto BirdTrends


pressures_source:
Pressure I02: Jackson, D. & Green, R.E. 2000. The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland. Biological Conservation 93: 333-348. Calladine, J., Humphreys, E.M. & Boyle, J. 2015. Changes in breeding wader popuations of the Uist machair between 1983 and 2014. Scottish Birds 35: 207- 2015.
Threat B01: Stroud, D.A., Reed, T.M., Pienkowski, M.W. & Lindsay, R.A. 1987. Birds, bogs and forestry: the peatlands of Caithness and Sutherland. Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough. 121 pp. Amar, A., Grant, M., Buchanan, G., Sim, I., Wilson, J., Pearce-Higgins, J. & Redpath, S. 2011. Exploring the relationships between wader declines and current land-use in the British uplands. Bird Study 58: 13-26.Wilson, J.D., Anderson, R., Bailey, S., Chetcuti, J., Cowie, N.R., Hancock, M.H., Quine, C.P., Russell, N., Stephen, L. & Thompson, D.B.A. 2014. Modelling edge effects of mature forest plantations on peatland waders informs landscape-scale conservation. J. Appl. Ecol. 51: 204-213.
Threat I02: Jackson, D. & Green, R.E. 2000. The importance of the introduced hedgehog (Erinaceus europaeus) as a predator of the eggs of waders (Charadrii) on machair in South Uist, Scotland. Biological Conservation 93: 333-348. Calladine, J., Humphreys, E.M. & Boyle, J. 2015. Changes in breeding wader popuations of the Uist machair between 1983 and 2014. Scottish Birds 35: 207- 2015.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure I02: Regional contraction of range in Ireland. Hedgehog predation in the Western Isles
Threat I02: Hedgehog predation in the Western Isles


pressures_source:
Pressure A05: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Pressure B04: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Pressure I01: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Pressure I04: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat A05: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Threat B04: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Threat I01: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233
Threat I04: Perrins, C. (2003) The status of Marsh and Willow Tits in the UK. British Birds 96: 418-426; Fuller, R.J., Noble, D.G., Smith, K.W. & Vanhinsbergh, D. (2005) Recent declines in populations of woodland birds in Britain: a review of possible causes. British Birds 98: 116-143; Carpenter, J., Smart, J., Amar, A., Gosler, A., Hinsley, S. & Charman, E. (2010) National-scale analyses of habitat associations of Marsh Tits Poecile palustris and Blue Tits Cyanistes caeruleus: two species with opposing population trends in Britain. Bird Study 57: 31-43.; Hinsley, S.A., Carpenter, J.E., Broughton, R.K., Bellamy, P.E., Rothery, P., Amar, A., Hewson, C.M. & Gosler, A.G. (2007) Habitat selection by Marsh Tits Poecile palustris in the UK. Ibis 149 (suppl. 2): 224-233

pressures_info:
Pressure A05: Loss of connectivity between woodland parcels via hedges etc condidered to be fragmenting populaitons and reducing year round capacity of habitat to support birds
Pressure B04: Canopy closure and lack of active management leading to decline in quality of shrub layer.
Pressure I01: Muntjac and grey squirrel likely to be issues
Pressure I04: Impacts of excessive deer populatons on scrub and woodland regeneration
Pressure Xu: Decline in range and abundance
Threat A05: Loss of connectivity between woodland parcels via hedges etc condidered to be fragmenting populaitons and reducing year round capacity of habitat to support birds
Threat B04: Canopy closure and lack of active management leading to decline in quality of shrub layer.
Threat I01: Muntjac and grey squirrel likely to be issues
Threat I04: Impacts of excessive deer populatons on scrub and woodland regeneration


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D. & Pearce-Higgins, J.W. 2017. The Breeding Bird Survey 2016. BTO Research Report 700 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: Distribution stable (Balmer et al. 2013) but significant -11% decline 1995-2015 (BBS)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability


pressures_source:
Pressure D01: Natural England in litt.
Pressure Xxp: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat D01: Natural England in litt.
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Significant increase in non-breeding distribution (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Stable/increasing trend (WeBS) and increased range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Holt, C.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2017). Waterbirds in the UK 2015/16: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp. Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat G12: WWT Consulting 2016. Risk assessment of seabird bycatch in UK waters. Report to Defra. Project MB0126. Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust Consulting, Slimbridge.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased range (Atlas); though small decline in apparent abundance (WeBS)
Threat G12: Impact of bycatch is not known


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Holling, M. & the Rare Breeding Birds Panel (2017). Rare breeding birds in the United Kingdom in 2015. British Birds 110: 706-754.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Strongly increasing breeding population (25 year trend = +584% - RBBP)


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: increasing population (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure G01: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat G01: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Expert assessment: colonising species
Threat Xxt: Expert assessment: colonising species


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Pressure A31: Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Threat N03: Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Threat N04: Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group
Threat N05: Brown et al. 2014. Drivers of population change and conservation priorities for the Numeniini populations of the world - Conservation statements for the 13 species and 38 biogeographic populations of curlews, godwits and the upland sandpiper. BirdLife International/International Wader Study Group

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Grassland improvement/conversion to arable at staging sites
Pressure A31: Drainage of meadows at staging sites, reducing their quality as foraging habitats.
Threat N03: Flooding of inland staging sites causing temporary loss of feeding habitat at critical times during migration.
Threat N04: Increased inundation of mudflat feeding habitats and roost sites at coastal wintering/staging sites.
Threat N05: Ocean acidification may impact prey availability at coastal wintering/staging sites


pressures_source:
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Pressure Xu: Balmer, D.E., Gillings, S., Caffrey, B.J., Swann, R.L., Downie, I.S. & Fuller, R.J. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford.
Threat F07: Dougall, T.W., Holland, P.K., and Yalden, D.W. 2010. The population biology of Common Sandpipers in Britain. British Birds. [Online]. 103, pp.100-114. [Accessed 10 August 2017]. Available from: https://britishbirds.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/V103_N02_P100%E2%80%93114_A.pdf
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125


pressures_source:
Pressure F07: Buckley, P. A.; Buckley, F. G. 1984. Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coasts of the United States: their status and conservation. In: Croxall, J.P.; Evans, P.G.H.; Schreiber, R.W. (ed.), Status and conservation of the world's seabirds, pp. 101-133. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K. van Halewyn, R.; Norton, R. L. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Caribbean. In: Croxall. J. P. (ed.), Seabird Status and Conservation: A Supplement, pp. 169-222. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K.OSPAR Commission 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Human pressure on tern colonies and given answers to the problem Brigitte Carnot & Paskall le Deouff http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Sterne_Dougall_Proceedings_Seminar.pdf
Pressure L06: Newbury, P. 1999. International (East Atlantic) Action Plan for Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/sterna_dougalii.pdf OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Pressure N03: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5406 OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Pressure N04: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5406 OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series. Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf
Threat F07: Buckley, P. A.; Buckley, F. G. 1984. Seabirds of the north and middle Atlantic coasts of the United States: their status and conservation. In: Croxall, J.P.; Evans, P.G.H.; Schreiber, R.W. (ed.), Status and conservation of the world's seabirds, pp. 101-133. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K. van Halewyn, R.; Norton, R. L. 1984. The status and conservation of seabirds in the Caribbean. In: Croxall. J. P. (ed.), Seabird Status and Conservation: A Supplement, pp. 169-222. International Council for Bird Preservation, Cambridge, U.K.OSPAR Commission 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Human pressure on tern colonies and given answers to the problem Brigitte Carnot & Paskall le Deouff http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=home.showFile&rep=file&fil=Sterne_Dougall_Proceedings_Seminar.pdf
Threat G01: Furness, R.W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 261-269. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5407 OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Threat L06: Newbury, P. 1999. International (East Atlantic) Action Plan for Roseate Tern Sterna dougallii. European Commission. 33 pp. Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/sterna_dougalii.pdf OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Threat N03: http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5406 OSPAR COMMISSION 2009c. Background document for roseate tern (Sterna dougallii). OSPAR Commission Biodiversity Series.
Threat N04: Millin, S. (ed.) 2010. UKCP09 sea level change estimates. UK Climate Impacts Programme Briefing Note. 7 pp. http://www.ukcip.org.uk/wordpress/wp-content/PDFs/UKCIP_sea-level.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressure N04: Change in impacts of waves and sea-level rise


pressures_source:
Pressure A02: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Pressure A03: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Pressure A05: Browne, S.J., Aebischer, N.J., Yfantis, G. & Marchant, J.H. (2004). Habitat availability and use by Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur between 1965 and 1995: an analysis of Common Birds Census data. Bird Study 51: 1-11.
Pressure A13: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Pressure A20: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137.
Pressure A21: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Pressure L06: Lennon, R.J., Dunn, J.C., Stockdale, J.E., Goodman, S.J., Morris, A.J. & Hamer, K.C. (2013). Trichomonad parasite infection in four species of Columbidae in the UK. Parasitology 140: 1368-1376. Stockdale, J.E., Dunn, J.C., Goodman, S.J. & Morris, A.J. (2015). The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of European Turtle Doves, Streptopelia turtur. Parasitology 142: 490-498.
Pressure Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59: 111-125.
Threat A02: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Threat A03: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Threat A05: Browne, S.J., Aebischer, N.J., Yfantis, G. & Marchant, J.H. (2004). Habitat availability and use by Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur between 1965 and 1995: an analysis of Common Birds Census data. Bird Study 51: 1-11.
Threat A13: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Threat A20: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2004). Temporal changes in the breeding ecology of European Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain, and implications for conservation. Ibis 146: 125-137.
Threat A21: Browne, S.J. & Aebischer, N.J. (2003). Habitat use, foraging ecology and diet of Turtle Doves Streptopelia turtur in Britain. Ibis 145: 572-582. Dunn, J.C., Morris, A.J. & Grice, P.V. (2017). Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur. Bird Conservation International 27: 45-57.
Threat L06: Lennon, R.J., Dunn, J.C., Stockdale, J.E., Goodman, S.J., Morris, A.J. & Hamer, K.C. (2013). Trichomonad parasite infection in four species of Columbidae in the UK. Parasitology 140: 1368-1376. Stockdale, J.E., Dunn, J.C., Goodman, S.J. & Morris, A.J. (2015). The protozoan parasite Trichomonas gallinae causes adult and nestling mortality in a declining population of European Turtle Doves, Streptopelia turtur. Parasitology 142: 490-498.
Threat Xe: Ockenden, N., Hewson, C.M., Johnston, A. & Atkinson, P.W. 2012. Declines in British-breeding populations of Afro-Palaearctic migrant birds are linked to bioclimatic wintering zone in Africa, possibly via constraints on arrival time advancement. Bird Study 59:111-125

pressures_info:
Pressure A02: Loss of hay fields, meadows, rotational leys and weedy stubbles as source of food. Conversion of scrub to agricultural land.
Pressure A03: Loss of mixed farming and polarisation of farming (livestock in west, arable in east)
Pressure A05: Loss of small woodlands, scrub and hedgerows used for nesting
Pressure A13: Loss of weed-rich pastures and rough grass
Pressure A20: Loss of weed-rich nutrient-poor pastures
Pressure A21: Reduced weed seed availability through herbicide use
Pressure L06: Impact of Trichomonas infection
Pressure Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid (Arid) zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there
Threat A02: Loss of hay fields, meadows, rotational leys and weedy stubbles as source of food. Conversion of scrub to agricultural land.
Threat A03: Loss of mixed farming and polarisation of farming (livestock in west, arable in east)
Threat A05: Loss of small woodlands, scrub and hedgerows used for nesting
Threat A13: Loss of weed-rich pastures and rough grass
Threat A20: Loss of weed-rich nutrient-poor pastures
Threat A21: Reduced weed seed availability through herbicide use
Threat L06: Impact of Trichomonas infection
Threat Xe: Afro-Palearctic migrant. Strong correlational evidence of effects of land-use in Humid zone of west Africa affecting birds breeding in UK that winter there


pressures_source:
Pressure B01: Langston, R.H.W., Wotton, S.R., Conway, G.J., Wright, L.J., Mallord, J.W., Currie, F.A., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Hoccom, D.G., & Symes, N. 2007. Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea - recovering species in Britain? Ibis 149(Suppl. 2): 250-260.
Pressure B04: Langston, R.H.W., Wotton, S.R., Conway, G.J., Wright, L.J., Mallord, J.W., Currie, F.A., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Hoccom, D.G., & Symes, N. 2007. Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea - recovering species in Britain? Ibis 149(Suppl. 2): 250-260.
Pressure F01: Underhill-Day, J.C. 2005. A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough.
Pressure F02: Underhill-Day, J.C. (2005). A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough.
Pressure F07: Langston, R.H.W., Wotton, S.R., Conway, G.J., Wright, L.J., Mallord, J.W., Currie, F.A., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Hoccom, D.G., & Symes, N. 2007. Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea - recovering species in Britain? Ibis 149(Suppl. 2): 250-260.
Threat B01: Langston, R.H.W., Wotton, S.R., Conway, G.J., Wright, L.J., Mallord, J.W., Currie, F.A., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Hoccom, D.G., & Symes, N. 2007. Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea - recovering species in Britain? Ibis 149(Suppl. 2): 250-260. 
http://www.avibirds.com/pdf/N/Nachtzwaluw2.pdf. Dolman & Morrison 2012. Temporal change in territory density and habitat quality for Breckland Forest SSSI woodlark and nightjar populations. University of East Anglia report to Forestry Commission.
Threat B04: Langston, R.H.W., Wotton, S.R., Conway, G.J., Wright, L.J., Mallord, J.W., Currie, F.A., Drewitt, A.L., Grice, P.V., Hoccom, D.G., & Symes, N. 2007. Nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus and Woodlark Lullula arborea - recovering species in Britain? Ibis 149(Suppl. 2): 250-260. 
http://www.avibirds.com/pdf/N/Nachtzwaluw2.pdf. Dolman & Morrison 2012. Temporal change in territory density and habitat quality for Breckland Forest SSSI woodlark and nightjar populations. University of East Anglia report to Forestry Commission.
Threat F01: Liley, D. & Clarke, R.T. 2003. The impact of urban development and human disturbance on the numbers of nightjar Caprimulgus europaeus on heathlands in Dorset, England. Biological Conservation 114: 219-230.
Threat F02: Underhill-Day, J.C. (2005). A literature review of urban effects on lowland heaths and their wildlife. English Nature Research Report No. 623. English Nature. Peterborough.
Threat F07: Langston, R., Drewitt, A. & Liley, D. (2007). Bird conservation and access: coexistence or compromise? British Wildlife 19: 1-9. Langston, R. H. W., Liley, D., Murison, G., Woodfield, E., & Clarke, R. T. (2013). What effects do walkers and dogs have on the distribution and productivity of breeding Nightjars Caprimulgus europaeus? Ibis 149(s1): 27-36. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.2007.00643.x/full

pressures_info:
Pressure B01: Population recovery has coincided with the availability of suitable open ground habitat resulting from felling of forests planted in late 1920s and 30s, often on former heathland habitats. However, lack of further clearfelling is limiting recovery. Therefore, lack of forestry management is an issue as well as the continued planting of trees on former heathland.
Pressure B04: Population recovery has coincided with the availability of suitable open ground habitat resulting from felling of forests planted in late 1920s and 30s, often on former heathland habitats. However, lack of further clearfelling is limiting recovery. Therefore, lack of forestry management is an issue as well as the continued planting of trees on former heathland.
Pressure F01: Whilst NJ populations have expanded, presence of urban development on former heathland limits recovery.
Pressure F02: Whilst NJ populations have expanded, presence of urban development on former heathland limits recovery.
Pressure F07: Whilst numbers and range have increased, nightjar still only occupy part of their former breeding range. Prospect of further recovery limited by recreational disturbance.
Threat B01: Population recovery has coincided with the availability of suitable open ground habitat resulting from felling of forests planted in late 1920s and 30s, often on former heathland habitats. However, lack of further clearfelling is limiting recovery. Therefore, lack of forestry management is an issue as well as the continued planting of trees on former heathland.
Threat B04: Population recovery has coincided with the availability of suitable open ground habitat resulting from felling of forests planted in late 1920s and 30s, often on former heathland habitats. However, lack of further clearfelling is limiting recovery. Therefore, lack of forestry management is an issue as well as the continued planting of trees on former heathland.
Threat F02: Whilst NJ populations have expanded, infill housing in urban areas will continue to limit recovery.


pressures_source:
Pressure Xu: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat J03: Brown, A.F. & Grice, P.V. 2005. Birds in England. T. & A.D. Poyser, London. 694 pp.; Wilson, J. 2007. White-throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (Linnaeus). Pp. 1053-1058. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. 521 pp.

pressures_info:
Pressure Xu: -2% decrease in range (Atlas), -20% population trend 1995-2015 (BBS)
Threat J03: Acidification of watercourses - previously a Pressure


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Atlas shows large increase in range and abundance
Threat Xxt: Species is colonising and benefiting from milder winters.


pressures_source:
Pressure I04: Robinson R.A., Lawson, B., Toms M.P., Peck K.M., Kirkwood J.K., Chantrey J., Clatworthy I.R., Evans A.D., Hughes L.A., Hutchinson O.C., Shinto K.J., Pennycott T.W., Perkins M.W., Rowley P.S. Simpson V.R., Tyler K.M., Cunningham A.A. (2010) Emerging infectious disease leads to rapid populations declines of common British birds. PLoS ONE 5(8): e12215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012215
Threat I04: Robinson R.A., Lawson, B., Toms M.P., Peck K.M., Kirkwood J.K., Chantrey J., Clatworthy I.R., Evans A.D., Hughes L.A., Hutchinson O.C., Shinto K.J., Pennycott T.W., Perkins M.W., Rowley P.S. Simpson V.R., Tyler K.M., Cunningham A.A. (2010) Emerging infectious disease leads to rapid populations declines of common British birds. PLoS ONE 5(8): e12215. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012215

pressures_info:
Pressure I04: There has been a strong decline in population since 2006, linked to outbreak of Trichomonosis
Threat I04: Decline since 2006 due to trichomoniasis.


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increasing popuation (BBS: +41% during reporting period) and expansion of range (Atlas)


pressures_source:
Pressure Xxp: Balmer et. al. 2013. Bird Atlas 2007-11: the breeding and wintering birds of Britain and Ireland. BTO Books, Thetford. BTO/JNCC/RSPB Breeding Bird Survey data: Harris, S.J., Massimino, D., Gillings, S., Eaton, M.A., Noble, D.G., Balmer, D.E., Procter, D., PearceHiggins, J.W. & Woodcock, P. 2018. The Breeding Bird Survey 2017. BTO Research Report 706 British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. https://www.bto.org/sites/default/files/bbs-report-2017.pdf
Threat Xxt: Expert judgement based on habitat type and ecological vulnerability

pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Stable distribution and increasing popuation (BBS = +20% 1995-2015)


pressures_source:
Pressure G01: Furness, R.W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 261-269. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5407
Pressure N01: Arnott, S.A. & Ruxton, G.D. 2002. Sandeel recruitment in the North Sea: demographic, climatic and trophic effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 238: 199-210
Pressure Xxp: Short-term increase of 49.3 %. Frost, T.M., Austin, G.E., Calbrade, N.A., Mellan, H.J., Hearn, R.D., Stroud, D.A., Wotton, S.R. & Balmer, D.E. (2018). Waterbirds in the UK 2016/17: The Wetland Bird Survey. BTO, RSPB and JNCC, in association with WWT. British Trust for Ornithology, Thetford. 40 pp.
Threat G01: Furness, R.W. 2002. Management implications of interactions between fisheries and sandeel-dependent seabirds and seals in the North Sea. ICES Journal of Marine Science 59: 261-269. http://jncc.defra.gov.uk/page-5407
Threat G10: Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Wahl, J., Schwemmer, P., Dries, H., Guse, N., Muller, S. & Garthe, S. 2008. Profiles of seabirds and waterbirds of the German North and Baltic Seas. Distribution, ecology and sensitivities to human activities within the marine environment. Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Bonn.
Threat N01: Arnott, S.A. & Ruxton, G.D. 2002. Sandeel recruitment in the North Sea: demographic, climatic and trophic effects. Marine Ecology Progress Series 238: 199-210


pressures_source:
Pressure A09: Rae, S. 2007. Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta (Montin). Pp. 296-299. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Pressure F07: Watson, A. & Moss, R. 2004). Impacts of ski-development on ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 116: 267-275.
Pressure I04: Watson, A. & Moss, R. 2004). Impacts of ski-development on ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 116: 267-275.
Threat A09: Rae, S. 2007. Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta (Montin). Pp. 296-299. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat F07: Watson, A. & Moss, R. 2004). Impacts of ski-development on ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 116: 267-275.
Threat I04: Watson, A. & Moss, R. 2004). Impacts of ski-development on ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 116: 267-275.
Threat N01: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Fletcher, K., Howarth, D. & Baines, D. (2013). The status of Ptarmigan in Scotland: results of a survey questionnaire of land managers. Scottish Birds 33: 291-297.
Threat N05: Rae, S. 2007. Rock Ptarmigan Lagopus muta (Montin). Pp. 296-299. In: Forrester, R.W., Andrews, I.J., McInerny, C.J., Murray, R.D., McGowan, R.Y., Zonfrillo, B., Betts, M.W., Jardine, D.C. & Grundy, D.S. (eds.) The Birds of Scotland. The Scottish Ornithologists' Club, Aberlady.
Threat N08: Huntley, B., Green, R.E., Collingham, Y.C. & Willis, S.G. 2007. A climatic atlas of European breeding birds. Durham University, RSPB and Lynx Edicions, Barcelona. Fletcher, K., Howarth, D. & Baines, D. (2013). The status of Ptarmigan in Scotland: results of a survey questionnaire of land managers. Scottish Birds 33: 291-297.Watson, A. & Moss, R. 2004). Impacts of ski-development on ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus) at Cairn Gorm, Scotland. Biol. Conserv. 116: 267-275.

pressures_info:
Pressure A09: Loss of food plants due to overgrazing by sheep and red deer
Pressure F07: Mortality through collision with ski-lift wires
Pressure I04: Predation of eggs by crows and ravens
Threat A09: Loss of food plants due to overgrazing by sheep and red deer
Threat F07: Mortality through collision with ski-lift wires
Threat I04: Predation of eggs by crows and ravens
Threat N01: Habitat shrinkage with global warming
Threat N05: Loss of food plants due to overgrazing by sheep and red deer
Threat N08: Increasing inter-specific competition with red grouse. Mortality through collision with ski-lift wires


pressures_info:
Pressure Xxp: Increased distribution (Atlas) although national non-significant decline (BBS)


pressures_source:
Expert working group of the Lithuanian Ornithological Society (lod@birdlife.lt) 2015-2018. Lietuvos perinciu paukšciu atlaso duomenu baze (Lithuanian Breeding Birds Atlas Database). Vilnius. 
Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. 2012. Status and trends of bird populations (Article 12, Birds Directive 2009/147/EC) National Summary 2008-2012 Lithuania.
Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Lithuania. 2016-2018. Leidinio "Lietuvos raudonoji knyga" parengimo paslaugos (Red data book of Lithuania). (Agreement No VPS-2016-104-ES)


pressures_info:
Construction or modification (e.g. of housing and settlements) in existing urban or recreational areas


pressures_source:
Mendel B., Schwemmer P., Poschko V., Müller S., Schwemmer H., Mercker M. & Garthe, S. 2019. Operational offshore wind farms and associated ship traffic cause profound changes in distribution patterns of Loons (Gavia spp.) - https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.053
Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D. & Mackenzie, M.L. (2014). Post-construction evaluation of bird abundances and distributions in the Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm area, 2011 and 2012. Report commissioned by DONG Energy. Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. 51 pp.
Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V. & Garthe, S. (2011): Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. – Ecol. Appl. 21(5): 1851-1860.
Zydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76-88.


pressures_info:
Agricultural activities generating air pollution


pressures_info:
Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Degel, H., Petersen, I.K., Holm, T.E. & Kahlert, J. (2010): Fugle som bifangst i garnfiskeriet. Estimat af utilsigtet bifangst af havfugle i garnfiskeriet i området omkring Ærø. – DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 227-2010. 56 pp.
Petersen, I.K, MacKenzie, M., Rexstad, E., Wisz, M.S. & Fox, A.D. 2011: Comparing pre-and post-construction distributions of long-tailed ducks Clangula hyemalis in and around the Nysted offshore wind farm, Denmark. – CREEM Tech report 2001-1. 16 s.
Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V. & Garthe, S. (2011): Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. – Ecol. Appl. 21(5): 1851-1860.
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.
Zydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76-88.

pressures_info:
The species is susceptible to human disturbances. The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed most likely sustainable. From the initiation of the 2018/2019 hunting season a sex differentiated hunting rule was applied where only males are legal quarry.  
The level of bycatch in Denmark is not known but studies from the Baltic has shown tens of thousands to be bycaught annually.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Balsby, T.J.S., Clausen, P., Krause-Jensen, D., Carstensen, J. & Madsen, J. (2017). Long-term patterns of eelgrass (Zostera marina) occurrence and associated herbivorous waterbirds in a Danish coastal inlet. – Frontiers in Marine Science 3:285. doi: 10.3389/fmars.2016.00285
Clausen, P. & Holm, T.E. (2011). Målsætning af levesteder for vandfugle. Resultater fra et pilotprojekt i 6 udvalgte jyske EF-fuglebeskyttelsesområder med særligt fokus på vegetationstilknyttede arter. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 10. 88 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR10.pdf.
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Nielsen, R.D. & Christensen, T.K. (2013). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 1: Nationale resultater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. 118 pp. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 72.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR72.pdf.
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Therkildsen, O.R., Jørgensen, H.E. & Nielsen, R.D. (2014). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 2: De enkelte reservater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 132. 236 pp.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR132.pdf.
Clausen, P., Therkildsen, O.R., Nielsen, R.D. & Holm, T.E. (2017). Kortlægning af levesteder med forslag til målsætning og tilstandsvurdering for rastende vandfugle. Arter tilknyttet bundvegetation, enge og moser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 248. 120 pp. http://www.dmu.dk/Pub/SR248.pdf.
Fælled, C.C. (2011). Impacts of habitat loss on a herbivorous waterbird guild in the Danish estuary, Mariager Fjord. – Masters Thesis, Aarhus University, Department of Bioscience. 33 pp. 
Holm, T.E., Laursen, K. & Clausen, P. (2011). Adjacent hunting can affect feeding ecology and distribution of Coot Fulica atra autumn staging in shooting-free areas. – Bird Study 58: 321–329. doi:10.1080/00063657.2011.575927
Madsen, J., Pihl, S. & Clausen, P. (1998). Establishing a Reserve Network for Waterfowl in Denmark. A Biological Evaluation of Needs and Consequences. - Biological Conservation 85: 241-255. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00172-9
Meltofte, H. & Clausen, P. (2011). Svømmefuglene på Tipperne 1929-2007. - Dansk Ornitologisk Forenings Tidsskrift 105: 1-120´.

pressures_info:
G07: Common Coots are sensitive to disturbance from hunting (e.g. Holm et al. 2011), but most areas in Denmark where large numbers of wintering Coots are found is today included inside a comprehensive network of shooting-free reserves, that were created during the 1990’s (Madsen et al. 1998). In contrast to other quarry species such as geese and dabbling ducks, coots have not responded numerically to these new reserves, suggesting that other factors than hunting affect the currently declining population of Coots (Clausen et al. 2013). The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable.  
J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including Common Coots (e.g. Clausen & Holm 2011, Meltofte & Clausen 2011, Clausen et al. 2014, Fælled 2013). In contrast to other species (e.g. Mute Swan, Bewick’s Swan, Eurasian Wigeon and Northern Pintail), numbers of Common Coots counted in these affected systems in the Western and Norther parts of Denmark are still not recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings (Clausen et al. 2014, Balsby et al. 2017, Clausen et al. 2017).


pressures_info:
Sea-level and wave exposure changes due to climate change


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Degel, H., Petersen, I.K., Holm, T.E. & Kahlert, J. (2010): Fugle som bifangst i garnfiskeriet. Estimat af utilsigtet bifangst af havfugle i garnfiskeriet i området omkring Ærø. – DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 227-2010. 56 pp.
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.
Zydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76-88.

pressures_info:
The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable. 
The level of bycatch in Denmark is not known but studies from the Baltic and the Netherlands has shown thousands to be bycaught annually.


pressures_source:
Van de Pol, M., Atkinson, P.W., Blew, J., Crowe, O., Delany, S., Duriez, O., Ens, B.J., Hälterlein, B., Hötker, H., Laursen, K., Oosterbeek, K., Petersen, A., Thorup, O., Tjorve, K., Triplet, P. and Yésou, P. (2014). A global assessment of the conservation status of the nominate subspecies of Eurasian Oystercatcher Haematopus ostralegus ostralegus. International Wader Studies 20: 47-61.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Ciconia nigra (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22697669A111747857. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22697669A111747857.en)


pressures_source:
Grupo de Trabajo del quebrantahuesos (2000). Estrategia para la conservación del quebrantahuesos (Gypaetus barbatus) en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente, 20pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/quebrantahuesos_tcm30-194773.pdf)

Heredia, R. & Heredia B. (1997) European Union Species Action Plan for the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus). 18pp. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/gypaetus_barbatus.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las siguientes regiones de España: Aragón, Navarra, Cataluña, Andalucía & Asturias.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Margalida, A. (2016). Quebrantahuesos – Gypaetus barbatus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/gypbar.html)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

pressures_info:
There were reported 29 Bearded vulture poisoned (0,5 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Coturnix coturnix. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22678944A131904485. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678944A131904485.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
García de la Morena, E.L., Bota, G., Mañosa, S. & Morales, M.B. (2018). El sisón común en España. II Censo Nacional (2016). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.seo.org/boletin/seguimiento/censos/47%20sison%20comun/pdf/SEO%2047%20SISON.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Calidris canutus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22693363A132285482. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22693363A132285482.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Gallinago gallinago (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693097A112408254. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693097A112408254.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Plan de Gestión de las Aves Esteparias en La Rioja: Sisón común (Tetrax tetrax), Aguilucho cenizo (Circus pygargus), Cernícalo primilla (Falco naumanni), Ganga ortega (Pterocles orientalis) y Ganga ibérica (Pterocles alchata). Vigencia indefinida. (Decreto 55/2014, de 19 de diciembre).

pressures_info:
A02: Transformación de cultivos de cereal a cultivos leñosos (viña, almendros, olivos, etc.) en intensivo. 

A15: Desaparición de barbechos de larga duración y labrado de muchos de ellos en primavera.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Cuculus canorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22683873A59988996.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Asio otus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22689507A131922722. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22689507/131922722)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Calandrella brachydactyla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T103766207A132042070. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T103766207A132042070.en)

Íñigo, A., Infante, O., Valls, J. & Atienza, J.C. (2008). Directrices para la redacción de planes o instrumentos de gestión de las Zonas de Especial Protección para las Aves. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Hirundo rustica. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22712252A60224095. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22712252/60224095).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Turdus merula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T103888106A60192005. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103888106/60192005).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

pressures_info:
G10: Según la Ley 4/1989, de 27 de marzo, de Conservación de los Espacios Naturales y de la Flora y de la Fauna Silvestres, artículo 33, apartado 1, donde se establece que la caza y la pesca en aguas continentales sólo podrá realizarse sobre las especies que reglamentariamente se declaren como piezas de caza o pesca; el mirlo común (Turdus merula) no figura como especie cinegética en el territorio nacional, por lo que la presión cinegética que puede sufrir en alguna de las Comunidades Autónomas españolas se considera caza ilegal.
(https://www.boe.es/buscar/doc.php?id=BOE-A-1989-22056). Además, esta especie es objeto del método de caza ilegal conocido como parany (Comunidad Valenciana), barraca (Cataluña) o liga (SEO/BirdLife, 2013).


pressures_source:
Abelló P. & Esteban, A. (2013). Trawling bycatch does affect Balearic Shearwaters Puffinus mauretanicus. Revista Catalana d'Ornitologia , 28: 34-39.

Arcos, J.M. (compiler) (2011). International species action plan for the Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus. 

SEO/Birdlife & Birdlife International.

Christel, I. (2012). Offshore wind energy and birds:integrating assessment tools in space and time. PhD thesis, Universitat de Barcelona.

Arcos, J.M., Alonso, J., López, I. & Mayol, J. (2017). Study, monitoring and conservation of the Balearic shearwater in Spain: an update. Fourth Meeting of the Population and Conservation Status Working Group, ACAP - PACSWG Inf 25 Rev 1.

Cortés, V., Arcos, JM & González-Solís, J. (2017). Seabirds and demersal longliners in the northwestern Mediterranean: Factors driving their interactions and bycatch rates. Marine Ecology Progress Series 565.

Genovart, M., Arcos, J. M., Álvarez, D., McMinn, M., Meier, R., Wynn, R. B., … & Oro, D. (2016). Demography of the critically endangered Balearic shearwater: the impact of fisheries and time to extinction. Journal of Applied Ecology, 53(4), 1158-1168.

SEO/BirdLife. (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España


pressures_source:
Domínguez, J. & Vidal, M. (2008). Propuesta técnica del Plan de Recuperación de la población nidificante del zarapito real (Numenius arquata) en Galicia. Infome no publicado. Dirección Xeral de Conservación da Natureza, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Desenvolvemento Sostible. 116 pp.

Domínguez, J. & Vidal, M. (2017). Actualización de la propuesta técnica del Plan de Recuperación de la población nidificante del zarapito real (Numenius arquata) en Galicia. Infome no publicado. Dirección Xeral de Patrimonio Natural, Consellería de Medio Ambiente e Ordenación do Territorio. 153 pp.

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Procyon lotor Linnaeus, 1758;


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Hydroprogne caspia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22694524A60095330. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694524/60095330).


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Sanz-Aguilar, A., Zuberogoitia, I., Sallent, Á., Picorelli, V., Navedo, J.G., Garaita, R. (2019). Paíño europeo – Hydrobates pelagicus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. López, P., Martín, J., González-Solís, J. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)

SEO/BirdLife. (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.

pressures_info:
En el caso de I04 hace referencia a las garrapatas en la colonia de Espartar, que sobretodo debilita a pollos.


pressures_source:
Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Máñez, M. & Rendón-Martos, M. (Eds.). (2009). El morito, la espátula y el flamenco en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.
(https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventariosnacionales/25_morito_espatula_y_flamenco_tcm30-208184.pdf)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. (2014). Estrategia para la conservación de la cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris), focha moruna (Fulica cristata) y malvasía cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) en España. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_estrategia_cerceta_focha_malvasia_tcm30-197259.pdf)

Salvador, A. (2017). Malvasía cabeciblanca – Oxyura leucocephala. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales & M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/oxyleu.html)

pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766; Oxyura jamaicensis Gmelin, 1789

I02 - Other invasive alien species (other then species of Union concern): Neovison vison, Procyon lotor


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Pernis apivorus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22694989A93482980. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22694989A93482980.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Alonso, J.C., Alonso, J.A., & Muñoz-Pulido, R. (1994). Mitigation of bird collisions with transmission lines through groundwire marking. Biological Conservation, 67(2), 129-134.

Bautista, L.M. (2016). Grulla común – grus grus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/grugru.html)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Oenanthe leucura. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22710259A132085979. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22710259A132085979.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Moreno, J. (2016). Collalba negra – Oenanthe leucura. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Sylvia conspicillata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716976A60251844. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716976/60251844).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
LIFE08 NAT/E/000062 - VENENO NO - Action to fight illegal poison use in the natural environment in Spain (2010-2014). Available in: (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/project/Projects/index.cfm?fuseaction=search.dspPage&n_proj_id=3573)


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P., & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

LIFE08 NAT/E/000062 VENENO NO - Action to fight illegal poison use in the natural environment in Spain


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Pyrrhula pyrrhula. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22720671A132141969. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22720671A132141969.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Emberiza cia (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22720894A111134095. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22720894A111134095.en)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Phalacrocorax carbo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696792A60150397. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696792/60150397)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Molina, B. (2013). El cormorán grande en España. Población reproductora e invernante en 2012- 2013 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://doi.org/10.31170/0047)

Molina, B. (SEO/BirdLife) (2014): Status of the breeding population of Great Cormorants in Spain in 2012. – In: Bregnballe, T., Lynch, J., Parz-Gollner, R., Marion, L., Volponi, S., Paquet, J.-Y., Carss, D.N. & van Eerden, M.R. (eds.): Breeding numbers of Great Cormorants Phalacrocorax carbo in the Western Palearctic, 2012-2013. – IUCN-Wetlands International Cormorant Research Group Report. Scientific report from DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy, Aarhus University. No. 99: 203-207. (http://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR99.pdf)


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

García, D. & Garrido, J.R. (2019). Plan de Recuperación del águila imperial ibérica (Aquila adalberti) en Andalucía. Informe sobre el seguimiento de la población en 2017. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Junta de Andalucía

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica (2018). Estrategia para la conservación del águila imperial ibérica Aquila adalberti en España y Portugal. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/estrategiaconservacionaguilaimperial_es_pt_tcm30-468403.pdf)

pressures_info:
Para el período 1989-2012, más de la mitad de las muertes no naturales de la especie (270 ejemplares, 51,8%) fueron provocadas por la electrocución.
El otro gran factor de amenaza sobre la especie es la intoxicación por ingestión de cebos
envenenados (alrededor del 45% de los casos).
Algunos casos de intoxicación por plomo han sido registrados en España en las últimas
dos décadas, lo que constituye un factor que podría condicionar la productividad en algunas áreas de su distribución actual. Además, se registran algunos casos de furtivismo
sobre águilas imperiales, bien por disparo o por aplicación de métodos de captura ilegales
como cepos, que parecen haberse incrementado en tiempos recientes.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Cyanistes caeruleus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/103761667/60220880). 

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Botaurus stellaris. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697346A60160978. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697346/60160978).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). 2004. Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)


pressures_source:
Aguilar, C.M. (2016). Memoria de valores naturales y propuesta de declaración como Área Natural Singular de las “Zonas Húmedas y Yasas de La Degollada y El Recuenco” en el Término de Calahorra (La Rioja). Tragsatec. Informe inédito para la Dirección General de Medio Natural. Gobierno de La Rioja.

Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas (Cataluña, La Rioja y Valencia).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

pressures_info:
I02: La proliferación de especies de piscícolas exóticas e invasoras como las carpas, al remover los fondos, limitan la entrada de luz y dificultan el crecimiento de vegetación subacuática y la presencia de pequeñas presas. Por otra parte, las especies exóticas predadoras también reducen su alimento al competir por las mismas pequeñas presas que el avetorillo.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Alectoris rufa. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22678711A131873456. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22678711A131873456.en.)

Buenestado Malfeito, F.J. (2018). Ecología y dinámica poblacional de la perdiz roja (Alectoris rufa) en España. (https://helvia.uco.es/handle/10396/16277).

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

pressures_info:
Cabe destacar como amenaza de la especie la mala gestión cinegética pero también la existencia de híbridos de Perdiz Roja (Alectoris rufa) con Perdiz Chucar (Alectoris chukar) y anteriormente con la Perdiz Girega (Alectoris graeca).  Como ejemplo, en la Comunidad de Madrid actualmente permanecen 100% puras las poblaciones de alta montaña del Parque Nacional de Guadarrama mientras que las demás poblaciónes sufren hibridación en mayor o menor porcentaje (Horcajada-Sánchez & Dávila, 2019). 

Horcajada-Sánchez, F. & Dávila, J.A. (2019). O.15. El riesgo de introgresión genética en las poblaciones de perdiz roja del Parque Nacional de la Sierra de Guadarrama. I Congreso Ibérico de Ciencia Aplicada a los Recursos Cinegéticos (CICARC). 1-4/7/2019 Ciudad Real, España.


pressures_info:
I02- Other invasive alien species: Neovison vison; Procyon lotor.


pressures_source:
Cuervo, J.J. (2016). Cigüeñuela común – Himantopus himantopus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A.,Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/himhim.html)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp.
(https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventariosnacionales/
inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-debiodiversidad/
ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Palomino, D. & Molina, B. (Eds.) (2009). Aves acuáticas reproductoras en España. Población en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 210pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventariosnacionales/
26_aves_acuaticas_reproductoras_tcm30-208250.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Larus melanocephalus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694443A132551769. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22694443A132551769.en.) Downloaded on 08 July 2019.


pressures_info:
Actualmente esta especie no presenta ni presiones ni amenazas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Alcedo atthis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22683027A59984271. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22683027/59984271)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Íñigo, A., Infante, O., Valls, J. & Atienza, J.C. (2008). Directrices para la redacción de planes o instrumentos de gestión de las Zonas de Especial Protección para las Aves. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (https://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/Planes-de-Gesti%C3%B3n-de-ZEPAS.pdf)

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Sylvia melanocephala. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716959A60250136. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716959/60250136).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)


pressures_info:
L07: Disapperance of the dynamics of small mammalian populations


pressures_info:
A36 - Agriculture activities not referred to above: Shredding and leaving the mown grass on the field.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Gúgh, J.et al, 2015. Zásady ochrany významných druhov vtákov a ich biotopov. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 332 str


pressures_source:
David M. 2012. Docob de la ZPS « Lac du Der » et du SIC « Réservoir de la Marne dit du Der-Chantecoq». ONCFS – Délégation Inter Régionale Nord-Est, Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable et de l'Énergie, Natura 2000, ONCFS, Moulins-lès-Metz289 ; Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Avocette élégante, Recurvirostra avocetta (Linnaeus, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
WOLFF A. coord. (CEN PACA) 2012. Plan national d'action Ganga cata et Alouette calandre 2012-2016, Ministère de Écologie, du  Développement durable et de l’Energie. 110 p. http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PNA_ganga.pdf; Suarez F., Hervas I., Herranz J. et Del Moral J.C. 2006. La Ganga Ibérica y la Ganga Ortega en España: población en 2005 y método de censo. Seguimiento de Aves 8, Madrid, SEO/BirdLife https://www.seo.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/8_gangayortega.pdf


pressures_source:
Cheylan G. 1999. Alouette calandre. in Oiseaux menacés et à surveiller en France. Liste rouge et recherche de priorités. Populations. Tendances. Conservation., Paris, Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France & Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux560 p. ; WOLFF A. coord. (CEN PACA) 2012. Plan national d'action Ganga cata et Alouette calandre 2012-2016, Ministère de Écologie, du  Développement durable et de l’Energie. 110 p. http://www.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PNA_ganga.pdf; Tucker G.M., Heath M.F. 1994. Birds in Europe: their conservation status. Conservation series no. 3, Cambridge, BirdLife International600 p. ;  . Etude de la population d'Alouette calandre (Melanocorypha calandra, Alaudidae, Passeriformes) en centre Crau.


pressures_source:
Guillemain, M., Champagnon, J., Massez, G., Pernollet, C.A., George, T., Momerency, A. & Simon, G. 2015. Becoming more sedentary? Changes in recovery positions of Mallard Anas platyrhynchos ringed in the Camargue, France, over the last 50 years. Wildfowl, 51-63 ; Champagnon, J. 2011. Conséquences des introducitons d'individus dans les populations exploitées: l'exemple du Canard Colvert Anas platyrhynchos. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Montpellier, 100


pressures_source:
Tamisier, A., & Grillas, P.  1994. A review of habitat changes in the Camargue: an assessment of the effects of the loss of biological diversity on the wintering waterfowl community. Biological Conservation, 70(1), 39-47 ; Ramirez F, Rodriguez C, Seoane J,Figuerola J, Bustamante J 2018. How will climate change affect endangered Mediterranean waterbirds?. PLoS ONE 13(2),  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192702;  . ONCFS 2012 PLAN NATIONAL DE GESTION (2016-2020) Nette rousse (Netta rufina).  ; Maceda-Veiga, A., López, R., & Green, A. J.  2017. Dramatic impact of alien carp Cyprinus carpio on globally threatened diving ducks and other waterbirds in Mediterranean shallow lakes. Biological conservation, 212, 74-85.


pressures_source:
Fox, A. D., Caizergues, A., Banik, M., Devos, K., Dvorak, M., Ellermaa, M., Folliot, B., Green, A. J., Grüneberg, C. & Guillemain, M. . Recent changes in the abundance of Common Pochard Aythya ferina breeding in Europe. Wildfowl 66, 22-40 ; Folliot, B., Guillemain, M., Champagnon, J. & Caizergues, A. 2018. Patterns of spatial distribution and migration phenology of common pochards Aythya ferina in . Wildlife Biology 77,


pressures_info:
Selon les cahiers d'habitats (les menaces rapportées sont précisées entre parenthèses) :
"Une des menaces concerne la perte d’habitats due aux activités humaines avec emprise sur le littoral, telles que la construction d'ouvrages portuaires, le développement des cultures marines, les endiguements, ainsi que certaines pollutions industrielles et agricoles (F08). BURTON et al. [4] ont montré que le dérangement par les activités humaines peut limiter les effectifs et affecter l’utilisation des sites par le Pluvier argenté en Grande-Bretagne. Il en va de même sur les sites français où les dérangements de toute nature perturbent les oiseaux, tant lors de l’alimentation, qu’au repos [bg53] (F07). L’eutrophisation,  résultant  de  l’enrichissement  des  eaux  côtières  en  sels  nutritifs,  provoque  de  nombreuses modifications dans l’écologie des baies et estuaires, parmi lesquels les changements des peuplements d’invertébrés benthiques et des blooms de macro-algues vertes [11]. Leurs effets sur le Pluvier argenté sont mal connus et parfois contradictoires [6 ; 14] (J02). Le changement climatique peut affecter ce grand migrateur de diverses manières. Outre les modifications qu’ils peuvent entraîner dans les habitats de nidification du haut Arctique (N06), ils peuvent entraîner des changements dans la superficie des habitats intertidaux exploités en migration et en hivernage (N04), ainsi que de la qualité de ces habitats en agissant sur l’abondance et la composition des peuplements d’invertébrés ou leur comportement [1 ; 12] (N05). Il n’est pas possible de prédire actuellement comment ces changements pourront affecter le Pluvier argenté. On ne dispose pas d’information sur l’importance des prélèvements réalisés par la chasse en France et son incidence éventuelle sur les populations. Il atteindrait quelques milliers d’individus sur un total de 115 000 limicoles prélevés durant la saison de chasse 1998-99 [bg34]. "

Importance/magnitude inconnues des prélèvements cynégétiques.


pressures_source:
Dubois, P. J. & Gaudard, C. 2019. Résultats du 5e recensement des laridés hivernant en France (hiver 2017-2018). Ornithos 26-1, 1-15


pressures_source:
. Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. coord (2012) . Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000 - connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Tome 8 Oiseaux.

pressures_info:
Beaucoup d'espèces de l'annexe I de la Directive Oiseaux sont localisées voire menacées. Au contraire, la Pie-grièche écorcheur reste largement répartie en France. A ce titre elle est susceptible d'être étudiée dans le cadre du projet "Is there a long-term benefit of Natura 2000 network for biodiversity in France?" (Karine Princé et al., voir ResearchGate).


pressures_source:
Issa N. & Muller Y. 2015. Atlas des oiseaux nicheurs de France métropolitaine.  , LPO/SEOF/MNHN/Delachaux et Niestlé, Paris


pressures_source:
. Recensement national des grands cormorans nicheurs en France en 2018. Rapport final. Marion 2019.


pressures_source:
. Ministère de l'Ecologie, du Développement durable, des Transports et du Logement. 2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000. Connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d’intérêt communautaire. Tome 8 Oiseaux. Volume 1.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Bécasseau variable, Calidris alpina (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
G07 = disturbance during the hunting another species in CZ


pressures_info:
Preasure & Threat C15 = abandoned from mining or recultivation of mining areas


pressures_source:
Grundler, Dora  : Pracenje populacije sive vrane, Corvus corone cornix Linnaeus, 1758, na podrucju Zagreba od 2004. do 2017. godine, Sveucilište u zagrebu, 2018.
Jurcevic, Ivancica: Ekologija i dinamika populacija vrsta roda Corvus (Aves) u istocnoj Hrvatskoj, Sveucilište u Zagrebu, 2002.
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Krunoslav Pintur: Uzgoj sitne divljaci, Veleucilište u Karlovcu, Karlovac, 2010.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.


pressures_source:
See: Crowe, O. (2019). Status of rare breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 2013 - 2018. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin, Ireland


pressures_source:
See 'Supplemetary file - Pressures and Threats' from: Lewis, L. J., Burke, B., Fitzgerald, N., Tierney, T. D. & Kelly, S. (2019) Irish Wetland Bird Survey: Waterbird Status and Distribution 2009/10-2015/16. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 106. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland. Available at https://www.npws.ie/publications/irish-wildlife-manuals


pressures_info:
No medium or high pressures and threats identified.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Passer montanus (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22718270A119216586. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22718270A119216586.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Emberiza calandra. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22721020A60297085. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22721020/60297085)


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

García, D. & Garrido, J.R. (2019). Plan de Recuperación del águila imperial ibérica (Aquila adalberti) en Andalucía. Informe sobre el seguimiento de la población en 2017. Consejería de Medio Ambiente y Ordenación del Territorio. Junta de Andalucía

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas..

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica (2018). Estrategia para la conservación del águila imperial ibérica Aquila adalberti en España y Portugal. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/estrategiaconservacionaguilaimperial_es_pt_tcm30-468403.pdf)

pressures_info:
Para el período 1989-2012, más de la mitad de las muertes no naturales de la especie (270 ejemplares, 51,8%) fueron provocadas por la electrocución.
El otro gran factor de amenaza sobre la especie es la intoxicación por ingestión de cebos
envenenados (alrededor del 45% de los casos).
Algunos casos de intoxicación por plomo han sido registrados en España en las últimas
dos décadas, lo que constituye un factor que podría condicionar la productividad en algunas áreas de su distribución actual. Además, se registran algunos casos de furtivismo sobre águilas imperiales, bien por disparo o por aplicación de métodos de captura ilegales como cepos, que parecen haberse incrementado en tiempos recientes.


pressures_info:
La principal amenaza para esta especie es la destrucción de los nidos de Golondrina daúrica donde anida. (https://www.seo.org/ave/vencejo-cafre/)


pressures_source:
Amado, C.C., Guzmán, J.M.S. y Villegas, M.A. (2009). Pagazas, charranes y fumareles en España: población reproductora en 2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. 133 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/24_pagazas_charranes_y_fumareles_tcm30-208121.pdf).

BirdLife International (2015). Chlidonias hybrida. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22694764A60104618. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22694764/60104618).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas (Andalucía, Cataluña y Valencia). 

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.) (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de
España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

Robinson, J.A. & Hughes, B. (Compilers). (2006). International Single Species Action
Plan for the Conservation of the Ferruginous Duck Aythya nyroca. CMS Technical Series No. 12 & AEWA Technical Series No. 7. Bonn, Germany


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

De la Puente, J. & De la Torre, V. (Eds.) (2015). Abstracts book of the II International Symposium on the Red Kite. Binaced (Huesca, Spain) 2015. Edit Grupo Ornitológico SEO-Monticola & Fondo de Amigos del Buitre.

Molina, B. (Ed.) (2015). El milano real en España. III Censo Nacional. Población invernante y reproductora en 2014 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

pressures_info:
There were reported 1128 Red kites poisoned (18% of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). Furthermore it was the second species more affected by poison ot the total reported species. However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Cinclus cinclus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22708156A131946814. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22708156A131946814.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Sylvia communis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716910A60246341. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716910/60246341).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Regulus ignicapilla. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22735002A87781502. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22735002A87781502.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2016). Aegithalos caudatus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T103871923A87471081. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103871923A87471081.en)


pressures_source:
Molina, B. (Ed.). 2009. Gaviota reidora, sombría y patiamarilla en España. Población en 2007-2009 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.


pressures_source:
Barone, R. & Lorenzo, J.A. Gaviota patiamarilla Larus michahellis en Lorenzo, J. A. (Ed.). (2007). Atlas de las aves nidificantes en el archipiélago canario:(1997-2003). Organismo autónomo de parques nacionales.

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. & Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.

Tejera, G., Rodríguez, B., Armas, C. & Rodríguez, A. (2018). Wildlife-vehicle collisions in Lanzarote Biosphere Reserve, Canary Islands. PLoS ONE 13(3): e0192731. (https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0192731).


pressures_source:
Lorenzo, J.A. (2017). First bird-mortality figures from telephone line collisions in open grassland areas of Lanzarote and Fuerteventura (Canary Islands, Spain). Airo 25: 15-25. 

Medina, F.M. (2014). Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98. 

Montesdeoca, N., Calabuig, P., Corbera, J.A. &  Orós, J. (2017). A long-term retrospective study on rehabilitation of seabirds in Gran Canaria Island, Spain (2003-2013). PLoS ONE 12(5): e0177366. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0177366.


pressures_source:
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.

pressures_info:
The level of bycatch is not known in Denmark.


pressures_info:
Industrial and commercial activities and structures generating air pollution


pressures_info:
The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed most likely sustainable.


pressures_info:
Modification of coastline, estuary and coastal conditions for development, use and protection of residential, commercial, industrial and recreational infrastructure and areas (including sea defences or coastal protection works and infrastructures)


pressures_info:
Decline or extinction of related species (e.g. food source / prey, predator / parasite, symbiote, etc.) due to climate change


pressures_info:
The species do not breed in Denmark and is only recorded as a very scarce migrant from april-august.


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Nielsen, R.D. & Christensen, T.K. (2013). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 1: Nationale resultater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. 118 pp. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 72.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR72.pdf.
Madsen, J. (1998). Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands. II. Tests of hunting disturbance effects. - Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 398-417.
Madsen, J., Pihl, S. & Clausen, P. (1998). Establishing a Reserve Network for Waterfowl in Denmark. A Biological Evaluation of Needs and Consequences. - Biological Conservation 85: 241-255. doi:10.1016/S0006-3207(97)00172-9.

pressures_info:
G07: Eurasian Teals and other dabbling ducks are sensitive to disturbance from hunting, as evidenced from experimental reserve studies in Denmark (e.g. Madsen 1998). Today hunting on dabbling ducks in the coastal parts of Denmark is heavily regulated through a comprehensive network of shooting-free reserves, that were created during the 1990’s (Madsen et al. 1998), and dabbling ducks numbers are generally stable or increasing in this network (Clausen et al. 2013). The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable.


pressures_info:
Desynchronisation of biological / ecological processes due to climate change


pressures_info:
Removal of dead and dying trees including debris


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Degel, H., Petersen, I.K., Holm, T.E. & Kahlert, J. (2010): Fugle som bifangst i garnfiskeriet. Estimat af utilsigtet bifangst af havfugle i garnfiskeriet i området omkring Ærø. – DTU Aqua-rapport nr. 227-2010. 56 pp.
Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D. & Mackenzie, M.L. (2014). Post-construction evaluation of bird abundances and distributions in the Horns Rev 2 offshore wind farm area, 2011 and 2012. Report commissioned by DONG Energy. Aarhus University, DCE – Danish Centre for Environment and Energy. 51 pp.
Petersen, I.K., Nielsen, R.D., Therkildsen, O.R., & Balsby, T.J.S. (2017). Fældende havdykænders antal og fordeling i Sejerøbugten i relation til menneskelige forstyrrelser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE, Nr. 239
Schwemmer, P., Mendel, B., Sonntag, N., Dierschke, V. & Garthe, S. (2011): Effects of ship traffic on seabirds in offshore waters: implications for marine conservation and spatial planning. – Ecol. Appl. 21(5): 1851-1860.
Zydelis, R., Bellebaum, J., Österblom, H., Vetemaa, M., Schirmeister, B., Stipniece, A., Dagys, M., van Eerden, M., Garthe, S., (2009). Bycatch in gillnet fisheries – an overlooked threat to waterbird populations. Biol. Conserv. 142, 1269–1281.
Zydelis R, Small C, French G (2013) The incidental catch of seabirds in gillnet fisheries: a global review. Biol Conserv 162:76-88.

pressures_info:
The species is very susceptible to human disturbances, in particular during the moulting season when the birds are flightless. Pelagic windfarms have displaced concentrations of Common Scoter from within and around offshore wind farms off the west coast of Jutland and other places. 
The species is hunted in Denmark with the current hunting bag deemed sustainable.
The level of bycatch in Denmark is not known but studies from the Baltic has shown several 1000’s to be bycaught annually.


pressures_info:
Bycatch and incidental killing (due to fishing and hunting activities)


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Clausen, P. & Holm, T.E. (2011). Målsætning af levesteder for vandfugle. Resultater fra et pilotprojekt i 6 udvalgte jyske EF-fuglebeskyttelsesområder med særligt fokus på vegetationstilknyttede arter. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 10. 88 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR10.pdf.
Clausen, P., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Nielsen, R.D. & Christensen, T.K. (2013). Rastende fugle i det danske reservatnetværk 1994-2010. Del 1: Nationale resultater. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. 118 pp. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 72.  https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR72.pdf. 
Clausen, P., Therkildsen, O.R., Nielsen, R.D. & Holm, T.E. (2017). Kortlægning af levesteder med forslag til målsætning og tilstandsvurdering for rastende vandfugle. Arter tilknyttet bundvegetation, enge og moser. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 248. 120 pp. https://dce2.au.dk/pub/SR248.pdf.
Madsen, J. (1998). Experimental refuges for migratory waterfowl in Danish wetlands. II. Tests of hunting disturbance effects. - Journal of Applied Ecology 35: 398-417.

pressures_info:
G07: Northern Pintail and other dabbling ducks are sensitive to disturbance from hunting, as evidenced from experimental reserve studies in Denmark (e.g. Madsen 1998). Today hunting on dabbling ducks in the coastal parts of Denmark is heavily regulated through a comprehensive network of shooting-free reserves, that were created during the 1990’s (Madsen et al. 1998), and dabbling ducks numbers are generally stable or increasing in this network (Clausen et al. 2013). The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed sustainable.
J02 and J01: There are multiple well-documented cases from Danish freshwater lakes, brackish lagoons and estuaries that eutrophication-driven collapses in vegetation communities have reduced numbers of staging herbivorous waterbirds, including some important sites used by Northern Pintail in the western parts of Denmark (e.g. Clausen & Holm 2011, Meltofte & Clausen 2011). But more recent evidence also show that some of these affected sites are recovering in response to reduced nutrient loadings, and subsequently that waterbird numbers (including Northern Pintail) are increasing if not totally recovering to previous levels (Clausen et al. 2017).


pressures_source:
Asferg, T., Clausen, P., Christensen, T.K., Bregnballe, T., Clausen, K.K., Elmeros, M., Fox, A.D., Haugaard, L., Holm, T.E., Laursen, K., Madsen, A.B., Madsen, J., Nielsen, R.D., Sunde, P. & Therkildsen, O.R. 2016. Vildtbestande og jagttider I Danmark: Det biologiske grundlag for jagttidsrevisionen 2018. Aarhus Universitet, DCE – Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi, 140 s. - Videnskabelig rapport fra DCE - Nationalt Center for Miljø og Energi nr. 195.  
Fox, A.D.,  Caizergues, A.,  Banik, M.V.,  Devos, K.,  Dvorak, M.,  Ellermaa, M.,  Folliot, B.,  Green, A.J.,  Grüneberg, C.,  Guillemain, M.,  Håland, A.,  Hornman, M.,  Keller, V.,  Koshelev, A.I.,  Kostiushyn, V.A.,  Kozulin, A.,  Lawicki, L.,  Luigujõe, L.,  Müller, C.,  Musil, P.,  Musilová, Z.,  Nilsson, L.,  Mischenko, A.,  Pöysä, H.,  Šciban, M.,  Sjenicic, J.,  Stipniece, A.,  Švažas, S. &  Wahl, J. 2016. Recent changes in the abundance of common pochard Aythya ferina breeding in Europe. – Wildfowl 66: 22–40.

pressures_info:
Wintering/breeding:
J01: A combination of sewage and industrial, but especially agricultural pollution of groundwater has caused hyper-eutrophication of lakes, which have affected their attraction to Pochard, both breeding, staging and wintering. Maribo Søerne are is of the most important autumn staging areas for the species in DK and their numbers there have increased substantially after the restoration of improved water quality, first through control of industrial, sewage and agricultural pollution and latterly through biomanipulation to restore clear waters there. 
G07: The species is hunted in Denmark with the hunting bag from the reporting period (2012-2017) deemed most likely sustainable but the continued hunting of the species requires attention. 
Mainly breeding:  
G25: Loss of fish farms. Freshwater ponds is an important breeding habitat for the species. 
G26: Intensification of fish farms in freshwater. 
I01: Predation from American Mink Neovison vison.
L07: Loss of breeding colonies of Black-headed Gull.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Bohuš, M., 2014:  Vybrané aspekty negatívneho populacného a areálového trendu krakle belasej (Coracias garrulus L. 1758) so zretelom na západné Slovensko. In: Fedor, P., Molnárová, M. (eds.): Nové horizonty environmentálnej ekológie a ochrany životného prostredia 2014. Pp. 98-107. Zborník recenzovaných vedeckých príspevkov. Univerzita Komenského v Bratislave, Bratislava, 178 pp.
Bohuš, M., Žáková, J., 2006: The food supply for the European Roller (Coracias garrulus L.1758) in the last known breeding site in Slovakia (Myths and reality of one cause of decline). p. 99. In: Book of abstracts. 1st European Congress of Conservation Biology, Eger (Hungary), 22. –  26.8.2006. 187 pp.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Karaska et al 2014


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Dravecký M., Maderic B., Topercer J., Kicko J., Danko Š., Karaska D., Guziová Z. & Šotnár K., 2015: Abundance, distribution and trend of the lesser spotted eagle (Aquila pomarina) breeding population in Slovakia. Slovak Raptor Journal. 2015;9(1): 7-44.
Kicko J., 2017: Ústup populácie orla kriklavého na limitoch
jeho rozšírenia na strednom Slovensku. Dravce a sovy 13 (2): 18-19.


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Myocastor coypus Molina, 1782;


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Karaska, D., Trnka, A., Krištin, A., Ridzon, J., 2015: Chránene vtácie územia Slovenska. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 380 pp.


pressures_source:
The suitable forest managemet for this pecies is traditional management with small-patch logging, sparce forests etc.


pressures_source:
G07 = disturbance during the hunting another species


pressures_source:
AEWA TECHNICAL SERIES No. XX  - Final Draft - International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Velvet Scoter Melanitta fusca (Western Siberia & Northern Europe/
NW Europe population).


pressures_source:
Cummins, S., Lauder, C, Lauder, A & Tierney, T. D. (2019) The status of Ireland’s Breeding Seabirds: Birds Directive Article 12 Reporting 2013 – 2018. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. XXX. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland


pressures_source:
Cummins, S., Lauder, C, Lauder, A & Tierney, T. D. (2019) The status of Ireland’s Breeding Seabirds: Birds Directive Article 12 Reporting 2013 – 2018. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. XXX. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland.


pressures_info:
No medum or high pressures or threats were identified for breeding Little Egret.


pressures_source:
No medium or high pressures or threats identified.


pressures_info:
No medium or high pressures or threats identified.


pressures_source:
Natura (2012) Ecology guidelines for electricity transmission projects: a standard approach to ecological impact assessment of high voltage transmission projects. Eirgrid Report.

pressures_info:
Collision (e.g. power lines). Unknown and little reported in Ireland. But as these birds are large and not particularly manoeuvrable (in comparison with other birds) it remains a threat. Eirgrid report (Natura 2012) list swans and geese species as high susceptibility to collision with powerlines. Note the lack of any systematic data collection for avian collisions with powerlines. The opportunity for an electrical link with France (Celtic Interconnector) was identified in EirGrids ‘Interconnector Economic Feasibility Report’ (2009). It is currently in the planning phase with a decision to be made in 2020/2021. The electricity networks in Northern Ireland and the Republic of Ireland are also due to be connected via the North/South Interconnector. There will be a lot of associated infrastructure with these interconnectors, including overhead powerlines across many counties.


pressures_source:
Crowe, O. (2019). Status of rare breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 2013 - 2018. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin, Ireland.

Best expert opinion,  Mark Ruddock, Irish Raptor Study Group, I.R.S.G.. Http://irsg.ie/irsg.html#!/

Species Action Plan for the red kite Milvus milvus in the European Union(2010) Prepared by Jeff Knott, RSPB; Peter Newbery, RSPB & Boris Barov, BirdLife International. 
Http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/milvus_milvus.pdf

R.A.P.T.O.R. Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to our Raptors (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018). Reports prepared by NPWS (DCHG) utilising results from Regional Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and The State Laboratory Department.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Red Kites in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered.

A05 - Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.)
Intensification of farming has led to habitat changes and deterioration in features which support small mammals and birds e.g. hedgerows.  Future threats include further intensification of agricultural landscape (Knott et al. 2010).

A21 - Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture
Incidents of secondary poisoning from kites consuming prey which have been poisoned by rodenticides . Please refer to R.A.P.T.O.R. reports (NPWS 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018) for further information.  Total of seven reported incidents in 2014; one in 2015; one in 2016; three in 2017; three in 2018.

G10 - Illegal shooting/killing
Incidents of illegal shooting of Red Kites. One incident reported in 2014  (Please refer to R.A.P.T.O.R. reports (NPWS 2014) for further information).  Currently, this pressure is not considered to be having a regional/national-level impact and therefore is categorised as low.  

G13 - Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning). Deliberate poisoning is considered to be more of a threat than G10 - deliberate shooting/killing with chemicals such as Alphachloralose, Carbofuran, Brodifacoum and Flocumafen used.  Incidents where exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides cause the deaths of animals are of increasing concern, particularly where red kites are killed. Anticoagulant rodenticides take some time to poison animals (the onset of symptoms is delayed to prevent target rodents from being put off bait). So, it can be difficult to identify all the sources of anticoagulant rodenticide, particularly as the species involved may hunt over a large area. Birds of prey are exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides through secondary poisoning (by eating poisoned animals), and this emphasises the need for thorough searches for carcasses after bait has been left. However, it is not only the carcases of targeted rodents that may be eaten by other animals. It is also likely, particularly where baits are in use for a long time and are not placed in appropriate positions, that other small mammals and birds could be poisoned and so have the potential to contaminate other animals. Please refer to NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports and/or see A21 above. 

D06 - Transmission of electricity and communications (cables) 
Some power-line casualties reported, but small numbers, therefore currently considered  to be low impact, but as the population expands it may be more of a threat in the future (best expert opinion, Mark Ruddock, I.R.S.G.). 

D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure
Likely this pressure will be more significant in the future as the species continues to expand from its stronghold in east Wicklow, but currently not likely to be a significant pressure given the limited breeding range of the species in Ireland.  There have been a number of reported incidents of fatalities (Crowe 2019), and with likely range expansion for Red Kites in Ireland, this conflict is likely to continue and to increase in magnitude.


pressures_source:
Draft Threat Response Plan for the Hen Harrier 2018-2022 (Prepared by the Department of Culture, Heritage & the Gaeltacht in consultation with The Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, The Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment and The Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government). 

Barton, C., Pollock, C., Norriss, D.W., Nagle, T., Oliver, G.A. & Newton, S.
(2006). The second national survey of breeding hen harriers Circus cyaneus in Ireland 2005. Irish Birds 8: 1-20.

Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S., Lusby, J. Ruddock, M., O'Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T., O'Neill, S. & O'Halloran (in press Paper 1). Anthropogenic pressures within the breeding range of the Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) in Ireland. Bird Study/Ringing & Migration. Due for publication 2019.

Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S., Lusby, J. Ruddock, M., O'Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T., O'Neill, S., Tierney, D., McCarthy, A.  & O'Halloran (in press Paper 2). Factors influencing Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus, territory site selection and breeding success. Bird Study/Ringing & Migration. Due for publication 2019.

Chadwick, A. H., Hodge, S. J. and Ratcliffe, P. R. 1997. Foxes and forestry. Edinburgh: Forestry
Commission.

Etheridge, B., Summers, R.W. & Green, R.E. (1997). The effects of illegal killing and destruction of nests by humans on the population dynamics of the Hen harrier Circus
cyaneus in Scotland. Journal of Applied Ecology 34: 1081-1105.

Fernández-Bellon,D., Lusby,J.,Bos, J., Schaub, T., McCarthy, A., Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S. & O’Halloran, J. (in prep) Expert knowledge assessment of threats and effectiveness of conservation strategies for Hen Harrier and Short-eared Owl across Europe. Work funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine.

Green, R.E. & Etheridge, B. (1999) Breeding success of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus in relation to the distribution of grouse moors and the red fox Vulpes vulpes. Journal of Applied Ecology, 36, 472-483.

Irwin, S., Wilson, M., Kelly, T.C., O’Donoghue, B., O’Mahony, B., Oliver, G., Cullen, C., O’Donoghue, T. & O’Halloran, J. (2008). Aspects of the breeding biology of hen harriers
Circus cyaneus in Ireland. Irish Birds, 8, 331-334.

Irwin, S., Wilson, W., O'Donoghue, B., O'Mahony, B., Kelly, T., O'Halloran, J. (2012). Optimum senarios for Hen Harrier Conservation in Ireland; Final Report 2012. Prepared for the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine by the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork.

Langston, R. H.W. & Pullan, J. (2003) Windfarms and Birds: An analysis of the effects of windfarms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site selection issues. RSPB/BirdLife International.

Madders, M. (2000). Habitat selection and foraging success of hen harriers Circus cyaneus in west.  Scotland.Bird Study 47: 32–40.

McGuinness, S., Muldoon, C., Tierney, N., Cummins, S., Murray, A., Egan, S. & Crowe, O. (2015) Bird Sensitivity Mapping for Wind Energy Developments and Associated Infrastructure in the Republic of Ireland. Guidance Document. BirdWatch Ireland, Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow.

NPWS (2015). Hen harrier conservation and the forestry sector in Ireland. Unpublished report prepared by National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) as part of the Hen Harrier Threat Response Plan (HHTRP).

O’Donoghue, B. (2004). The Hen Harrier in Ireland. Masters Thesis, University College Dublin. 

O’Donoghue, B. (2010). The ecology and conservation of hen harriers in Ireland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College Cork.

Ruddock, M., Madders, M., McEvoy, P. & Montgomery, I., (2008). Ecological and breeding parameters of the hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) with particular reference to the Antrim Hills and Slieve Beagh-Mullaghfad - Lisnaskea SPAs. An unpublished Quercus report to Environment & Heritage Service. 

Ruddock, M. & Dunlop, B.J., O’Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T. (2012) Republic of Ireland National Hen Harrier Survey 2010. Irish Wildlife Manual, No. 59. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland.

Ruddock, M., Mee, A., Lusby, J., Nagle, A., O’Neill, S. & O’Toole, L. (2016). The 2015 National Survey of Breeding Hen Harrier in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 93. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland.

Scallan, D. (2016) NARGC Predator Control Manual. National Association of Regional Game Councils pp60. 

Thomson, D.B.A., Stroud, D. A. & Pienkowski, M. W. (1988) Afforestation and upland birds: consequences for population ecology. In Usher, M. B. & Thomson, D. B. A. (eds.). Ecological change in the uplands. Pp 237 - 59. Blackwell Scientific , Oxford.

Wilson, M.W., Gittings, T., O’Halloran, J., Kelly, T. & Pithon, J. (2005). The distribution of hen harriers in Ireland in relation to land-use cover in general and forest cover in particular. BIOFOREST report for COFORD and EPA, University of Cork.

Wilson, M.W., Irwin, S., Norriss, D.W., Newton, S.F., Collins, K., Kelly, T.C. & O’Halloran, J. (2009) The importance of pre-thicket conifer plantations for nesting hen harriers Circus cyaneus in Ireland. Ibis 151: 332-343.

Wilson, M., Fernández-Bellon, D., Irwin, S. & O'Halloran. J. (2015) The interactions between Hen Harriers and wind turbines. WINDHARRIER. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Hen Harriers in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered:

B01 - Conversion to forest from other land uses, or afforestation (excluding drainage). Although the Hen Harrier has been shown to exhibit a preference to both forage and nest in pre-thicket forests (Wilson et al. 2005; Barton et al. 2006; Ruddock et al. 2008; Irwin et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2009) this habitat becomes largely unsuitable as the forest plantation matures (Madders 2000; O'Donoghue 2004). Furthermore as lands that are afforested are legally required to be replanted (i.e. B03 - Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (including new species and GMOs)) after the first crop the habitat change from non-forest to forest habitat is essentially a permanent one. There is a concern that as second rotation pre-thicket forest (young forests planted on land from which a first rotation has already been harvested) is associated with low levels of breeding success (Irwin 2012) the proximate benefit of early rotation pre-thicket forestry may be negated by the long-term decrease in the overall suitability of these upland areas.

A05 - Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.).  Lightly grazed heath/bog with some scrub is considered the best mix of habitats for breeding Hen harriers.  Habitat degradation and loss due to agricultural intensification is already considered to be a significant pressure having reduced the area of suitable breeding and wintering habitats for harriers. 

A13 - Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats leading to a monoculture of rye grass is not likely to benefit harriers which are known to avoid intensively managed grasslands.

A11 - Burning for agriculture and/or H08 Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above. Poorly planned or executed burning can cause long-term damage and negative impacts on vegetation, invertebrates, soil structure and hydrology, water quality and carbon storage. Uncontrolled and illegal fires can potentially damage large areas of scrub and peatland habitats supporting nesting and foraging Hen Harrier, with mechanised peat extraction also considered a pressure at some breeding sites (Ruddock et al. 2016).

I04 - Problematic native species:
These lower levels of breeding success (mentioned above) may well be due to an increased risk of nest predation (Thompson et al. 1988; Chadwick et al. 1997; Etheridge et al. 1997; O'Donoghue 2010).  A total of 20% of breeding failures were attributed to predation during the 2015 national Hen Harrier survey (Ruddock et al. 2016) with predation by other birds and mammals (e.g. foxes) thought to be the most frequent culprits in both the Stacks to Mullaghareirk Mountains, West Limerick Hills & Mount Eagle SPA (4161) and in the Slieve Aughties (4168). Predation can be a limiting factor in the nest success of harriers (Green & Etheridge 1999).

A02 - Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning).  In Ireland breeding Hen Harrier utilise pre-thicket forestry, heath/bog habitats as well as rough/wet grasslands, hedgerows and scrub (Ruddock et al. 2016). It has been shown that this species actively avoids improved agricultural grassland (Irwin et al. 2012). As further afforestation is likely to target more marginal agricultural land as opposed to improved grassland and also due to the fact that a large proportion of the Irish Hen Harrier population now exists outside of the SPA network the planting of forest on open ground (i.e. afforestation) is considered to be both a current pressure and future threat.

B03 - Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (including new species and GMOs). A substantial proportion of Ireland’s breeding Hen Harrier’s range is associated with commercial forestry. Hen Harrier show a preference to both forage and nest in prethicket forestry and particularly in second rotation plantations of exotic conifers (Wilson et al. 2005; Barton et al. 2006; Ruddock et al. 2008; Irwin et al. 2008; Wilson et al. 2009). Studies have shown that there was a positive association between changes in numbers of Hen Harrier nests between 2000 and 2005 and changes in the area of pre-thicket second rotation plantations over the same period (Wilson et al. 2009).  However this resource is only available for a minority of the overall life cycle of the forest and when the area of the plantation matures the usefulness of the area as a foraging and nesting habitat significantly declines (Madders 2000; O'Donoghue 2004). If large proportions of the forest estate in a Hen Harrier breeding area are of a similar age then coincident maturation of the various plantations could potentially reduce the overall usefulness of the area for this species for a particular period. Furthermore as second rotation pre-thicket forest is associated with low levels of breeding success and as second rotation pre-thicket forest is a preferred habitat for nesting in Ireland it has been suggested that Hen Harriers may be making suboptimal selections from the habitats available to them in the landscape (Irwin et al. 2012; Wilson et al. 2012). As the breeding productivity rates for this species in Ireland are already relatively low any further reduction in these rates is a cause for concern. The potential of forestry related activities to disturb or displace nesting Hen Harriers is minimised within the SPA network through current forestry regulation, however the potential exists for such activities to impact at the site level in areas outside of the SPA network.

B16 - Wood transport – Includes the construction and maintenance of logging roads and tracks (support forestry operations) wood transport within the forest and poor management of wood transport.  Current ‘Red Zone’ protocol in place within the SPAs to eliminate this pressure, but still occurs outwith SPAs.  Significant pressure (i.e disturbance) to nesting harriers, depending on the timing and proximity of  such activities, with this pressure being listed as one of the most frequently occurring by surveyors during the national survey (Ruddock et al. 2016; Fernandez-Bellon in prep).

D01 Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure. Disturbance, displacement and collision risk are the potential effects of wind power on Hen Harriers (Langston & Pullan 2003) with two recent (2019) reported collisions in Ireland from wind turbines. In Ireland, a minimum 2km buffer zone around known breeding sites is proposed to avoid adverse impacts on this sensitive species (McGuinness et al. 2015).  While collision risk is not considered a high threat for harriers, a reduction in abundance of some bird prey species of harriers may be a consequence of wind farm developments (Wilson et al. 2015; Caravaggi et al. in press, Paper 2) and any knock-on effects on breeding success.  A total of 28% of 10km x 10km squares in the Irish uplands occupied by breeding Hen Harriers have experienced the installation of wind farms since 2000 with the project outcomes indicating possibly lower breeding success for nests closer than 1km to a wind turbine, albeit the study was constrained by scale and low numbers of harriers (Wilson et al. 2015).

N03 - Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change.  Rainfall and climatic instability early in the breeding season can negatively impact subsequent breeding success inferring that the population is at risk of future climate changes with predicted warmer and wetter springs and drier summers affecting the timing of prey availability for Hen Harrier prey species' e.g. small passerines  (Caravaggi et al. in press, Paper 2).

Given the numbers of pressures/threats which can be reported in Section 7.1 above is limited to number (i.e. 10), the following pressures and/threats could not be included but are regarded as having significant impacts (medium-level).

L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation)
Indications that at least in some SPAs, the Pine Marten, (a native predator) is contributing to nest failures (Ruddock et al. 2016).  

C05 - Peat extraction: Peat extraction activities can cause disturbance to breeding harriers and affect the quality and extent of foraging habitat. Turf cutting was recorded as a potential disturbance activity in areas occupied by breeding Hen Harriers during the recent national survey (Ruddock et al. 2016).


pressures_source:
Draft Threat Response Plan for the Hen Harrier 2018-2022 (Prepared by the Department of Culture, Heritage & the Gaeltacht in consultation with The Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine, The Department of Communications, Climate Action and Environment and The Department of Housing, Planning and Local Government). 

Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S., Lusby, J. Ruddock, M., O'Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T., O'Neill, S. & O'Halloran (in press Paper 1). Anthropogenic pressures within the breeding range of the Hen Harrier (Circus cyaneus) in Ireland. Bird Study/Ringing & Migration. Due for publication 2019.

Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S., Lusby, J. Ruddock, M., O'Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T., O'Neill, S., Tierney, D., McCarthy, A.  & O'Halloran (in press Paper 2). Factors influencing Hen Harrier, Circus cyaneus, territory site selection and breeding success. Bird Study/Ringing & Migration. Due for publication 2019.

Fernández-Bellon,D., Lusby,J.,Bos, J., Schaub, T., McCarthy, A., Caravaggi, A., Irwin, S. & O’Halloran, J. (in prep) Expert knowledge assessment of threats and effectiveness of conservation strategies for Hen Harrier and Short-eared Owl across Europe. Work funded by the Department of Agriculture, Food & the Marine.

Hen Harrier Project (2019) Hen Harrier Programme: Hen Harrier Monitoring 2018. Unpublished Report.

Irwin, S., Wilson, W., O'Donoghue, B., O'Mahony, B., Kelly, T., O'Halloran, J. (2012). Optimum senarios for Hen Harrier Conservation in Ireland; Final Report 2012. Prepared for the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine by the School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University College Cork.

Langston, R. H.W. & Pullan, J. (2003) Windfarms and Birds: An analysis of the effects of windfarms on birds, and guidance on environmental assessment criteria and site selection issues. RSPB/BirdLife International.

Lohr, M.T. (2018) Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment Vol 643, 134-144.

McGuinness, S., Muldoon, C., Tierney, N., Cummins, S., Murray, A., Egan, S. & Crowe, O. (2015) Bird Sensitivity Mapping for Wind Energy Developments and Associated Infrastructure in the Republic of Ireland. Guidance Document. BirdWatch Ireland, Kilcoole, Co. Wicklow.

NPWS (2015). Hen harrier conservation and the forestry sector in Ireland. Unpublished report prepared by National Parks & Wildlife Service (NPWS) as part of the Hen Harrier Threat Response Plan (HHTRP).

O’Donoghue, B. (2010). The ecology and conservation of hen harriers in Ireland. Unpublished PhD thesis, University College Cork.

Ruddock, M. & Dunlop, B.J., O’Toole, L., Mee, A., Nagle, T. (2012) Republic of Ireland National Hen Harrier Survey 2010. Irish Wildlife Manual, No. 59. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Dublin, Ireland.

Ruddock, M., Mee, A., Lusby, J., Nagle, A., O’Neill, S. & O’Toole, L. (2016). The 2015 National Survey of Breeding Hen Harrier in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 93. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland.

Ruiz-Suárez, N., Henríquez-Hernández, L.A., Valerón, P.F., Boada, L.D.B., Zumbado, M., Camacho, M., Almeida-González,M & Luzardo, O.P., 2014. Assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in six raptor species from the Canary Islands (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 485:371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.094.

Wilson, M.W., Gittings, T., O’Halloran, J., Kelly, T. & Pithon, J. (2005). The distribution of hen harriers in Ireland in relation to land-use cover in general and forest cover in particular. BIOFOREST report for COFORD and EPA, University of Cork.

Wilson, M., Fernández-Bellon, D., Irwin, S. & O'Halloran. J. (2015) The interactions between Hen Harriers and wind turbines. WINDHARRIER. School of Biological, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University College Cork.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to wintering Hen Harriers in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered. 

A02 - Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another (excluding drainage and burning).  In Ireland breeding Hen Harrier utilise pre-thicket forestry, heath/bog habitats as well as rough/wet grasslands, hedgerows and scrub (Ruddock et al. 2016). It has been shown that this species actively avoids improved agricultural grassland (Irwin et al. 2012) with an arable mix of habitats important for wintering birds. As further afforestation is likely to target more marginal agricultural land as opposed to improved grassland and also due to the fact that a large proportion of the Irish Hen Harrier population now exists outside of the SPA network the planting of forest on open ground (i.e. afforestation) is considered to be both a current pressure and future threat.

A03 - Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production.  Habitat degradation and loss due to agricultural intensification is considered to be a current pressure and future threat reducing the area of suitable habitats for Hen Harriers.

A13 - Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats leading to a monoculture of rye grass is not likely to benefit harriers which are known to avoid intensively managed grasslands.

A15 - Tillage practices (e.g. ploughing) in agriculture.  In the southeast,  wintering harriers are often associated with arable land which is used as foraging habitat, particularly where tillage is retained as stubble over the winter period, supporting prey species of harriers (O’Donoghue 2010). 

A21- Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture.
Impact of anticoagulant rodenticides through secondary poisoning of adults and chicks (Ruiz-Suárez et al. 2014; Lohr 2018) with associated negative effects on survival and nest success.
D01 Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure. Disturbance, displacement and collision risk are the potential effects of wind power on Hen Harriers (Langston & Pullan 2003) with two recent reported collisions (in 2019) in Ireland from wind turbines.   In Ireland, a minimum 2km buffer zone around known breeding sites is proposed to avoid adverse impacts on this sensitive species (McGuinness et al. 2015).  Collision risk is not been considered a high threat for harriers (although recent incidents highlight two reported fatalities in 2019 in Ireland), a reduction in abundance of some bird prey species of harriers may also be associated with wind farm developments (Wilson et al. 2015; Caravaggi et al. in press, Paper 2) and any knock-on effects on breeding success.  A total of 28% of 10km x 10km squares in the Irish uplands occupied by breeding Hen Harriers have experienced the installation of wind farms since 2000 with the project outcomes indicating possibly lower breeding success for nests closer than 1km to a wind turbine, albeit the study was constrained by scale and low numbers of harriers (Wilson et al. 2015).

The pressures/threats listed above are those considered to be of medium/high ranking importance for wintering Hen Harriers.  In addition, the following pressures/threats are currently ranked as low:

C01 - Extraction of minerals (e.g. rock, metal ores, gravel, sand, shell) - relevant to wintering harriers

G10 - Illegal shooting/killing - considered a lower pressure/threat to wintering populations away from breeding grounds

F07 - Sports, tourism and leisure activities - in particular disturbance by humans as a result of those activities.


pressures_source:
Hughes, J., Sharp, E., Taylor, M.J., Melton, L., Hartley, G., 2013. Monitoring agricultural rodenticide use and secondary exposure of raptors in Scotland. Ecotoxicology 22: 974–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1074-9. 

Lohr, M.T. (2018) Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment Vol 643, 134-144.

Noguera, J.C., Pérez, I. & Mínguez, E. (2010) Impact of terrestrial windfarms on diurnal raptors: developing a spatial vulnerability index and potential vulnerability maps. Ardeola 57(1), 41-53.

NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports (2013-2018 inclusive) available online at https://www.npws.ie/research-projects/animal-species/birds/raptor-protocol

Pearce-Higgins, J.W., Stephen, L., Langston, R.H.W., Bainbridge, I.P., Bullman, R. (2009). The distribution of breeding birds around upland wind energy. Journal of Applied Ecology, 46: 1323- 1331. 

Rooney, E., Reid, N., & Montgomery, W. I. (2014). Supplementary feeding increases Common Buzzard Buteo buteo productivity but only in poor-quality habitat. Ibis, 157(1), 181-185. https://doi.org/10.1111/ibi.12218

pressures_info:
The following pressures/threats are considered to be the most relevant including:

A06 - Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing) - Tall rank grass may hinder hunting in Buzzards (Rooney et al. 2014). Pairs nesting in low-quality habitats (bog, scrub and semi-natural grassland) tend to lay later and have lower hatching success, smaller broods and fewer fledglings than those in more productive agricultural landscapes (Rooney et al. 2014).

G10 - Illegal shooting/killing. The reported number of reported incidents in recent years is significant with 1 bird reported 'shot & poisoned' in 2018; 6 shot in 2017;  4 shot in 2016 and 1 'shot & poisoned' in 2016; 2 shot in 2015 and 4 'shot & poisoned' in 2015; 4 shot in 2014 (NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports 2013-2018).  Likely this pressure will continue as the species continues to expand its range.

G13 - Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning). The reported number of poisoning incidents in recent years is significant with 10 birds reported poisoned in 2018; 5 in 2017;  8 in 2016; 11 in 2015; 13 in 2014 (NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports 2013-2018). Likely this pressure will continue as the species continues to expand its range.

D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure.  The continued expansion of wind energy developments at terrestrial sites will likely have an effect on the breeding population through increased collision risk and/or displacement, with an avoidance distance from turbines of 500m or less for Buzzards (Pearce-Higgins et al. 2009; Noguera 2010).

A21 - Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture - Like other raptors (including the Peregrine), Buzzards are susceptible to secondary poisoning i.e. rodenticides (Hughes et al. 2013; Lohr 2018), but likely this pressure and threat is not having an impact on a national scale.


pressures_source:
Crowe, O. (2019). Status of rare breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 2013 - 2018. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin, Ireland.

Fielding, A.H. & Haworth, P.F. (2014). Golden Eagles in the South of Scotland: An Overview. Scottish Natural Heritage commissioned Report No. 626, SNH, Battleby.

Langford, K.H., M. Reid, & K.V. Thomas (2013). The occurrence of second generation anticoagulant rodenticides in non-target raptor species in Norway. Science of the Total Environment 205:450–451. 

Kelly, T.R., R.H. Poppenga, L.A. Woods, Y.Z. Hernandez, W.M. Boyce, F.J. Samaniego, S.G. Torres, & C.K. Johnson (2014). Causes of mortality and unintentional poisoning in predatory and scavenging birds in California. Veterinary Record Open 0:e000028.  10.1136/vropen-2014-000028. 

Mee, A. (2012) An overview of monitoring for Raptors in Ireland. Acrocephalus 33 (154/155): 239-245.

R.A.P.T.O.R. Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to our Raptors (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018). Reports prepared by NPWS (DCHG) utilising results from Regional Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and The State Laboratory Department.

Walker, D. (2017). A fieldworker’s guide to the Golden Eagle. Whittles Publishing, Dunbeath..

Watson, J. & Whitfield, D.P. (2002). A conservation framework for the Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos in Scotland. J. Raptor. Res. 36: 41–49.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Golden Eagles in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered:

A06 - Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing). Availability of suitable prey is linked to more open grazed (not overgrazed) landscapes.

G10 - Illegal shooting/killing and G13 - Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning). Deliberate poisoning with chemicals such as Alphachloralose, Carbofuran, Brodifacoum and Flocumafen found in other raptors. No reported shooting/poisoning incidents for Golden eagles during the reporting period, but still considered a pressure, given the population is small. Please refer to NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports.

A10 - Extensive grazing or undergrazing by livestock
Although habitat quality and extent has been highlighted as a limiting factor in securing more sucessful expansion of the Golden Eagle the interactions between various land-use types and changes are complex.  In Scotland, while heavy grazing pressure by sheep and deer has affected the availability of Golden Eagle prey including Red Grouse and hares (Watson & Whitfield 2002) eagles can also feed on carrion from dead grazing animals e.g. sheep and deer (Walker 2017).  Grazing pressure needs to be managed as part of the wider conservation measures. 

N03 - Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change.
Bad weather can affect productivity, with prey delivery reduced during periods of heavy rainfall (Fielding & Haworth 2014). Therefore any increase in the frequency of periods of heavy rainfall in the future, could have detrimental impacts on breeding attempts outcomes.

D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure
Likely this pressure will be more significant in the future if the species expands from its stronghold in the northwest,  but currently not likely to be a significant pressure given the limited breeding range of the species in Ireland.

B01 - Conversion to forest from other land uses, or afforestation (excluding drainage). Afforestation responsible for direct loss of foraging habitat (Mee 2012).


pressures_source:
Butet, A., Michel, N., Rantier, Y., Comor, V., Hubert-Moy, L., Nabucet, J. & Delettre, Y. (2010) Responses of common buzzard (Buteo buteo) and Eurasian kestrel (Falco tinnunculus) to land use changes in agricultural landscapes of Western France. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, Vol. 138, Issues 3-4, pages 152-159.

Caloni, F., Berny, P., Croubels, S., Sachana, M. & Guitart, R. (2018) Chapter 3 - Epidemiology of Animal Poisonings in Europe. In Veterinary Toxicology (Third Edition), Basic and Clinical Principles, pp 45-56.

Garratt, C.M., Hughes, M., Eagle, G., Fowler, T., Grice, P.V. & Whittingham, M.J. (2011) Foraging habitat selection by breeding Common Kestrels Falco tinnunculus on lowland farmland in England. Bird Study, Vol. 58, Issue 1, pp 90-98.

Lohr, M.T. (2018) Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment Vol 643, 134-144.

Lusby, J., O'Clery, M., McGuiness, S., Tosh, D. & Crowe, O. (2019). The interactions between Barn Owls and major roads: informing management and mitigation. Draft report by BirdWatch Ireland to Transport Infrastructure Ireland. 

Movalli, P., Krone, O., Osborn, D. & Pain, D. (2018) Monitoring contaminants, emerging infectious diseases and environmental change with raptors, and links to human health. Bird Study, Vol. 65, Issue sup1: Research and monitoring for and with raptors in Europe: Proceedings of the final EURAPMON conference.
	
Movali, P. et al., 2019 [on line]  Progress on bringing together raptor collections in Europe for contaminant research and monitoring in relation to chemicals regulation. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.  Https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05340-6 

RSPB Kestrel Project http://ww2.rspb.org.uk/our-work/conservation/conservation-projects/details/313411-causes-of-kestrel-population-decline 

Smiddy, P. (2017) Diet of the common kestrel Falco tinnunculus in east Cork and west Waterford: an insight into the dynamics of invasive mammal species. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy. Vol. 117B, No. 3, pp 131-138.

Walker, L.A., Chaplow, J.S., Llewellyn, N.R., Pereira M.G., Potter, E.D., Sainsbury, A.W., & Shore, R.F.(2013). Anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory birds 2011: a Predatory Bird Monitoring Scheme (PBMS) report. Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster, UK. 29pp.

pressures_info:
The following pressures/threats are considered to be the most relevant and current to breeding Kestrel including:

A05 - Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.) - loss of connectivity through removal of the hedgerow network for example can impact availability of prey species, movement etc. and intensification of farming (i.e. A03 - Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production) is also considered to be negatively affecting the population (Butet et al. 2010; Garrat et al. 2011).  Likely these will continue to be a threat into the next reporting period.

A21 - Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture. Deliberate primary or secondary poisoning of raptors due to pesticides are of increasing concern (Walker et al. 2013; Caloni et al. 2018; Lohr 2018; Movalli et al. 2018) and likely this pressure will continue.

L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens). An RSPB-funded study in the UK  is looking into the causes of declines in Kestrel populations and one of the factors they are investigating is whether incresed predation from Buzzards, Ravens and Goshawks and whether increased nest site competition from Jackdaws and Barn Owls are having an effect, but as yet, no further information available.


pressures_source:
Bleasdale, A. (1998) Overgrazing in the West of Ireland - assessing solutions, In G. O'Leary & F.Gormley (eds). Towards a Conservation Strategy for the Bogs of Ireland, 67-78. Irish Peatland Conservation Council, Dublin.

DAFM (2013) Food harvest 2020; http://www.agriculture.gov.ie/agrifoodindustry/foodharvest2020/

DCENR (2012) Strategy for renewable energy: 2012 - 2020; http//www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/9472D68A-40F4041B8-B8FD-F5F788D4207A/0/RenewableEnergyStrategy2012-2020.pdf.

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (2014) Ireland's Forests - Annual Statistics 2014. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin.

Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (2014) Forests, Products and People. Ireland's Forest Policy - A Renewed Vision. Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin.

Expert opinion - J. Lusby, BirdWatch Ireland; http://www.birdwatchireland.ie

Fernández-Bellon, D., Carroll, D. and Lusby, J. Pilot Merlin Survey (2010) BirdWatch Ireland.

Fernández-Bellon, D., Wilson, M.W., Irwin, S. & O'Halloran, J. (2018) Effects of development of wind energy and associated changes in land use on bird densities in upland areas. Conservation Biology Vol. 33, Issue 2, 413-422.  https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.13239 

Glaves, D., Morecroft, M., Fitzgibbon, C., Owen, M., Phillips, S. & Leppitt, P. (2013)Natural England Review of Upland Evidence 2012 - The effects of managed burning on upland peatland biodiversity, carbon and water. Natural England Evidence Review, Number 004.

Lusby, J., Corkery, I., McGuinness, S., Fernández-Bellon, D., Toal, L., Norriss, D., Breen, D., O'Donaill. A., Clarke, D., Irwin, S., Quinn, J. and O'Halloran, J. (2017) Breeding ecology and habitat selection of Merlin Falco columbarius in forested landscapes. Bird Study, 64 (4):445-454.

Norriss, D. W., Harran, B., Hennigan, J., McElheron, A., McLaughlin, D. J., Swan, V. & Walsh, A.,Wilson, H.J. (2010)  Breeding biology of Merlins Falco columbarius in Ireland, 1986-1992. Irish Birds. 9; 23-30.

Newton, I., Meek, E.R. & Little, B. 1986. Population and breeding of Northumbrian Merlins. Br. Birds 79: 155–170.

Orchel, J. 1992. Forest Merlins in Scotland: their requirements and management. Hawk and Owl Trust, London.
 
Parr, S.J. 1991. Occupation of new conifer plantations by Merlins in Wales. Bird Study 38: 103–111.

Rebecca, G.W. 2006. The breeding ecology of the Merlin Falco columbarius aesalon, with particular reference to north-east Scotland and land-use change. PhD Thesis, Open University

Ruddock, M., Mee, A., Lusby, J., Nagle, A., O’Neill, S. & O’Toole, L. (2016). The 2015 National Survey of Breeding Hen Harrier in Ireland. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. 93. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of the Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland. Https://www.npws.ie/sites/default/files/publications/pdf/IWM93.pdf

pressures_info:
Clear-cutting, removal of all trees (B09): Breeding Merlin predominantly select conifer plantations for nesting in Ireland. The nesting preference of mature trees makes them vulnerable to disturbance from forest operations, particularly given the difficulties in detecting breeding Merlin (Lusby et al. 2017).  Furthermore, while Merlin nest in forest plantations, the presence of open suitable habitats in proximity to forests influences nest site selection and breeding success and while they select conifer forests at the nest site scale, their use or avoidance of this habitat for foraging is not known (J. Lusby, best expert opinion). In Ireland, given the limited availability of suitable heather moorland for ground nesting, afforestation may have allowed Merlin to exploit nesting opportunities in areas with open suitable foraging habitat but where preferred ground nesting options are limited. However, once suitable nest sites are available, the extent of forest cover may subsequently have a negative effect on Merlin, as has been reported for some Merlin populations in Britain (Newton et al. 1978, Orchel 1992, Rebecca 2006).

In southwest Scotland, it has been estimated that a minimum of 20 km2 of grass and heather moorland, within a mosaic of approximately 60% moorland and 40% forest within 4 km of nests is necessary for Merlin territories to remain viable (Orchel 1992). In Wales, a proportion of 70–80% moor adjacent to nests was deemed necessary to sustain Merlin populations (Parr 1991). The average proportion of open suitable habitats (peat bog, natural grassland and moors and heathland) within 5 km of breeding territories recorded by this study was 59%, which is slightly lower than UK estimates at the 4 km scale (Parr 1991, Orchel 1992). The average proportion of total forest cover within 5 km of breeding Merlin territories in Ireland was 11%, and did not exceed 35% land cover within 5 km of a nest (Lusby et al. 2017). Although this study did not detect a relationship between breeding performance and the extent of forest cover within breeding territories, it is likely that where forest cover is more extensive than observed within the territories in this study (e.g. over 35% forest cover with 5 km surrounding nest sites), the suitability for breeding Merlin would be reduced. Based on the extensive afforestation within parts of the breeding range for Merlin in Ireland this pressure is listed as a high impact.

Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species (B03) - This pressure and/threat refers to the impact of replanting on breeding Merlin and the continuation of habitat loss. 

Conversion into agricultural land (excluding drainage and burning) (A01): This existing pressure and threat refers to the reduction and loss of suitable foraging and nesting habitat for Merlin through agricultural intensification which has occurred over the past six years and which is likely to continue over the next 12 year period. Merlin were traditionally reliant on heather moorland for foraging and nesting in Ireland. There has been a major decrease in heather cover over the past century in Ireland (Bleasdale 1998) due in part to agricultural intensification related to the increase in sheep numbers on marginal upland habitats. Norriss et al. (2011) linked population declines to loss of heather moorland. Lusby et al. (2017) showed that the proportion of open suitable habitats influence nest site selection and breeding success of Merlin in Ireland. Further reductions in the foraging quality arising from agricultural intensification of open moorland and grassland habitat in upland areas may well impact at the population level to some degree.  Although the scale of agricultural intensification may have slowed during the current reporting period predicting the extent, location and impact of future intensification is difficult at this stage.

Peat extraction (C05): Peat extraction activities can cause disturbance to breeding Merlin and affect the quality and extent of foraging habitat. Turf cutting was recorded as a potential disturbance activity in areas occupied by breeding Merlin during the Pilot Merlin Survey in 2010 (Fernández et al. 2011).

Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure (D01): In the context on current pressures and threats to the population of Merlin in Ireland this category is exclusively related to wind energy production. Wind farm developments have the ability to negatively impact this species through the loss of foraging and nesting habitat, disturbance, displacement, collision and reduced hunting success, however there is limited comprehensive data on the specific impacts of each of these aspects on Merlin or the potential for wind farms to impact at the population level in Ireland. Based on the limited biological data available and informed by the recent level of wind farm development and the possible rate of this industry’s expansion over the next 12 years it is considered appropriate to assign a medium level of impact for this category.

In addition to the (high/medium ranking) presssures and threats identified above the following low ranking pressures/threats are also detailed given the lack of certaintity regarding their impact on breeding Merlin:

A03 - Conversion from mixed farming and agri-forestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop production). The specialisation to single crop production, away from mixed agri-forestry systems, leads to increased field sizes, loss of crop rotation, loss of field margins, autumn sowing of farm crops, all of which would mean loss of potentially suitable foraging habitats for Merlin with associated losses in prey abundance and diversity.

A11 - Burning for agriculture. Burning in upland peatland habitats could jeopardise the nests and eggs of Merlin (Glaves et al. 2013).


pressures_source:
Burke, B., Clarke, D., Fitzpatrick, A., Carnus,T and MacMahon, B.J. (2015) Population status and factors affecting the productivity of peregrine falcon Falco peregrinus in County Wicklow, Ireland, 2008 -2012. Biology and Environment: Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy 2015.

Hughes, J., Sharp, E., Taylor, M.J., Melton, L., Hartley, G., 2013. Monitoring agricultural rodenticide use and secondary exposure of raptors in Scotland. Ecotoxicology 22: 974–984. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-013-1074-9. 

Hutchinson, C.D. (1989) Birds in Ireland. T & A.D. Poyser.

Lohr, M.T. (2018) Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment Vol 643, 134-144.

NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports (2013-2018 inclusive) available online at https://www.npws.ie/research-projects/animal-species/birds/raptor-protocol

Noguera, J.C., Pérez, I. & Mínguez, E. (2010) Impact of terrestrial windfarms on diurnal raptors: developing a spatial vulnerability index and potential vulnerability maps. Ardeola  57(1), 41-53.

O’Brien, I. (2013) 2013 Summary Report on the breeding survey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the North West region of Ireland. National Parks & Wildlife Service.

O’Brien, I. (2014) Annual Summary Report on the 2014 Breeding Survey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the West of Ireland. National Parks & Wildlife Service.

O’Brien, I. (2015) Annual Report on the Breeding Survey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in Western Ireland in 2015. National Parks & Wildlife Service .

O’Brien, I. (2016) Annual Summary Report on the 2016 Breeding Survey of the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the west of Ireland. National Parks & Wildlife Service .

O’Brien, I. (2017) Report on Annual Breeding Survey of Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus) in the west of Ireland for 2017. National Parks & Wildlife Service .

Ratcliffe, D.A. 1993. The Peregrine Falcon, 2nd edn. T. & A.D. Poyser, London.

Temple Lang, J. 1970 Peregrine survey. In Report of the Irish Wild Bird Conservancy. 

Trenck, K.T. 2016. Peregrine falcon egg pollutants mirror Stockholm POPs list including methylmercury. Toxicol. Environ. Chem. 98: 886–923. doi: 10.1080/02772248.2015.1126717.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to the Peregrine population in Ireland a number of known and potential impacts were considered. 

With regards G10 - Illegal shooting/killing: Peregrine is not on the open seasons order but a number of shooting as well as deliberate poisoning incidents have been recorded and or suspected (NPWS R.A.P.T.O.R. Reports, 2013-2018). Therefore the precise extent of this persecution pressure and threat is not fully known, but is not considered to be having an impact at regional/national level, but could be a pressure/threat to local populations and is therefore regarded as low.

With regards to G11 - Illegal harvesting, collecting and taking of falcons from the nest: Although a limited number of young Peregrine chicks have been taken 'under licence from the National Parks & Wildlife Service' from the wild during this reporting period (5 or less per annum) under supervised conditions for the purposes of falconry, the precise number of chicks that are illegally taken from the wild is not fully known. This pressure is currently assessed as low but the activity relating to falconers checking nests for chicks H08 - Other human intrusions and disturbance not mentioned above) is considered to be a pressure in some areas, in particular at vulnerable accessible nest sites (Burke et al. 2015) and concerns that the extent of this activity may increase to a regional scale in the future.

In addition to the pressures and threats identified above, the following pressures and threats have been ranked as low with further information provided:

D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure.  Some studies have flagged the vulnerability of Peregrine to collision risk with wind turbines (Noguera et al. 2010), while others have indicated its sensitivity to displacement from wind farms is low (Madders & Whitfield, 2006).  Overall, the pressure from wind, wave and tidal power is not considered to currently be having a negative impact on the national/regional populations.

A36 Agricultural activities not referred to above - Possible links between poor breeding performance of upland Peregrine populations in the UK and declining prey base (i.e. poorer food abundance and availability) have been mooted (Wilson et al. 2018).  Likely changes in the habitat extent and quality of upland habitats and their management are some of the possible drivers of these changes.  Historically, the Peregrine was not considered to breed in the Midlands (Hutchinson 1989), possibly due to other human pressures including persecution, but results from the latest national survey in 2017 (IRSG, best expert opinion), indicate the range expansion into more lowland areas including the Midlands.
 
A21 - Use of plant protection chemiclas in agriculture - Peregrines are susceptible to secondary poisoning i.e. rodenticides (Hughes et al. 2013; Lohr 2018). 

G13 - Poisoning of animals (excluding lead poisoning) - Peregrines remain exposed to a wide range environmental pollutants, the effects of which are, for the most part, poorly understood (Ratcliffe 1993; Schwarz et al. 2016).


pressures_source:
Crowe, O. (2019). Status of rare breeding birds in the Republic of Ireland 2013 - 2018. Unpublished report to the National Parks and Wildlife Service, Dublin, Ireland.

European Union Management Plan 2009-2011. Common Quail Coturnix coturnix. (2009)

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Quail in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered (see below). Please refer to Crowe (2019) for further detail.

A08 - Mowing/cutting of grasslands
Destruction/modification of the breeding and staging habitats, linked to intensification of agriculture (change of crops and agricultural practices).

A23 - Use of other pest control methods in agriculture (excluding tillage)
Destruction/modification of the breeding and staging habitats, linked to intensification of agriculture (including use of pesticides).

N02 -  Droughts and decreases in precipitation due to climate change
Droughts and climate change in wintering areas and in some breeding areas.

G07 - Hunting - pressure in some Member States (Refer to EU Management Plan 2009-2011) Common Quail, Coturnix coturnix. 

I02 - Problematic invasive species of Union concern (e.g. Mink; brown rat) and I04 -  Problematic native species (including ground predators such as Red foxes, Stoat)


pressures_source:
NPWS (2015) A Framework For Corncrake Conservation to 2022. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage & the Gaeltacht. 03 November 2015.

O’Donoghue, B. (2019). Corncrake supporting document for Article 12 reporting period 2013-2018. National Parks & Wildlife Service, Killarney.

International Single Species Action Plan for the Conservation of the Corncrake Crex crex (2006). CMS technical Series No. 14; AEWA Technical Series No. 9. 

The Corncrake Conservation Project. Annual Report 2018. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
Corncrake Conservation Project. Annual Report 2017. Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

Annual Report of the Corncrake Conservation Project 2016. Compiled for the National Parks & Wildlife Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage, Regional, Rural and Gaeltacht Affairs.

Annual Report of the Corncrake Conservation Project in Ireland 2014. Compiled by Marie Duffy for the National Parks & Wildlife Service, Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
 
Annual Report of the Corncrake Project 2013.  Report prepared by Michael Cunningham & Pat Warner for the National Parks & Wildlife Service of the Department of Arts, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Corncrakes in Ireland, a number of known and potential pressures were considered, all of which are outlined in ‘A Framework for Corncrake Conservation to 2022’ document (Version November 2015) and in the national and international species action plans (see Sources). 

A08 - Mowing or cutting of grasslands
The impact of mowing/cutting of grasslands during the breeding season of the Corncrake are well-known including risks to nesting adults and young.  Centre-out mowing of meadow/silage fields along with delaying mowing/harvesting of fields with calling males. 

A06 - Abandonment of grassland management (e.g. cessation of grazing or mowing)
While this pressure can initially lead to higher densities of calling males, lands ultimately become less useful as vegetation becomes more rank and inaccessible. 

L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogens)
Nests are particularly vulnerable to predators if there is a lack of cover either early in the season, due to lack of early cover availability or after harvesting for late second brood chicks, where cover is inadequate.

M08 - Flooding (natural processes)
Summer flooding in the Shannon Callows has been a major cause of the disappearance of Corncrake from the meadows there, with more frequent summer flooding (caused by heavy rainfall) since 2000 responsible for an acute level of breeding failures that saw numbers fall from 23 in 2005 to none in 2015.  With the former strongold of the callows extirpated, the likelihood of summer flooding threatening populations elsewhere is considered to be moderate in terms of future threats to the remaining population.

N03 - Increases or changes in precipitation due to climate change
This threat is linked to M08- Flooding with the possibility of warmer and wetter springs adversely affecting the outcomes for nesting Corncrakes through increased risk of nest failures and losses of suitable nesting/foraging habitat.

A09 - Intensive grazing or overgrazing by livestock
Impact of sheep-grazing on sward height can have negative consequences for Corncrakes.  By limiting and managing grazing to allow the growth of vegetation of suitable structure and species composition to provide sufficient tall vegetation which will provide cover throughout the summer to allow Corncrakes to nest and raise broods successfully.
This pressure can reduce the availability of suitable Corncrake habitat.

A31 - Drainage for use as agricultural land
Linked to A03 – conversion from mixed farming to single crop production, this pressure/threat can cause loss of suitable breeding habitat, deterioration in habitat quality and loss of potential food supply for chicks as drainage activities can impact on local invertebrate abundance.

A03 - Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production
The traditional type of farming prior to the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) era suited Corncrakes. Farming was mixed, whereby a single farm could have had cows, sheep, pigs, poultry, tillage and vegetables supporting a mosaic of habitats from oats to meadows to gardens and pastures. Oats were generally planted in the Autumn and provided cover for Corncrakes upon their arrival from Africa in late Spring and early Summer, along with other patches of cover that included Yellow Iris and Nettles. Following the harvest of the oats, meadows that were relatively light in yield would have provided cover for breeding Corncrakes and these meadows would not have been cut for hay until late in the summer, by which time the Corncrakes could have reared one or two broods. The advent of more specialised and intensive agriculture saw a change from natural and semi-natural grassland to high yielding and thick rye-grass swards and earlier and more frequent harvesting causing declines in many farmland birds including the Corncrake.


pressures_source:
Best expert opinion - J. Wilson.

Heward, C.J., Hoodless, A.N., Conway, G.J., Aebischer, N.J., Gillings, S. & Fuller, R.J. (2015) Current status and recent trend of the Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola as a breeding bird in Britain, Bird Study, 62:4, 535-551, DOI: 10.1080/00063657.2015.1092497

Sánchez-García, C., Harris, E., Deacon, A., Bray, R., & Hoodless, A. (2018). Is cestode infection intensity associated with decreased body condition in the Eurasian woodcock Scolopax rusticola? Journal of Helminthology, 92(1), 42-48. doi:10.1017/S0022149X17000037

pressures_info:
For undertaking an assessment of the pressures and threats to Woodcock in Ireland, a number of known and potential impacts were considered (see below).

A05 Removal of small landscape features e.g. hedges & A06 - Abandonment of grassland management
Permanent pastures land, meadows and hedges are preserved in the surrounding of forested areas

B05 - Logging without replanting or natural regrowth and B09 - Clear-cutting, removal of all trees
A species associated with woodland, and where there is much ground cover. 

I04 - Problematic native species
Predation by ground predators such as foxes, stoats may be having an impact on this ground-nesting species.	

L06 - Interspecific relations (competition, predation, parasitism, pathogen)
This pressure and/or threat relates to predation by Pine Marten, which is considered moderate considering the overlap in habitats of both species.  Furthermore, this pressure also captures the impact of cestodes on the overall fitness of Woodcock, which is not considered to have a population level impact (Sánchez-García et al. 2017).

H08 - Other human intrusions and disturbances not mentioned above.	
Risk to ground-nesting species such as Woodcock if planned burning and/or wildfires get out of control during the breeding season. Extensive areas of forestry can be lost due to this pressure.

B04 - Abandonment of traditional forest management
Shortening of roation length will likely impact ground cover, which is important for nesting for this species (best expert opinion - J. Wilson)

G07 - Hunting
Likely to be increasing in response to declines in other quarry species and access to same (best expert opinion - J. Wilson)

Other pressures/threats:
N01 - Temperature changes due to climate change
While some studies have suggested the species may have difficulty in accessing earthworms etc. during periods of extended cold weather, the cold winter impacts considered to be low for Ireland (best expert opinion - J. Wilson)

D01 - Wind, wave and tidal power, including infrastructure
More of a pressure on migration, but given aerial displays of males, also considered to be a pressure/threat for breeding birds.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Apus apus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22686800A86111691. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22686800A86111691.en).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

pressures_info:
Es una especie que no se encuentra amenazada. Los posible sproblemas que tiene es la perdiad de nidos en edificios por las reformas de estos, el vnadalismo y la contaminación


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Galerida cristata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22717383A60257223. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22717383/60257223).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Ponce, C., Salgado, I., Bravo, C., Gutiérrez, N. y Alonso, J. C. (2018). Effects of farming practices on nesting success of steppe birds in dry cereal farmland. European Journal of Wildlife Research. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323227460_Effects_of_farming_practices_on_nesting_success_of_steppe_birds_in_dry_cereal_farmland)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Anthus trivialis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22718546A131985523. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22718546/131985523).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Phoenicurus ochruros. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22710051A132084177. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22710051A132084177.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Regulus regulus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22734997A132183740. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22734997A132183740.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2018). Tichodroma muraria. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22711234A132095740. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22711234/132095740)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Löhrl, H. & Wilson, M. (2015). Wallcreeper (Tichodroma muraria). In: del Hoyo, J., Elliott, A., Sargatal, J., Christie, D.A. & de Juana, E. (eds), Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive, Lynx Edicions, Barcelona.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Purroy, J., Purroy, F.J. & Falagán, J. (2016). Treparriscos – Tichodroma muraria. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/ticmur.html)


pressures_source:
Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España

BirdLife International (2018). Gulosus aristotelis. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22696894A133538524. Downloaded on 08 July 2019.


pressures_source:
Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)


pressures_source:
Other IAS: Cortaderia jubata (Hierba de la Pampa, plumero)


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf)

Del Moral, J.C. (Ed.) (2009). El alimoche común en España. Población reproductora en 2008 y
método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/fr/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/31-%20Alimoche_tcm36-208099.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Neophron percnopterus. En: Tragsatec. (2018). Bases técnico-científicas para la conservación de las especies de fauna silvestre incluidas en el Catálogo Español de Especies Amenazadas. (R.D. 139/2011). Valoración de su estado de conservación. Variables propuestas. Informe inédito para el Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica.

pressures_info:
There were reported 278 egyptian vultures poisoned (4,4 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf) 

Del Moral, J.C. (Ed.). 2009. El buitre leonado en España. Población reproductora en 2008 y
método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/30-buitreleonado_tcm30-207987.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Salvador, A. (2016). Buitre leonado – Gyps fulvus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://digital.csic.es/bitstream/10261/121801/14/gypful_v4.pdf)

pressures_info:
There were reported 1576 Griffon vultures poisoned (25 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). Furthermore it was the first species more affected by poison ot the total reported species. However, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
Ontiveros, D. (2016). Culebrera europea – Circaetus gallicus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Buteo buteo (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T61695117A119279994. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T61695117A119279994.en)

Tapia, L. (2016). Busardo ratonero – Buteo buteo. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/)


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf) 

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Triay, R. (2016). Águila pescadora – Pandion haliaetus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/panhal.html)


pressures_source:
Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2017). Calidris ferruginea (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22693431A110631069. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693431A110631069.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Tringa nebularia. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693220A86684205. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693220A86684205.en)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Turdus philomelos. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22708822A60194717. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22708822/60194717).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).

SEO/BirdLife. (2013). Parany – Volar, viajar, vivir. (https://www.seo.org/2013/10/25/parany-volar-viajar-vivir)

SEO/BirdLife. (2018). (https://www.seo.org/ave/zorzal-comun/).


pressures_info:
High density of wild boar in favourable reedbeds
Reedbed are in nature reserve but risk of intrusion
Level of water in favourable reedbeds are too low
Aging, drying and closing of reedbeds


pressures_info:
Reedbed are in nature reserve but risk of intrusion
Level of water in favourable reedbeds are too low
Aging, drying and closing of reedbeds
Pressures on trecking route outside EU


pressures_info:
local case where crop change cause displacement of wintering group
Loss of available habitat
Disturbance have occured by photograph


pressures_info:
competition with fisheries
Disturbance by kayaking
Eutrophication and poor water quality


pressures_info:
decrease of habitat favourable to vole
Unintentional destruction of nest by harvesting operation
lack of water in reedbed, entrance of predators
closing of reedbeds
Foxes entering unprotected reedbeds


pressures_info:
Pressures on trecking route outside EU
loss of fallow land
Destruction of nest sites
Collision with wind farm


pressures_info:
Pressures on trecking route outside EU
Change to mais crop
Destruction of nest sites
Collision with wind farm


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 509-511.
Bíró, I. (2016): Terepi madárhatározó halgazdálkodóknak. Magyar Madártani és Természetvédelmi Egyesület, Budapest. p. 8-9.
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 441 p.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 512-514.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 522-524.


pressures_source:
Kék vércse fajmegorzési terv 2004 (Species Action Plan), MME/BirdLife Hungary. 39 p. Available at: http://www.termeszetvedelem.hu/_user/downloads/fajmegorzesi%20tervek/K%E9k%20v%E9rcse.pdf
Kék vércse fajmegorzési terv 2018 (Species Action Plan), MME/BirdLife Hungary, unpublished. 
Palatitz P. Solt Sz. és Fehérvári P. (szerk.) (2018): Kék könyv. A kék vércse ökológiája és megorzése. Budapest. MME. 240 p.
Haraszthy L. (szerk.) (2014): Natura 2000 fajok és élohelyek Magyarországon. Pro Vértes Közalapítvány, Csákvár. p. 569-572.


pressures_source:
Haraszthy, L. (szerk.) (1998): Magyarország madarai. Mezogazda Kiadó, Budapest. 249-250 p.


pressures_source:
[1] National SAP. 2014. https://www.envir.ee/sites/default/files/poldtsiitsitaja_2014.pdf


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Ridzon, J., Karaska, D., Topercer, J., 2015: Aktuálny stav výberových druhov vtákov v Chránených vtácích územiach na Slovensku. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 320 s.
Karaska, D., Trnka, A., Krištin, A., Ridzon, J., 2015: Chránene vtácie územia
Slovenska. Štátna ochrana prírody SR , Banská Bystrica, 380 s.


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Mikoláš et al, Program záchrany hluchána hôrneho (Tetrao urogallus Linnaeus, 1758) na roky 2018-2022, ŠOP SR B. Bystrica, 2018
Mikoláš et al, Forest management impacts on capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus) habitat distribution and connectivity in the Carpathians, Landscape Ecology, 2017


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Mikoláš. M. et al. Program záchrany Tetrova holniaka (Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, 1758) na roky 2018 – 2022, B. Bystrica, 2018


pressures_source:
Danko Štefan, Darolová Alžbeta, Krištín Anton: Rozšírenie vtákov na Slovensku. VEDA, vyd. SAV Bratislava, 2002.
Gúgh, J. et al. 2015. Zásady ochrany významných druhov vtákov a ich biotopov. Štátna ochrana prírody SR, Banská Bystrica, 332 str


pressures_source:
Medina, F.M. 2014. Rehabilitación de fauna silvestre en la isla de La Palma durante el periodo 2002-2009. Revista de Estudios Generales de la Isla de La Palma 6: 85-98.


pressures_info:
Species has established a small but growing breeding population in the Netherlands. No major pressures affecting the population.


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), vogelbescherming.nl, Sovon


pressures_info:
cleaning of ditches, eutrophication of fens by droppings of geese, Climate change scenarios for the This species has become a regular breeding bird recently. Numbers in the Nethlerlands probably strongly depend on immigration from breeding populations in Southern Europe.


pressures_source:
van Kleunen et al. (2017), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018), Buij et al. (2018), Sovon


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), Foppen et al. (2016), van Kleunen et al. (2017)


pressures_source:
https://www.sovon.nl/nl/soort/9810, Zwarts et al. (2009)


pressures_source:
van Kleunen et al. (2017), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018)


pressures_source:
van der Winden et al. (2017), Koffijberg & van Turnhout (2014), van der Winden et al. (2017), van de Pol et al. (2010), Foppen et al. (2016), species experts


pressures_source:
Foppen et al. (2016), van Kleunen et al. (2017), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018)


pressures_source:
Buij et al. (2018), Foppen et al. (2016)


pressures_info:
Species has re-established small breeding population.


pressures_info:
https://www.sovon.nl/nl/soort/20, Foppen et al. (2016)


pressures_info:
Species is expanding in the Netherlands, its conservation status is considered favourable. Numbers affected by harshness of winter.


pressures_source:
https://www.sovon.nl/nl/soort/70, van Kleunen et al. (2007), SDF's, Bobbink et al. (2012), Sovon, Kats (2007), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018), Sovon, Sovon, BirdLife International (2018), Hallman et al. (2014, 2018), van Kleunen et al. (2017), Hallman et al.

pressures_info:
cleaning of ditches, eutrophication of fens by droppings of geese, Climate change scenarios for the Netherlands predict that evaporation will exceed precipitation, Measures have been taken to recover shell fish beds., several recent publications provide e


pressures_source:
Sas (2016), Buij et al. (2018), van der Winden et al. (2017), https://www.walterwaddenmonitor.org/themas/toerisme/hoofdstuk/achtergrond/, Sovon


pressures_info:
This species has increased in numbers and has favourable conservation status, currently no major pressures affecting the  population


pressures_source:
Roché J.E., Sadoul N. & Galindo C. 2018. Actes du séminaire final. Projet Life+ Envoll 2018, 100 p. ; Johannot F., Weltz M., Brezard J.-M., Deceuninck B., Gauberville C., Hargues R., Nicolau-Guillaumet P., Paquin M., Perthuis A., Roche J., Schricke, V. 2012. Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000. Oiseaux Tome 8. La Documentation Française, Paris, MNHN384


pressures_source:
. Trolliet, B 2011. Plan national de gestion du courlis corlieu 2012-2016.  ;  . Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle. coord (2012) . Cahiers d'habitats Natura 2000 - connaissance et gestion des habitats et des espèces d'intérêt communautaire. Tome 8 Oiseaux.


pressures_source:
Camille Phelippon et Perrine Dulac 2016. Caractérisation et valorisation des zones de nidification de la Barge à queue noire en Marais breton vendéen. Caractérisation et valorisation des zones de nidification de la Barge à queue noire en Marais breton vendéen, 26 ; Alice Petit et Matthieu Marquet 2018. Dénombrement et distribution spatiale des couples nicheurs de Barge à queue noire (Limosa l. limosa) dans les marais de Brière et du Brivet. Dénombrement et distribution spatiale des couples nicheurs de Barge à queue noire (Limosa l. limosa) dans les marais de Brière et du Brivet,


pressures_source:
Bernard-Laurent A. (coord.), Anceau C., Belleau E., Bouvet P. Faivre T., Serres J.P. et Tangis S.  2018. La perdrix bartavelle dans les Alpes : résultats d’une étude en Dévoluy. . http://www.oncfs.gouv.fr/Espace-Presse-Actualites-ru16/Vient-de-paraitre-dans-la-collection-carnets-La-amp-nbsp-ar2075 18/01/2019, ONCFS, Paris24 p. ; Griffin, C. (Compiler) 2011. Population assessment for the Rock Partridge Alectoris graeca. p. 190-225  http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/final_report.pdf ; Bernard-Laurent, A. 2009. Perdrix bartavelle Alectoris graeca (Meisner 1804), Paris, MNHN.  ; BERNARD-LAURENT, A. & DE  FRANCESCHI, P.F 1994. Statut, évolution et facteurs limitant les populations de Perdrix bartavelle (Alectoris graeca) : synthèse bibliographique. p. 267-307 ; BERNARD-LAURENT A. 1994. Plan de restauration pour la Perdrix bartavelle (Alectoris graeca saxatilis) en France : mesures de protection et de gestion. p.309-320

pressures_info:
Les Les travaux récents (2011-2018) menés sur la démographie d'une population de Perdrix bartavelle dans les Alpes françaises ont montré que si la prédation des pontes et des oiseaux est la cause proximale des tendances régressives observées, la cause de fond réside dans la transformation des habitats induite par la déprise des milieux montagnards (reboisement spontané) et le changement des usages. A vaste échelle la dégradation des habitats est la menace principale qui pèse sur l'avenir des populations. A l'échelle locale, les populations sont menacées par le développement des activités touristiques en été (via-ferrata par exemple) comme en hiver (installation d'infrastructures pour le ski dans les zones d'hivernage entraînant leur abandon et mortalité dans les câbles). Concernant le changement climatique, l'augmentation des précipitations et des orages, si elle tend à se produire durant les mois de juin à août, aura un impact négatif sur le succès de reproduction des populations.


pressures_source:
Provost, P., Bentz, G., Deniau, A. 2017. Réserve naturelle nationale des Sept-Iles - Rapport d'activités 2017.  ; le Bot, T. et al. 2019. Fishery discards do not compensate natural prey shortage in Northern gannets from the English Channel. Biological Conservation,


pressures_source:
. European management plan for Scaup 2009-2011. Technical Report 2009-036 .


pressures_source:
Constantin P., Kobierzycki E., Montes E. 2015. Plan national d'actions en faveur du Vautour percnoptère Neophron percnopterus 2015-2024.  , 162 p. http://www.consultations-publiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/PNA_Percnoptere.pdf


pressures_source:
LPO 2010. 2e plan national d’actions en faveur du vautour moine Aegypius monachus 2011-2016. Ministère de l'Écologie, du Développement durable, des Transports et du Logement, Paris, MEDDTL107 p. https://www.ecologique-solidaire.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/PNA_Vautour-moine_2011-2016.pdf

pressures_info:
Pressures/Threats G10 direct destruction (illegal killing) & A14 decline of traditional livestocks practice (abandonment of carcasses spot) are not reported. They are considered to be low risk in the National Action Plan.


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Grand Gravelot, Charadrius hiaticula (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
MNHN 2012. Tournepierre à collier, Arenaria interpretes (Linné, 1758). in Cahiers d'Habitats Natura 2000, tomme 8; Oiseaux, la documentation française


pressures_source:
ROCAMORA, G. & YEATMAN-BERTHELOT, D. 1999. Oiseaux menacés et à surveiller en France. Liste rouge et recherche de priorités. Populations. Tendances. Conservations, Société d’Etudes Ornithologiques de France/Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux, Paris. 598 p. ; Johannot F. et Weltz M.  2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux (vol. 3). p.50-52


pressures_source:
COMOLET-TIRMAN J., JIGUET F. & SIBLET J-P. (2012). 2012. Le Bruant ortolan Emberiza hortulana en France : statuts et tendances.. Rapport SPN 2012-25., Service du Patrimoine Naturel, Museum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris.60 p. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281682855_Le_Bruant_ortolan_Emberiza_hortulana_en_France_Statut_et_tendances; Johannot F. et Weltz M. 2012. Cahiers d’habitats Natura 2000 - Tome 8 - Oiseaux.


pressures_source:
CASTEGE I, HEMERY G. 2009.  Oiseaux marins et cétacés du golfe de Gascogne. Répartition, évolution des populations et éléments pour la définition des aires marines protégées. .. Oiseaux marins et cétacés du golfe de Gascogne. Répartition, évolution des populations et éléments pour la définition des aires marines protégées. , Biotope Mèze - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle176


pressures_info:
La décroissance des effectifs de goéland argenté est due à plusieurs facteurs dont l'intensité varie selon les conditions locales. Ainsi, la diminution de la disponibilité des ressources alimentaires, d’origine anthropique, et l'augmentation de l’intensité de la prédation intraspécifique et interspécifique sont vraisemblablement les principaux facteurs qui jouent un rôle prépondérant dans le déclin démographique de l'espèce observé en France, déclin qui suit la période de forte croissance des années 1960-70.


pressures_source:
Viktor Šegrt : Mogucnost reintrodukcije trcke skvržulje (Perdix perdix L.) u staništa kontinentalne Hrvatske (	Possibilities for reintroduction of the Grey Partridge (Perdix perdix L.) in to habitats of the continental part of Croatia), Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2016
Krunoslav Pintur: Uzgoj sitne divljaci, Veleucilište u Karlovcu, Karlovac, 2010.
Janicki, Zdravko i sur.: Zoologija divljaci, Veterinarski fakultet Sveucilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, 2007.
Mustapic Zvonko i suradnici: „Lovstvo“, Zagreb, 2004.
Tomljanovic i dr.: Uspjeh ispuštanja i podivljavanja trcke (Perdix perdix L.) iz umjetnog uzgoja u otvorenim lovištima središnje Hrvatske, Šumarski list, 3–4 (2013).


pressures_info:
Preasure & threats are reported for the breeding population


pressures_info:
IAS union concern :  Alopochen aegyptiacus Linnaeus, 1766;


pressures_source:
Based on literature, field observations and experts' opinion


pressures_source:
Based on lietrature, field observation and experts' opinion


pressures_source:
Based on literature, field observation and experts' opinion


pressures_source:
Del Moral, J.C. (Ed.) (2006). El águila perdicera en España. Población en 2005 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 171pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/fr/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/9_aguila_perdicera_2005_tcm36-208004.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). (2004). Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Ontiveros, D. (2016). Águila perdicera – Hieraaetus fasciatus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/aqufas.html)

pressures_info:
There were reported 56 Bonelli´s eagle poisoned (0,9 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). However it is important to highlight the low abundance of the species. Also, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2018). Somateria mollissima. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22680405A132525971. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22680405A132525971.en.) Downloaded on 05 July 2019.

English, M.D., Robertson, G.J., Avery-Gomm, S., Pirie-Hay, D., Roul, S., Ryan, P. C., … & Mallory, M.L. (2015). Plastic and metal ingestion in three species of coastal waterfowl wintering in Atlantic Canada. Marine pollution bulletin, 98(1-2), 349-353.

Fox, A.D., Jónsson, J.E., Aarvak, T., Bregnballe, T., Christensen, T.K., Clausen, K.K., … & Laursen, K. (2015, August). Current and potential threats to Nordic duck populations—a horizon scanning exercise. In Annales Zoologici Fennici (Vol. 52, No. 4, pp. 193-221). Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Mergus serrator (errata version published in 2016). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680485/103974190). 

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

pressures_info:
G12: Según el Real Decreto 1095/1989, de 8 de septiembre, por el que se declaran las especies objeto de caza y pesca y se establecen normas para su protección, y las últimas órdenes de veda, la Serreta mediana (Mergus serrator) no es especie cinegética en nuestro país por lo que cualquier captura de individuos se considera caza ilegal.


pressures_source:
Cano, C., de la Bodega, D., Ayerza, P. & Mínguez, E. (2016). El veneno en España. WWF y SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. (http://www.venenono.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Situaci%C3%B3n-del-Veneno-en-Espan%CC%83a_2016_SEO_BirdLife_WWF1.pdf) 

Información procedente de las Comunidades Autónomas.

Triay, R. (2016). Águila pescadora – Pandion haliaetus. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A. & Morales, M.B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/panhal.html)

pressures_info:
There were reported 4 ospreys poisoned (0,1 % of the total carcasses found) in SEO/BirdLife & WWF´s report (2016). This might be important as the spanish breeding population of ospreys is scarce. besides, the low detectability rate of poisoned animals suggests that real mortality is highly underestimated, since only about 10% of the carcasses are found. Besides, the poison generally affects adult breeding birds, which makes decrease productivity and breeding success.


pressures_info:
A02: Transformación de cultivos de cereal a cultivos leñosos (viña, almendros, olivos, etc.) en intensivo.

A15: Labrado de barbechos en primavera limitando los lugares de alimentación.

F02: La pérdida por ruina de corrales adecuados donde establecer colonias de cría limita la distribución de la especie.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Falco subbuteo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22696460A93564381. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22696460A93564381.en)


pressures_source:
Del Moral, J.C. (Ed.). (2008). El halcón de Eleonora en España. Población en 2004-2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. 50pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/20_halcon_eleonora_2007_tcm30-208088.pdf)

International Species Action Plan Eleonora’s falcon Falco eleonorae. Final draft, December 1999. BirdLife International. European Commission. (http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/conservation/wildbirds/action_plans/docs/falco_eleonorae.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Tous, R.M., & Yangüela, J. M. (2015). Evolució de les colònies de cria de falcó marí Falco eleonorae a les Illes Balears. In Llibre verd de protecció d'espècies a les Balears (pp. 295-299). Societat d'Història Natural de les Balears. (http://ibdigital.uib.es/greenstone/collect/monografiesHistoriaNatural/index/assoc/Monograf/iesSHNB_/2015vol0/20p295.dir/MonografiesSHNB_2015vol020p295.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Lymnocryptes minimus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693133A86640472. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693133A86640472.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Molina, B. (Ed.). (2009). Gaviota reidora, sombría y patiamarilla en España. Población en 2007-2009 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/27_gaviotas_reidora_sombria_y_patiamarilla_tcm30-207975.pdf).

pressures_info:
El Plan Nacional Integral de Residuos de España (PNIR) aprobado para el periodo 2008-2015 puede afectar negativamente a esta especie. (https://www.boe.es/boe/dias/2009/02/26/pdfs/BOE-A-2009-3243.pdf)


pressures_source:
SEO/BirdLife: (2019). Actualización de la evaluación inicial y buen estado ambiental para el grupo Aves, y propuesta de revisión de objetivos ambientales. Estrategias Marinas de España.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Coracias garrulus. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22682860/59983238).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Madroño, A., González, C. & Atienza, J.C. (Eds.). 2004. Libro Rojo de las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife, Madrid. 452 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/lrcompletoparaweb_tcm30-207942.pdf)

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International. (2015). Sylvia undata. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22716984A60252214. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22716984/60252214).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas (Cataluña).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2017). Lanius collurio (amended version of 2016 assessment). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2017: e.T22705001A110988087. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22705001A110988087.en)


pressures_source:
Garcia Anton, A., Garza, V., Hernandez Justribo, J. & Traba, J. (2019). Factors affecting Dupont´s lark distribution and range regression in Spain. PLoS ONE 14(2): e0211549. (https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0211549)

Gómez-Catasús, J., Barrero, A., Garza, V., & Traba, J. (2016). Alondra ricotí  – Chersophilus duponti. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/chedup.html)

Gómez-Catasús, J., Pérez-Granados, C., Barrero, A., Bota, G., Giralt, D., López-Iborra, G.M., Serrano, D. & Traba, J. (2018). European population trends and current conservation status of an endangered steppe-bird species: the Dupont’s lark Chersophilus duponti. PeerJ 6:e5627.

Traba, J., Garza, V., García-Antón, A., Gómez-Catasús, J., Zurdo, J., Pérez-Granados, C., Morales, M.B., Oñate, J.J., Herranz, J. & Malo, J. (2019) Criterios para la gestión y conservación de la población española de alondra ricotí Chersophilus duponti. Fundación Biodiversidad, Ministerio para la Transición Ecológica. Madrid.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Zapornia parva. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22692663A86162074. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22692663/86162074)

De Juana, E. (2003). Revisión del estatus de la Polluela Bastarda Porzana parva en España. Ardeola, 50(1), 5-13.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)

Porzana parva. En: Cornell Lab (2018). eBird. Plataforma online para el registro de observaciones de aves. (https://ebird.org/home)

Porzana parva. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente (2018). Datos de anillamiento y recuperaciones en España. Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente, SEO/BirdLife, ICO, EBD-CSIC y GOB. Madrid. (http://www.anillamientoseo.org)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Nycticorax nycticorax. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22697211A60158532. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697211/60158532).

Garrido, J.R., Molina, B. & del Moral, J.C. (2012). Las garzas en España: población reproductora e invernante en 2010-2011 y método de censo. Seo/BirdLife. Madrid, 219 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/38-garzas_tcm30-207952.pdf)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas (Andalucía, Aragón, Cataluña, La Rioja y Valencia).

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Ardea cinerea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22696993A60152140. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22696993/60152140).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Ardea purpurea. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22697031A86466990. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22697031/86466990)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
Green, A.J. (2016). Cerceta pardilla – Marmaronetta angustirostris. En: Enciclopedia Virtual de los Vertebrados Españoles. Salvador, A., Morales, M. B. (Eds.). Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid. (http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/marang.html)

Grupo de trabajo de la Cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris) (2016). Propuesta de consideración en situación crítica. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/images/es/justificacioncercetapardilla_tcm30-429314.pdf)

Ministerio de Agricultura, Alimentación y Medio Ambiente. (2014). Estrategia para la conservación de la cerceta pardilla (Marmaronetta angustirostris), focha moruna (Fulica cristata) y malvasía cabeciblanca (Oxyura leucocephala) en España. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/publicaciones/pbl_estrategia_cerceta_focha_malvasia_tcm30-197259.pdf)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Netta rufina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680348A59965857. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680348/59965857).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx).


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Aythya ferina. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22680358A59966548. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22680358/59966548).

Fox, A.D., Caizergues, A., Banik, M.V., Devos, K., Dvorak, M., Ellermaa, M., Folliot, B., Green, A.J., Grüneberg, Guillemain, C.M., Håland, A., Hornman, M., Keller, V., Koshelev, A.I., Kostiushyn, V.A., Kozulin, A., L awicki, L., Luigujõe, L., Müller, C., Musil, P., Musilová, Z., Nilsson, L., Mischenko, A., Pöysä, H., Šc?iban, M., Sjenic?ic´, J., Stïpniece, A., Švažas, S. & Wahl, J. (2016). Recent changes in the abundance of Common Pochard Aythya ferina breeding in Europe. Wildfowl, 66(66), 22-40. (https://wildfowl.wwt.org.uk/index.php/wildfowl/article/view/2638/1758).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Martí, R. & del Moral, J.C. (Eds.) (2003). Atlas de las Aves Reproductoras de España. Dirección General de Conservación de la Naturaleza- Sociedad Española de Ornitología. Madrid, 733 pp. (https://www.miteco.gob.es/es/biodiversidad/temas/inventarios-nacionales/inventario-especies-terrestres/inventario-nacional-de-biodiversidad/ieet_aves_atlas.aspx)


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2016). Calidris alba. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T22693369A86614145. (http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693369A86614145.en)

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.


pressures_source:
BirdLife International (2015). Galerida theklae. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2015: e.T22717387A60258093. (https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22717387/60258093).

Información proporcionada por las Comunidades Autónomas.

Ponce, C., Salgado, I., Bravo, C., Gutiérrez, N. y Alonso, J. C. (2018). Effects of farming practices on nesting success of steppe birds in dry cereal farmland. European Journal of Wildlife Research. (https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323227460_Effects_of_farming_practices_on_nesting_success_of_steppe_birds_in_dry_cereal_farmland)


pressures_source:
Burke, B and Lewis L.J (2017) “Assessment of Numbers and Distribution of Post-breeding Terns at Irish Coastal Wetlands in August & September 2017” – an Irish Wetland Bird Survey Report (I-WeBS).
Cummins, S., Lauder, C, Lauder, A & Tierney, T. D. (2019) The status of Ireland’s Breeding Seabirds: Birds Directive Article 12 Reporting 2013 – 2018. Irish Wildlife Manuals, No. XXX. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht, Ireland.


pressures_source:
Johnston, R.F., Siegel-Causey, D. & Johnson, S. (1988) European populations of the Rock Dove Columba livia and Genotypic Extinction. The American Midland Naturalist, Vol. 120, No. 1, 1-10.

Phillips, R.B., Snell, H.L. & Vargas, H. (2003) Feral Rock Doves in the Galápagos Islands: Biological and Economic Threats. NoticiasdeGalápagos, No. 62, 6-10.

pressures_info:
Current pressures and threats:
Assuming genotypic differences between 'Rock Dove' and 'Feral Pigeon' exist, then the biggest pressures/threats to 'Rock Dove' includes inter-specific competition with Feral Pigeon (i.e. competition for resources such as food, mates etc), disease transmission  and for those isolated populations, the risk of reduced fecundity and inbreeding (Johnson et al. 1988).


pressures_source:
Wilson, J.D., Whittingham, M.J. & Bradbury, R.B. (2005) The management of crop structure: a general approach to reversing the impacts of agricultural intensification on birds? Ibis 147, 453-463.

pressures_info:
The following pressure(s)/threat(s) are considered to be the most relevant and include:

A02 - Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another. 
The switch to autumn-sowing of arable crops has reduced the availability of winter stubble, with likely knock-on effects for winter survival through reduction of food availability. In addition, loss of arable land to grassland or other agricultural land uses is likely to be an issue reducing food availability in the future.


pressures_source:
Lusby, J., O'Clery, M., McGuiness, S., Tosh, D. & Crowe, O. (2019). The interactions between Barn Owls and major roads: informing management and mitigation. Draft report by BirdWatch Ireland to Transport Infrastructure Ireland. 

Newton, I. , Wyllie, I. & Asher, A. (1991) Mortality causes in British Barn Owls Tyto alba, with a discussion of aldrin-dieldrin poisoning. Ibis, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474 919X.1991.tb04827.x. 

Barn Owl Surveying Standards for National Roads Projects RE-ENV-07005 (2017), Reoprt prepared by BirdWatch Ireland for Transport Infrastructure Ireland (TII) Publications. 

R.A.P.T.O.R. Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to our Raptors (2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 & 2018). Reports prepared by NPWS (DCHG) utilising results from Regional Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and The State Laboratory Department.

DCENR (2012) Strategy for renewable energy: 2012 - 2020; http//www.dcenr.gov.ie/NR/rdonlyres/9472D68A-40F4041B8-B8FD-F5F788D4207A/0/RenewableEnergyStrategy2012-2020.pdf.

pressures_info:
The following pressures/threats are considered to be the most relevant and current to breeding Barn Owls including:

E01 Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure - Vehicle collisions are a major cause of death for Barn Owls and a contributing factor in the decline of their populations in Europe. Collated Barn Owl mortality incidents in the Republic of Ireland (2008 – 2017) (please refer to Lusby et al., 2019), showed the species to be vulnerable to a wide range of natural and human-related pressures on a national scale. Of 423 recorded mortalities (2008-2017), 312 (73.7%) were attributed to vehicle collisions, of which the majority were on motorways (60.2%). The number of Barn Owl road casualties recorded was 15 times higher on motorways than on national roads, relative to route length. 

A02 Conversion from one type of agricultural land use to another i.e. agricultural intensification can cause loss of suitable foraging habitat for Barn Owl (Hindmarch et al. 2017) which has occurred over the past six years and which is likely to continue over the next 12 year period. Although the scale of agricultural intensification may have slowed during the current reporting period predicting the extent, location and impact of future intensification is difficult at this stage.

A21 - Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture 
Risk of bioaccumulation of these chemicals in small rodents and the knock-on impact on the associated  food chain (Guidance document on Risk Assessment for Birds and Mammals Under Council Directive 91/414/EEC) and potential secondary impacts on Barn Owls.  In more arable areas of the UK, Barn Owls have been shown to be susceptible to poisoning by organochloride and other pesticides (Newton et al., 1991). This pressure/threat is related to the indirect exposure (secondary poisoning) of Barn Owls through rodenticide use, especially in agricultural areas. A study of owl carcasses in Ireland, collected over a four-year period from 2007 to 2011, showed more than 85 per cent of the birds had detectable traces of commonly available rodenticides within their systems prior to dying.  The average level of toxic exposure was also found to be four times greater than that observed in similar studies on UK barn owls (best expert opinion John Lusby, BirdWatch Ireland). 
Any reported mortality incidents of raptors are captured by the RAPTOR Protocol (Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to Our Raptors), which is a collaborative approach between the NPWS, Regional Veterinary Laboratories, and the State Laboratory, to systematically determine the extent to which anthropogenic non-habitat related impacts (for example poisoning, persecution, disturbance, collisions, etc.) are threats to Ireland's native birds of prey. The most recent report (published in 2018) highlights two reported incidences of secondary poisoning of Barn Owls (with Brodifacoum, a known rodenticide) with three reported incidents in 2015 and one in 2014.


pressures_source:
Aschwanden J, Birrer S &  Jenni L (2005) Are ecological compensation areas attractive hunting places for Kestrels  (Falco tinnunculus)  and  Long-eared  Owls (Asio otus)? J Ornithol 146: 279–286.

Aschwanden J., Holzgang O. and Jenni L. 2007. Importance of ecological compensation areas for small mammals in intensively farmed areas. Wildlife Biology 13: 150-158. 

Christensen, T.K., Lassen, P. & Elmeros, M., 2012. High exposure rates of anticoagulant rodenticides in predatory bird species in intensively managed landscapes in Denmark. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 63:437–444. https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00244-012-9771-6.

Erritzoe, J. (1998) Causes of mortality in the Long-eared Owl Asio otus. Dansk. Orn. Foren. Tidsskr. 93: 162-164.

Glue, D. (1977)  Breeding Biology of Long-eared Owls. British Birds 70:318-331.

Lohr, M.T. (2018) Anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in an Australian predatory bird increases with proximity to developed habitat. Science of the Total Environment Vol 643, 134-144.

Lusby, J., O'Clery, M., McGuiness, S., Tosh, D. & Crowe, O. (2019). The interactions between Barn Owls and major roads: informing management and mitigation. Draft report by BirdWatch Ireland to Transport Infrastructure Ireland. 

O’ Clery, M., Cummins, S. & Lusby, J. (2016). Barn Owl population status and the extent of road mortalities in relation to the Tralee Bypass 2014–2015. BirdWatch Ireland.

R.A.P.T.O.R. Recording and Addressing Persecution and Threats to our Raptors (2015 & 2018). Report prepared by NPWS (DCHG) utilising results from Regional Veterinary Laboratories, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine and The State Laboratory Department.

Ruiz-Suárez, N., Henríquez-Hernández, L.A., Valerón, P.F., Boada, L.D.B., Zumbado, M., Camacho, M., Almeida-González,M & Luzardo, O.P., 2014. Assessment of anticoagulant rodenticide exposure in six raptor species from the Canary Islands (Spain). Sci. Total Environ. 485:371–376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.03.094.

Vickery, J. & Arlettaz, R. (2012) The importance of habitat heterogeneity at multiple scales for birds in European agricultural landscapes. In Fuller, R.J (ed). Birds and habitat: relationships in changing landscapes. Cambridge University Press.

pressures_info:
The following pressures/threats are considered to be the most relevant and current to breeding Long-eared Owls including:

A05 - Removal of small landscape features for agricultural land parcel consolidation (hedges, stone walls, rushes, open ditches, springs, solitary trees, etc.). Declines in small mammal populations associated with agricultural intensification (including loss of hedgerows, and herb-rich grasslands) (Aschwanden et al. 2005; Aschwanden et al. 2007).  Hedgerows and field margins may also enhance weeds and/or invertebrate food resources within adjacent fields and/or enable birds favouring concealment to forage close to cover (Vickery & Arlettaz 2012).

B09 -Clear-cutting, removal of all trees: Breeding Long-eared Owls can be found nesting in conifer plantations in Ireland & B03 - Replanting with or introducing non-native or non-typical species.   Long-eared Owls choice of nest sites, usually in trees (Glue 1977), means they can be at risk of tree-felling operations and disturbance from forestry operations.

E01 - Roads, paths, railroads and related infrastructure (e.g. bridges, viaducts, tunnels). Impact of vehicle collisions with owl species (including Long-eared Owls) on road networks (Erritzoe, J. 1998; Lusby et al., 2019) are fatal in many cases,and along with displacement and disturbance impacts, likely this pressure will continue.

A21- Use of plant protection chemicals in agriculture.
Impact of anticoagulant rodenticides on owl species (including Long-eared Owls) through secondary poisoning of adults and chicks (Ruiz-Suárez et al. 2014; Lohr 2018) with associated negative effects on survival and nest success.

In addition to the pressures/threats identified above, the following are currently ranked as low impact due to the extensive distribution of Long-eared Owls, but may increase in ranking in the future should that change.

A03 - Conversion from mixed farming and agroforestry systems to specialised (e.g. single crop) production.  Habitat degradation and loss due to agricultural intensification is considered to be a current pressure and future threat reducing the area of suitable habitats for Long-eared Owls.

A13 - Reseeding of grasslands and other semi-natural habitats leading to a monoculture of rye grass is not likely to benefit Long-eared Owls (J. Lusby, best expert opinion).


